0

OVERVIEW ON NURSING RESEARCH

AND IDENTIFYING THE PURPOSE
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
ANALYSIS OF DATA

FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

HYPOTHESIS

VARIABLES

RESEARCH DESIGN

COLLECTION AND ORGANIZATION OF DATA

CONCLUSIONS, COMMUNICATION, AND UTILIZATION OF

FINDINGS

2
OVERVIEW ON NURSING RESEARCH
1. The head nurse plans to conduct a research on the use of a new method of pain assessment
scale. Which of the following is the second step in the conceptualizing phase of the research
process?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Formulating and delimiting the research problem

Formulating the research hypothesis
Design the theoretical and conceptual framework
Review related literature

2. Which of the following codes of research ethics requires informed consent in all cases
governing human subjects?
a.
b.
c.
d.

ICN Code of Ethics

Nuremberg Code
Helsinki Declaration
Belmont Report

3. Clients rights should be protected when doing research using human subjects. All of the
following are included in the guidelines, except:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Right
Right
Right
Right

to privacy
to self-determination
not to be harmed
to compensation

4. Which of the following procedures ensures that the investigator has fully described to
prospective subjects the nature of the study and the subject's rights?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Informed consent
Debriefing
Cover data collection
Full disclosure

5. The beginning practicing nurse usually participates in research at which of the following
stages?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Hypothesis formulation
Treatment administration
Statistical design
Findings dissemination

6. The use of another persons ideas or wordings without giving appropriate credit results from
inaccurate or incomplete attribution of materials to its sources. Which of the following is referred
to when, another persons idea is inappropriate credited as ones own:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Assumption
Quotation
Paraphrase
Plagiarism

7. When we say empirical, the researcher should perceive in the same manner as all observers.
Which research is not empirical?
a. Physical growth
b. Paranormal activities
c. Educational outcomes

3
d. Color of the skin
8. In attempting to determine feasibility of a study, which of the following statements about
recruiting subjects is most accurate?
a. Having a small sample will not jeopardize the validity of study findings.
b. Identifying a large potential subject base ensures that an adequate sample can be recruited.
c. The more specific the characteristics of the desired sample, the more difficult it will be to
recruit subjects.
d. Time and money available do not need to be considered in proposals of sample size and
composition.
FORMULATING A RESEARCH PROBLEM AND IDENTIFYING THE PURPOSE
9. What is the ultimate goal that uplifts the significance of conducting research related to
nursing?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Development of a theoretical basis for nursing

Improves the image of nursing
Improvement in patient care
Increase the accountability of nurses

10. The process approach to collecting, review, interpreting, critiquing, and evaluating research
and other relevant literature for direct application to patient care is called:
a.
b.
c.
d.

critical thinking
evidence-based care
evidence-based practice
evidence-based medicine

11. The nurse utilized evidence-based practice to plan the care for a patient. One feature of this
approach would be:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Clinical practice is based upon nursing theory

Individual and organizational factors guide the integration of these new practices
It is purely nursing-focused
Evaluation is based on patient outcomes

12. Before Nurse Beans starts his study, he analyzes how much time, money materials and
people he needs to complete his research study. This analysis prior to beginning the study is
called:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Reliability
Researchability
Feasibility
Validity

13. In order to use research in practice, nurses must:

a. replicate studies in their own setting to make sure recommendation are contextually
appropriate
b. explore the strength of the evidence available
c. examine a research study and follow the researchers recommendations
d. read many studies in the same content area and follow the recommendations of the studies
with similar findings
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

4
14. The primary purpose of reviewing literature is to:
a.
of
b.
c.
d.

