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AS 3735
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AS 37352001
Australian Standard
AS 37352001
Australian Standard
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Originated as AS 37351991.
Second edition 2001.
COPYRIGHT
Standards Australia International
All rights are reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or copied in any form or by any
means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, without the written permission of the
publisher.
Published by Standards Australia International Ltd
GPO Box 5420, Sydney, NSW 2001, Australia
ISBN 0 7337 3714 5
AS 37352001
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by the Standards Australia Committee CE-022, Concrete
Structures for Retaining Liquids, to supersede AS 37351991.
The objective of this standard is to provide designers of reinforced concrete structures used
for retaining liquids at ambient temperatures with specifications for design and installation.
For structures that specifically relate to concrete structures used for retaining liquids at
ambient temperature, this Standard supplements and takes precedence over the requirements
of AS 3600, Concrete structures.
Statements expressed in mandatory terms in notes to tables are deemed to be requirements
of this Standard.
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This draft Standard has been prepared from the previous edition of AS 37351991. The
Standard is limited to concrete with a concrete stress limited in the range of 20 MPa to
50 MPa at 28 days.
A Commentary, published as Supplement No. 1 to AS 3735, provides background
information and explanation on the application of this Standard.
AS 37352001
CONTENTS
Page
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AS 37352001
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA
Australian Standard
Concrete structures for retaining liquids
S E CT I ON
S COP E
AND
G E N ERAL
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The Standard supplements and takes precedence over the requirements of AS 3600.
The principles of concrete design and construction embodied in this Standard apply to
structures and members made of concrete
(a)
(b)
dams;
(ii)
(v)
fibre-impregnated concrete that does not comply with the design requirements and
procedures of AS 3600; or
(vi)
1.1.2 Application
This Standard applies to concrete structures for the storage of liquids where the exposure
conditions for concrete are within the specified limits. Such structures include those
retaining water or sewage, public swimming pools, and swimming pools the area or overall
length of which are greater than that specified in AS 2783. However, where applicable, the
specifications of the relevant authority shall be used.
NOTE: It is intended that the design of a structure or member to which this Standard applies, be
carried out by, or under the supervision of, an engineer as defined in Clause 1.6.2.
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AS 37352001
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AS
1012
1012.13
1170
1170.1
1170.2
1170.4
1379
3582
3582.1
3582.2
3582.3
AS/NZS
1546
1546.1
2783
2841
3600
3610
3735
Concrete structures
Formwork for concrete
Concrete structures for retaining liquidsCommentary
4058
4680
HB
79
NZS
3106
ASTM
A 775M
1.3 DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this Standard, the definitions given in AS 3600 apply.
1.4 NOTATION
Unless a contrary intention appears the following applies:
(a)
The symbols used in this Standard shall have the meanings ascribed to them below,
with respect to the structure, or member, or condition to which a clause is applied.
(b)
Where non-dimensional ratios are involved, both the numerator and denominator are
expressed in identical units.
(c)
The dimensional units for length, force and stress in all expressions or equations are
to be taken as millimetres (mm), Newtons (N) and megapascals (MPa) respectively.
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AS 37352001
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Quantity
symbol
Definition
Ac, eff
As
a 1, a 2
db
Fep
Feq
Flp
Fsh
the loads, or their related moments and forces, resulting from shrinkage
Fsw
the loads, or their related moments and forces, resulting from swelling
fcp
fs
fso
fsy
f c
f s max.
fct.3
a reinforcement ratio
temperature; or
Y 1, Y 2, Y 3
exposure coefficients
sh
a shrinkage strain
sw
a swelling strain
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AS 37352001
1.5.3.2 Material
The material requirements for ferrocement shall be as specified in NZS 3106.
1.6 DRAWINGS AND SPECIFICATIONS
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(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(b)
(c)
Class of formwork for the surface finish specified in accordance with AS 3610.
(d)
The size, quantity and location of all reinforcement, tendons and structural fixings
and the minimum cover to each.
(e)
(f)
(g)
The force required in each tendon, the maximum jacking force to be applied and the
order in which tendons are to be stressed.
(h)
The location and details of planned construction or movement joints, connections and
splices, and the method to be used for their protection.
(i)
The minimum period of time before stripping of forms and removal of shores.
(j)
(k)
(l)
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AS 37352001
S E CT I ON 2
LOADS AND
COMBI N AT I ONS
L O AD
2.1 GENERAL
The design of structures and members for stability, strength and serviceability shall take
account of the load and load combinations for strength in accordance with AS 3600 and of
the action effects directly arising from the loads and other actions included in this Section.