Generate broad background and understanding of information related to the research problem
interest
Gather current knowledge of the problem interest
Select topics related to the problem of interest
Organize material related to the problem of interest

15. In published research literature, a primary source refers to:

a.
b.
c.
d.

an article written by the people who did the study

a report given by subjects who provided the data
a clinical report on the effectiveness of primary care
the first author in a multi-authored study

16. The most important categories of information in literature review is the:

a.
b.
c.
d.

theoretical framework
opinions
research findings
methodology

17. What is the term that refers to the brief summary of the article placed at the beginning of the
journal report?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Background
Abstract
Introduction
Preface

18. How many years is it necessary to go back in the literature for an evidenced-based project?
a.
b.
c.
d.

One year is ideal

Three years is sufficient
Five years is preferred
Ten years is expected

19. Readers of theoretical literature often experience confusion in the use of the terms
conceptual model and theory. Which of the following statements reflect(s) general consensus
about the use of these terms in nursing?
a. The scope of theories is limited in comparison with that of conceptual models.
b. Conceptual models are broad and abstract and reflect a philosophical position.
c. Theories present a view of a phenomenon that is specific enough to be used to guide
research.
d. All of the above.
20. Which of the following indexes (indices) is the most helpful in locating sources for a nursing
research proposal?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Hospital Literature Index (HLI)

Nursing Studies Index
Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL)
International Nursing Index (INI)

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
21. Which of the following statements about frameworks in research is true?

5
a. Quantitative studies based on physiologic principles or scientific theory have no framework.
b. Frameworks in nursing studies usually are clearly expressed in the literature review and used
throughout the study.
c. Frameworks are important in both qualitative and quantitative studies.
d. The framework for qualitative studies is developed before data collection begins.
22. A set of shared understanding and assumptions about reality and the world is a definition
for:
a.
b.
c.
d.

A
A
A
A

practice discipline
concept
paradigm
conceptual framework

HYPOTHESIS
23. This hypothesis is otherwise known as Predictive hypothesis:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Non-directional hypothesis
Directional hypothesis
Simple hypothesis
Complex hypothesis

24. Which of the following is inaccurate with the concepts under hypothesis?
a.
b.
c.
d.

stated in a form that it can be accepted or rejected

testable
states a relationship between variables
proven

25. There are different types of hypothesis.

form, it is termed as:
a.
b.
c.
d.

When the hypothesis is stated in the affirmative

Directional hypothesis
Dichotomous hypothesis
Alternative hypothesis
Null hypothesis

26. Consider the following hypothesis: The Job turnover rate and job dissatisfaction levels of
graduate nurses who have worked less than 2 years is higher than for those graduate nurses
who have worked for more than 2 years. The type of hypothesis in this situation is classified as:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Complex, Directional
Simple, Directional
Complex, Research
Simple, Non-Directional

27. The problem that a researcher would like to give emphasis Is there a relationship between
timing of the administration of psychological support and feelings of wellbeing among terminally
ill patients. The appropriate null hypothesis for this problem is:
a. Factors are not appropriate to determine any desired results
b. Feelings of wellbeing of terminally ill patients who received psychological support is similar to
the feelings of wellbeing of those terminally ill patients who did receive said psychological
support.
c. There is no relationship between the timing of the administration of psychological support and
feelings of adequacy among terminally ill patients

6
d. There is no relationship between the timing of administration of psychological support and
feelings of well-being among terminally ill patients
VARIABLES
28. Nurse Gangnam is a member of the Nursing Research Council of the hospital. His first
assignment is to determine the level of patient satisfaction on the care they received from the
hospital. He plans to include all adult patients admitted from April to May, with average length of
stay of 3-4 days, first admission, and with no complications. Which of the following is an
extraneous variable of the study?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Age of patients
Absence of complications
Date of admission
Length of stay

29. In a study entitled, Duration of sleep of cuddled infants is longer than those infants who are
not cuddled by mothers, what is the dependent variable?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Duration of sleep
Absence of cuddling
Infants
Cuddled infants

30. In the statement, Frequent hand washing of health workers decreases the incidence of
nosocomial infections among post-surgery patients, the dependent variable is
a.
b.
c.
d.

health workers
post-surgery patients
incidence of nosocomial infections
frequent hand washing

31. For a study using one independent variable and one dependent variable, a good sample size
would result if:
a.
b.
c.
d.

the
the
the
the

study
study
study
study

originally had 30 participants, and 15 dropped out.

had 500 people at the start and 75 at the end a year later.
had 100 people, and one half refused to participate.
had 40 participants, and 3 dropped out.

32. What is the independent variable in the study The Job turnover rate and job dissatisfaction
levels of graduate nurses who have worked less than 2 years is higher than for those graduate
nurses who have worked for more than 2 years?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Job dissatisfaction and Job turn over rate

Job dissatisfaction
Job turn over rate
Length of employment

33. Which is your dependent variable?

a.
b.
c.
d.

Job dissatisfaction and Job turn over rate

Job dissatisfaction
Job turn over rate
Length of employment

7
34. In the stated hypothesis, Is there a relationship between timing of the administration of
psychological support and feelings of wellbeing among terminally ill patients, the dependent
variable is:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Time
Timing of psychological support
Feelings of wellbeing
Terminally ill patients

RESEARCH DESIGN
35. Quantitative research involves numerical data. Which of the following is based on
quantitative research?
a. A study on the benefits of the nurses pre-operative instructions to the clients feelings of
anxiety
b. The effects of regular nurse visits to the clients bedside and the number of client calls to the
nurse
c. A study on the effects of the white uniform of hospital personnel on pediatric clients
d. A study on the effects of touch on the clients feeling of isolation
36. In both quantitative and qualitative research, the used of a frame of reference is required.
Which of the following items serves as the purpose of a framework?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Identifies concepts and relationship between concepts

Incorporates theories into nursings body of knowledge
Provides logical structure of the research findings
Organizes the development of study and links the findings to nursings body of knowledge

37. The nurse in the medicine ward wants to do a study about the effects of massage and
meditation on stress and pain. The type of research that best suits this topic is:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Quantitative research
Qualitative research
Applied research
Basic research

38. The type of research design that does not manipulate independent variable is:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Quantitative design
Non-experimental design
Quasi-experimental design
Experimental design

39. Which of the following statements best describes a phenomenological study?

a. Focuses on the meaning of experiences as those who experience it
b. Involves collecting and analyzing data that aims to develop theories grounded in real-world
observations
c. Involves an in-depth study of an individual or group
d. Involves the description and interpretation of cultural behavior
40. An emergency room nurse is interested to learn more about transcultural nursing because he
is assigned at the family suites where most patients come from different cultures and countries.
Which of the following designs is appropriate for this study?
a. Case study
b. Grounded theory

8
c. Phenomenology
d. Ethnography
41. If a study is referred to as meta-analysis, the best description of this type of study is that
meta-analysis
a. are findings from multiple studies are combined to yield a data set which is analyzed as
individual data.
b. represents an application of statistical procedures to findings from each report.
c. a technique for quantitatively combining and thus integrating the results of multiple studies
on a given topic.
d. treats the findings from one study as a single piece of data.
42. This kind of research gathers data in detail about a individual or groups and presented in
narrative form, which is
a.
b.
c.
d.

Experimental
Historical
Analytical
Case study

43. Nurse Luna reads about exploratory research. Which of the following is the purpose of doing
this type of research?
a. Finds out the cause and effect relationship between variables
b. Identifies the variables in the study
c. Makes new knowledge useful and practical.
d. Inductively develops a theory based on observations about processes involving selected
people
44. Alyssa knows that there are times when only manipulation of study variables is possible and
the elements of control or randomization are not attendant. Which type of research is referred to
this?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Non-experimental
True experimental
Quasi-experiment
Pre-experimental

45. True experiments are required to have:

a.
b.
c.
d.

basic ideas.
causality predicted.
descriptive information.
association between variables.