2.2 LOADS AND OTHER ACTIONS
2.2.1 Temperature
The walls and roofs of tanks shall be designed for the action effect arising from differential
temperature gradients through the member.
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For tanks containing liquids at ambient temperature and subject to direct solar radiation, the
design temperature gradients considered shall include the following cases:
(a)
(b)
For roofs
(i)
(ii)
For walls
(i)
when the tank is filled with liquid, by a +30, 20C variation; and
(ii)
NOTE: Temperature effects for liquids at other than ambient temperatures are not specified in
this Standard.
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AS 37352001
TABLE 2.1
ROOFTEMPERATURE CRITERIA
Linear temperature gradient, degrees
Celsius per 100 mm of roof thickness
Region
Snow (outside colder than inside)
10
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TABLE 2.2
MOISTURE VARIATIONSHRINKAGE AND SWELLING STRAINS
Mean shrinkage and swelling strain (creep adjusted) + 106
Wall thickness
mm
Shrinkage (sh)
Precast
Cast in situ
Swelling (sw)
Precast
Cast in situ
100
70
120
300
250
150
50
85
205
170
200
45
70
160
135
250
35
60
135
110
2.2.3 Earthquake
Loads due to earthquakes shall be determined in accordance with AS 1170.4.
NOTE: NZS 3106 includes details for analysis of loads due to earthquakes.
Backfill.
(b)
Fatigue.
(c)
Progressive failure.
(d)
Ground movements.
(e)
Construction loads.
(f)
Liquid load.
(g)
Wind.
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AS 37352001
10
anchoring systems;
(b)
drainage systems;
(c)
(d)
The minimum safety factor against uplift shall be determined in accordance with
AS 1170.1. The designer shall assess the effectiveness of the devices in Items (a) to (d).
2.4 LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR SERVICEABILITY
The design load for serviceability design shall be the appropriate combinations of factored
loads for long-term effects, Group A, and short-term effects, Group B, given below:
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(a)
(b)
Roof
(ii)
Wall
G + P + Fsh
(A)
(B)
(ii)
Roof
(A)
G+Q+P+T
(B)
0.8G + W + P
(C)
G + P + T + (0.7Fsh or 0.7Fsw)
(D)
0.8G + 0.8Feq
Wall
(A)
(B)
(C)
In Items (a) and (b) above, the dead load (G) shall be taken as the mass of structural
members plus superimposed dead loads.
If a worse effect is obtained by the omission of one or more of the transient loads in
Item (a) or Item (b) above then such effect shall be taken into account.
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11
S E CT I ON
AS 37352001
3.1 GENERAL
Although design for serviceability will generally dominate, design for strength shall be
considered to ensure that the load capacity and slenderness ratios for members of the
structure are within acceptable limits.
3.2 REINFORCED CONCRETE
3.2.1 General
The reinforcement ratio shall be calculated using the following equation:
p = As / Ac,eff
. . .3.2.1
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NOTE: a 2 = 0.5D but not greater than 250 mm, except for the surface of a slab that is in contact with the
ground then not greater than 100 mm
f ct.3
f sy
. . . 3.2.2
where
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pmin.
fct.3
fsy
AS 37352001
(b)
12
Restrained concrete The minimum reinforcement ratio for fully restrained concrete
shall be as defined in Table 3.1.
Values given in Table 3.1 may be reduced in proportion to the degree of restraint. The
values may be reduced by 25% if
(i)
(ii)
TABLE 3.1
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8-12
16
20
24
28
32
pmin. %
0.48
0.64
0.80
0.96
1.12
1.28
. . . 3.2.3
The values of fso, Y 1 Y 2and Y 3 are as given in Tables 3.2, 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5.
When welded wire fabric is used, welded intersections shall not be further apart than
200 mm.
For members less than 225 mm thick, the face remote from the liquid shall be considered as
though it was in contact with the liquid
TABLE 3.2
NOMINAL LIMITING STRESSES IN
STEEL REINFORCEMENT
db , mm
8-12
16
20
24
28-32
f so , MPa
150
140
130
120
110
TABLE 3.3
COEFFICIENT FOR BAR TYPE Y1
Type of reinforcement
Exposure coefficient
Y1
Standards Australia
Plain bar
0.85
1.00
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AS 37352001
13
TABLE 3.4
LOAD COMBINATION COEFFICIENT, Y2
Load combination
Y2
1.0
1.25
TABLE 3.5
COEFFICIENT FOR STRESS STATE AND TYPE OF EXPOSURE Y3
Type of exposure
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Exposure coefficient
Predominant stress
state
Y3
Continuously
submerged
Tension
1.00
Flexure
1.25
Intermittent wetting
and drying
1.00
(b)
(c)
(b)
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AS 37352001
14
TABLE 3.6
LIMITING STRESSES IN PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
Load combination, MPa
Type of stress
Transfer
Group A
(long-term loads)
Group B
(short-term loads)
0.50f cp
0.40f c
0.55f c
0.70
0
(Note 1)
0.70
0
(Note 2)
0.70
0.5
f c
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0.17
f cp
0.17
f cp
0.25
f c
0.5
f c
0.17
f cp
0.30
f c
0.5
f c
NOTES:
f c is permissible.