46. Other studies are categorized according to the period. Which of the following refers to a
study of variables in the present, which is linked to a variable that occurred in the past?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Retrospective design
Longitudinal study
Prospective design
Cross sectional study

47. All of the following statements about Grounded Theory are true EXCEPT:
a. It is a quantitative research approach
b. It arises from symbolic interactions in psychology

9
c. It is concerned with exploring social processes as they occur with human interactions
d. It seeks to explore and describe phenomena in naturalistic settings such as hospitals, nursing
homes, and outpatient clinics
48. A nurse collecting data at one specific measurement point is engaged in which type of study?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Longitudinal study
Prospective study
Retrospective study
Cross-section study

49. A researcher wants to discover why patients of a certain ethnic backgrounds are reluctant to
ask for pain medication. Because there is little data in the literature on this topic, the researcher
designs a study to explore relationships between cultural belief systems, the experience of pain,
and the effective use of medication to relative pain. The researcher plans to use the findings to
this study to formulate hypotheses for a future study. This study:
a.
b.
c.
d.

will lead to Level II data

is a hypothesis-generating study
is a quasiexperimental study
has a directional hypothesis

50. A nurse decided to study the problem of teenage pregnancy in her local community with the
goal of preventing unwanted teenage pregnancy in the future. Which of the following research
methods would be most appropriate for this study?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Case study method

Ethnographic method
Historical research method
Community-based participatory method

51. A study that is undertaken to determine the subsequent development of individuals which a
specified condition is called:
a.
b.
c.
d.

follow-up study
cohort study
longitudinal study
case control study

52. A research that has as its main objective the accurate portray of the characteristics of
people, situations, or groups, and the frequency with which certain phenomena occurs is called:
a.
b.
c.
d.

correlation research
research utilization
descriptive research
comparative research

53. Which of the following is considered a cohort study?

a.
b.
c.
d.

antidote
prevalence study
case history
follow-up study

54. What type of research involves the systematic investigation of relationships among
variables?
a. Grounded theory research

10
b. Philosophical inquiry
c. Correlational research
d. Descriptive research
55. Which type of research inquiry investigates the issues of human complexity such as
understanding the human expertise?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Logical position
Quantitative research
Naturalistic inquiry
Positivism

56. Which of the following studies is based on qualitative research?

a.
b.
c.
d.

A
A
A
A

study
study
study
study

examining clients reactions to stress after pneumonectomy

measuring differences in blood pressure before, during and after a procedure
examining oxygen levels after endotracheal suctioning
measuring nutrition and weight loss gain in clients with cancer

57. Groups to be compared in a descriptive comparative design are:

a.
b.
c.
d.

sequentially ordered.
from a single sample.
identified as experimental and control.
randomly assigned to treatments.

58. A researcher wants to know environmental factors and individual behaviors or attributes
interact to influence health risks and individual health behaviors. Which of the following analysis
methods would be most appropriate?
a.
b.
c.
d.

The longitudinal Guttman Simplex Model

Latent transition analysis
Multi-level analysis
Any of the above

SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
59. If the researcher selects participants based on own personal judgment about who will be
most representative or informative is a type of sampling called
a.
b.
c.
d.

Snowball
Incidental
Purposive
Probability

60. Draw lots, lottery, table of random numbers or a sampling that ensures that each element of
the population has an equal and independent chance of being chosen is called:
a.
b.
c.
d.

Simple
Systematic
Stratified
Cluster

61. The researcher on a study finally decides to use judgmental sampling technique because this
involves
a. Deciding to get 20 samples from the admitted patients
b. Assigning numbers for each of the patients place these in a fishbowl and draw 10 from it.

11
c. Determinining the different nationality of patients frequently admitted and deciding to get
representations or samples from each.
d. Plannning to include whoever is there during his study.
62. Which of the following statements about sampling is true?
a. Nonrandom or nonprobability sampling methods ensure representativeness of the sample.
b. The selection of a sampling method is not affected by the design or purpose of the study.
c. Random or probability sampling methods require more rigor and researcher control.
d. Random or probability samples are easy to obtain and are less costly than nonrandom
samples.
COLLECTION AND ORGANIZATION OF DATA
63. Which of the following data-collection methods is most likely to obtain objective data?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Questionnaires
Physiological measures
Observational methods
Interviewers

64. Which of the following items refer to the sense of closure when data collection ceases to yield
any new information?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Limitation
Saturation
Relevance
Precision

65. If the subjects who are in a specialized research setting tend to respond psychologically to
the conditions of the study, this is known as
a.
b.
c.
d.

Horns effect
Halo effect
Hawthorne effect
Bias

66. Which criteria refer to the ability of the instrument to detect fine differences among the
subjects being studied?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Reliability
Objectivity
Sensitivity
Validity

67. Which of the following questions would determine the construct validity of the instrument?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Does the instrument correlate highly with an external criterion?

How representative are the questions on this test of the universe of questions on this topic?
What is this instrument really measuring?
Does the question asked looks as though it is measuring the appropriate construct?

68. A researcher decides to use six people to help him collect data for a qualitative study. Which
one of the following is potentially a threat to the internal validity of this study?
a. Instrumentation
b. Selection effects
c. History

12
d. Maturation
69. If data collection is through interview, aside from its validity, what is the other most serious
weakness of this method?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Objectivity
Sensitivity
Reliability
Accuracy

70. The nurss tests the instrument she will be using for data gathering whether it looks as though
it is measuring appropriate constructs. Which of the following refers to this?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Criterion-related validity
Content validity
Face validity
Construct Validity

71. Which of the following questions would determine the construct validity of the instrument?
a.
b.
c.
d.

How representative are the questions on this test of the universe of questions on this topic?
Does the instrument correlate highly with an external criterion?
Does the question asked looks as though it is measuring the appropriate construct?
What is this instrument really measuring?

72. Kriszel, a new research staff of the Research and Development Department of a tertiary
hospital, is tasked to conduct a research study about the increased incidence of nosocomial
infection in the hospital. Which of the following is the best tool for data gathering?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Observation
Use of laboratory data.
Interview schedule
Questionnaire

73. You are examining several instruments to find the one most appropriate for your study. Which
of the following findings should be of greatest concern?
a. The instrument was recently developed by the author of a published study that indicates that
validity and reliability testing have not yet been conducted.
b. The instrument measures some of the elements that you need to measure, but not all. There
is documentation of good validity and reliability for the instrument.
c. The instrument has been used in several studies, but the literature contains little or no
documentation of the validity and reliability of the instrument.
d. The instrument has been used in a number of studies that have not reported validity and
reliability data. You find a recent article written by a credible researcher criticizing the validity
and reliability of the instrument, providing statistical evidence of low reliability and evidence that
the instrument is invalid for measuring the concept of interest.
ANALYSIS OF DATA
74. Nurse Abi opts to use a self-report method in his research. Which of the following is
inconsistent about this method?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Yields information that would be difficult to gather by another method

Most accurate and valid method of data gathering
Most direct means of gathering information
Versatile in terms of content coverage

13
75. With the self-report method, Nurse Abi plans to use a Likert Scale to determine
a. compliance to expected standards
b. degree of acceptance
c. degree of agreement and disagreement
d. level of satisfaction
76. The statement, Twenty percent (20%) of the respondents are male staff nurses validates
previous research findings (Chiyo, et. al, 2009) therefore the nursing profession is largely a
female dominated profession is an example of
a.
b.
c.
d.

interpretation
conclusion
analysis
implication

77. In the values: 87, 85, 88, 92, 90, what is the mean?
a.
b.
c.
d.

88.2
88.4
87
90

78. In the values: 80, 80, 82, 82, 82, 90, 90, 100, what is the mode?
a.
b.
c.
d.

80
82
85.75
90

79. In the values: 80, 80, 10, 10, 25, 65, 100, 200, what is the median?
a.
b.
c.
d.

10 and 25
22.5
71.25
72.5

80. Which of the following is true about the chi-square statistic?

a. chi-square is used to measure the degree of association between two or more variables
b. chi-square measures whether two group means are different
c. chi-square is used when the sample is small and expected frequencies are less than 6 in each
cell
d. chi-square is used to determine whether the frequency in each category is different from what
would be expected by chance
81. What is the minimum acceptable power in a study?
a.
b.
c.
d.