For members less than 225 mm thick, the face remote from the liquid shall be considered as though it was
in contact with the liquid.
fs f s max.; and
(b)
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AS 37352001
15
S E CT I ON
DES I GN
FOR
DURABI LI T Y
4.1 GENERAL
Durability shall be allowed for in design by determining the exposure classification
specified in Clause 4.2 and, for that exposure classification, complying with the appropriate
requirements for the following:
(a)
(b)
The exposure classification shall take into account suitable means of isolating the concrete
from the exposure environment.
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Item
Freshwater:
Predominantly submerged
Generally
quiescent
Agitated or
flowing
(Notes 1, 2, 3)
(a)
I positive of pH >7.5
B1
B1
B1
(b)
B1
B2
B1
(c)
B2
B2
(Note 4)
(a)
B1
B1
B2
(b)
B2
B2
(c)
naerobic sludge
B1
B1
B1
B1(7)
B2(7)
Sea water:
(Notes 5, 6)
(a)
(b)
(Note 8)
Severity:
(a)
Slight/mild
B1
B2
B2
(b)
Moderate
(Note 9)
B2
(c)
Severe/extreme
(Note 9)
Other liquids:
(Note 10)
(a)
B1-D
B1-D
B1-D
(b)
B1-D
B1-D
B1-D
B1-D
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AS 37352001
16
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An approximate value of Langelier Saturation Index (LI) may be obtained from the equation:
L I = pH of water pH when in equilibrium with calcium carbonate
= pH 12.0 + log10[2.5 Ca 2 + (mg/L) total alkalinity (as CaCO 3 mg/L)].
(A negative value for L I means the water has a demand for CaCO 3 ).
2 For lower pH values see Item 4.
3 For water containing significant quantities of aggressive dissolved materials see Item 5(b).
4 Industrial sewage and waste water may contain aggressive chemicals. The designer shall refer
to other liquids as given in Table 4.1 (see also AS 3735 Supp1).
5 The use of galvanized or epoxy-coated reinforcement or a waterproofing agent should be
considered. Details are given in AS 3735 Supp1.
6 The use of sulfate-resisting cement is discouraged.
7 Only applicable for submergence greater than 1 m below low water ordinary spring tide.
8 Typical examples of severities are given in AS 3735 Supp1.
9 The use of calcareous aggregate should be considered. Details are specified in AS 3735
Supp1.
10 Guidance on the selection of an appropriate exposure classification from within the range
indicated is specified in AS 3735 Supp1.
11 For members in contact with extracted ground water see Item 1 or 5.
A minimum f c as given in
(i)
Table 4.2 for concrete where standard formwork and compaction are used; or
(ii)
Table 4.3 for concrete where rigid formwork and intense compaction are used
such as obtained with vibrating tables and form vibrators.
(b)
An average compressive strength at the completion of curing of not less than 75% of
the specified f c.
(c)
(d)
(e)
A total reactive alkali content not greater than 3.0 kg Na 2O (equivalent) per cubic
metre, determined as outlined in HB 79.
(f)
The water/cement ratio should not exceed 0.50 for B2, C and D or 0.55 for B1
exposure classifications.
NOTE: For thick members, the heat of hydration should be controlled to limit temperature
differentials during hydration.
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AS 37352001
17
the cover and arrangement of the reinforcement shall be such that concrete can be
properly placed and compacted to comply with the material and construction
requirements specified in AS 3600; and
(b)
the cover shall be not less than either 1.5 times the maximum nominal aggregate size,
or the nominal size of the bar or tendon to which the cover is measured.
TABLE 4.2
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40
50
B1
45
40
40
B2
70
50
40
N/A (Note 1)
75
55
D (Note 1)
N/A (Note 1)
75
55
Protective coatings (see Clause 5.3) do not permit a reduction in the cover
requirement.
TABLE 4.3
REQUIRED COVER WHERE RIGID FORMWORK AND
INTENSE COMPACTION ARE USED
Required cover, mm
Exposure
classification
40
50
B1
35
30
25
B2
55
40
30
60
45
60
45
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AS 37352001
18
(b)
20 mm otherwise.
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(b)
(c)
no path is created that will enable the surrounding environment to permeate through
the cover zone.
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S E CT I ON
AS 37352001
5.1 GENERAL
The material and construction requirements of AS 3600 shall apply.
5.2 CONCRETE
5.2.1 General
Concrete shall comply with the requirements of AS 1379 and Clause 4.3.
5.2.2 Curing
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Concrete members shall be initially cured continuously for at least 7 days under ambient
conditions or cured by accelerated methods so that the average compressive strength at the
completion of curing is not less than 75% of the specified f c.
Correct curing is vital to providing concrete of the required durability. The method of
curing shall ensure that the surface layer of all concrete surfaces remain moist at all times
during the curing period.
5.2.3 Pneumatically applied concrete
For pneumatically applied concrete, the designer should agree on full specification
requirements with the contractor for materials, mix proportions, mixing, placing, equipment
and curing before commencement of works.
5.3 REINFORCEMENT
5.3.1 Protective coating
5.3.1.1 General
Protective coatings shall not permit reduction of the required cover specified in Clause 4.4.
NOTES:
1 The reinforcing tie wire or any corrodible item shall not transgress the concrete cover space
(see Clause 4.4.5.4).
2 Stainless steel reinforcement may be used.
5.3.1.2 Galvanized
Reinforcement may be hot-dip galvanized as specified in AS 2841, where applicable, or
AS 4680 to a minimum coating thickness of 42 m.
5.3.1.3 Epoxy coated
Reinforcement may be epoxy powder coated with the coating bonded by an electrostatic
fusion process. It is essential that the coating process is undertaken in factory conditions
and be as specified in ASTM A 775M.
5.3.2 Tendons
Unbonded tendons shall not be allowed except in special post-tensioned systems where the
tendons are protected by a non-corrodible duct packed with insoluble, non-corrosive grease.
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AS 37352001
20
S E CT I ON 6
JOI NT S, WAT E RS T OP S ,
FI L LE RS , AND S E AL ANT S
JOI NT
6.1 JOINTS
6.1.1 Purpose
Joints shall be provided where necessary
(a)
(b)
to control possible cracking resulting from excessive stresses and strains; and
(c)
Joints shall facilitate displacement or rotation, or both, without affecting the structural
integrity or liquid-tightness of the structure.
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6.1.2 Non-movement
Construction joints, including a joint between precast segments, are located in a part of a
structure for convenience of construction and made so that the load-carrying capacity and
serviceability of the structure will be unimpaired by the inclusion of the joints. Critical
locations may require the placing of a waterstop across the joint.
6.1.3 Movement
6.1.3.1 General
Movement joints may require the installation of a waterstop, joint filler and sealant.
6.1.3.2 Isolation
Isolation joints shall completely separate two mating concrete faces sufficiently to allow
complete freedom of relative movement.
6.1.3.3 Expansion
Expansion joints are similar to isolation joints. They shall allow expansion towards and
contraction from the plane of the joint but prevent movement in other directions.
6.1.3.4 Full contraction
Full contraction joints are similar to expansion joints without compressible joint filler. They
shall allow shrinkage away from the plane of the joint.
6.1.3.5 Partial contraction
Partial contraction joints are similar to full contraction joints except that a proportion of the
main reinforcement is carried through the joint.
6.1.3.6 Hinged
Hinged joints shall allow some rotation between two sections while resisting both thrust and
shear forces.
6.1.3.7 Sliding
Sliding joints shall allow a relative movement with a minimal restraint in the plane of the
joint.
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21
AS 37352001
6.2 WATERSTOPS
Waterstops are preformed strips that are wholly or partially embedded in the concrete
during construction. They are located across joints in the structure to provide a permanent
liquid-tight seal during the whole range of joint movements.
6.3 JOINT FILLERS
Joint fillers shall provide a compressible zone within a joint to allow minimum resistance to
expansion or articulation of the structure on either side of the joint.
6.4 SEALANTS
Sealants shall be made of impermeable ductile materials and shall provide a liquid-tight
seal by adhesion to the concrete throughout the range of joint movements.
6.5 CONTAMINATION OF WATER
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Waterstops, joint fillers and sealants shall not contaminate potable water.
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AS 37352001
22
S E CT I ON
TE ST I NG
7.1 GENERAL
Inspection and testing for safety, serviceability and durability shall be carried out on
completion of construction.
NOTE: Inspections should be carried out at regular intervals (maximum 5 years) during the
service life of the structure.
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and other relevant sectors. The requirements or recommendations contained in published Standards are
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