.05
.50
.08
.80

CONCLUSIONS, COMMUNICATION, AND UTILIZATION OF FINDINGS

82. The final step for the researcher includes:
a. making a nursing diagnosis
b. planning and intervention

14
c. disseminating the findings
d. defining the specific problems
83. This technique refers to the use of multiple referents to draw conclusions about what
constitutes the truth
a.
b.
c.
d.

Delphi technique
Triangulation
Meta-analysis
Experiment

84. The primary reason that the conclusions or findings from nursing research studies should be
disseminated is so:
a.
b.
c.
d.

the researcher can be given credit for crediting new knowledge

other disciplines will recognize nursing research efforts
the research process used can become a matter of record
findings can be validated through additional research

85. Which of the following are the four major parts most often included in a research report?
a.
b.
c.
d.

Introduction, methods, results, discussion

Review of literature, methods, results, findings
Introduction, literature review, design, findings
Problem, framework, methods, discussion

15

16

ANSWERS AND CONCEPT ILLUMINATIONS

17
1. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
After formulating and delimiting the research problem, the researcher conducts a review of
related literature to determine the extent of what has been done on the study by previous
researchers. The correct steps of the research process are
i. Formulating a research problem
ii. Identifying the purpose
iii. Review of related literature
iv. Formulate hypothesis
v. Research design
vi. Sampling
vii. Collection of data
viii. Organization of data
ix. Analysis of data
x. Communication
xi. Utilization of findings
2. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The Helsinki Declaration of 1964 issued guidelines on medical research. The same declaration is
the first international attempt to set up ethical standards in research involving human research
subjects.
3. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The American Nurses Associations Human Rights Guidelines for nurses in clinical and other
research specified several important entities. Human subjects have the right to privacy, selfdetermination, and not to be harmed with the research purpose. Right to compensation is not
part of the guidelines.
4. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Full disclosure is giving the subjects of the research information that they deserve to know prior
to the conduct of the study.
5. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Beginning practicing nurse usually participates in research during treatment administration or
does manipulation. It involves doing something to at least one group of subjects. The
experimenter manipulates the independent variable by administering a treatment to some
subjects and withholding it from others. The experimenter in other words, consciously varies the
independent variable and observes the effect that the manipulation has on the dependent
variable of interest.
6. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Plagiarism is a type of scientific misconduct with appropriation of another persons ideas,
processes, results or words without giving appropriate credit, including those obtained through
confidential review of others research proposals and manuscripts.
7. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Empirical evidence is rooted in objective reality and that is gathered through the collection of
data using ones senses; used as the basis for generating knowledge through the scientific
approach. Among the options paranormal activities is not empirical.
8. ANSWER: C.

18
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The more finely the researcher defines the characteristics of the potential subjects, the more
people will need to be screened to get an appropriate number of subjects. Small and
unrepresentative samples may significantly jeopardize study findings and ability to generalize to
other groups of subjects. Factors other than potential subject pool may interfere with subject
agreement to participate in the study. Time and money may limit accessibility of subjects for the
study. A less rigorous design may need to be selected if sufficient numbers are not available.
9. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The ultimate goal of conducting research is to improve patient care, which is achieved by
enhancing the practice of nurses when they utilize research results in their practice.
10. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Evidence-based care is the process approach to collecting, reviewing, interpreting, critiquing,
and evaluating research and other relevant literature for direct application to patient care.
Evidence-based practice is about clinical competence in the individual care of patients, decision
analysis, human value, use of information technology for best available clinical evidence from
systematic research, and stewardship of resources. Evidence-based medicine is the
conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best care evidence in making decisions about
the care of individual patients.
11. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The features of evidence-based practice include:
1. It is interdisciplinary.
2. The development of clinical practice is based on the evidence synthesis of the topic.
3. Clinical practice guidelines are important in repackaging the evidence for use by the point-ofcare clinician.
4. Individual provider as well as organizational factors guide the integration and rate of
evidence-based practice adoption of new practices.
5. Evaluation includes determining the effectiveness and efficiency of patient outcomes and
economy of the services.
12. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Conducting a study involves the use of money, materials, time, equipment, supplies, research
assistants, consultants and subjects. Feasibility refers to the availability of time as well as the
material and human resources needed to investigate a research problem or a question.
13. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
It is important to determine all evidence available and the strength of the evidence before
changing practice. Practice decisions should never be made based on one study alone. Nurses
do not need to replicate
studies before making practice decisions.
14. ANSWER: A.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The primary purpose why related literatures must be reviewed is for the researcher to know what
is unknown and already known. This is to improve and update the research being made. The
review of related literature generates broad background and understanding of information
related to the research problem of interest.
15. ANSWER: A.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
A primary source is a source that is written by the person who originated it or is responsible for
generating the ideas published. In research literature, it is an article written by the people who

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actually did the study. In theoretical literature, it is a theory described by the person who
developed the conceptual content or theory.
16. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The research findings are the most important category of information that the researcher should
copy because this will give her valuable information as to what has been discovered in past
studies about the same topic.
17. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Abstract contains concise description of the background of the study, research questions,
research objectives, methods, findings, implications to nursing practice as well as keywords used
in the study.
18. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Typically, it is preferable to review the most recent 5 years of literature.
19. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
All of the above statements are correct regarding conceptual model and theory. Conceptual
models are broad and very abstract. Many theories may be deductively derived from a
conceptual model.Theories are narrower, limited in scope, and concrete enough to be useful in
guiding research.
20. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and Index Medicus (IM)
have the largest number of pertinent citations for nursing studies.
21. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Frameworks function differently in the two types of studies. Qualitative studies begin with a
philosophical perspective and build theories from the data collected.Quantitative studies use
frameworks to guide the developmental, methods, analytical, and interpretative components of
the study.
22. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
A paradigm is a way of looking at natural phenomena that encompasses a set of philosophical
assumptions and that guide ones approach to inquiry. In other words, it is a set of shared
understanding and assumptions about reality and the world.
23. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Directional hypothesis is otherwise known as Predictive hypothesis because it predicts the exact
relationship between variables. Such as if the independent variable increase, the dependent also
increases of vice versa. It directly states the relationship unlike in a non-directional hypothesis,
which only states the presence of the relationship but does not specify the exact relationship. A
simple and a complex hypothesis are not related to the direction; instead, they are based on the
number of variables being correlated.
24. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Hypothesis is not a proven statement, making it as something that can be either accepted or
rejected. Hypothesis is testable and is defined as a statement that predicts the relationship
between variables.

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25. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Alternative hypothesis is stated in the affirmative form. A directional hypothesis is one that
specifies that expected direction of the relationship between variables. There is no such term as
dichotomous hypothesis. Null hypothesis is a statement that there is no actual relationship
between variables and that any such observed relationship is only a function of chance or
sampling fluctuations.
26. ANSWER: A.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
A complex, directional hypothesis is composed of 1 independent and 2 or more dependent or 2
ore more independent and 1 dependent variable. The relatioship between the variables were
also directly stated. In the situation,
1. One independent less than 2 years or more than 2 years
2. Two dependent - Job turnover rate and job dissatisfaction level
3. Direction less than 2 years workers are more dissatisfied than those who worked more than
2 years.
27. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Null hypothesis is a statement that there is no actual relationship between variables and that
any such observed relationship is only a function of chance or sampling fluctuations. In the
situation, the null hypothesis is There is no relationship between the timing of administration of
psychological support and feelings of well-being among terminally ill patients
28. ANSWER: A.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
An extraneous variable is not the primary concern of the researcher but has an effect on the
results of the study. Adult patients may be young, middle or late adult.
29. ANSWER: A.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Duration of sleep is the effect (dependent variable) of cuddling cause (independent variable).
30. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The dependent variable is the incidence of nosocomial infection, which is the outcome or effect
of the independent variable, frequent hand washing.
31. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The acceptance rate of the sample is high in that less than 10% dropped out. The refusal rate is
too high because half dropped out. The refusal rate is too high because more than 75% dropped
out.
32. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Independent Length of employment (less than 2 years and more than 2 years)
Dependent - Job dissatisfaction and Job turn over rate
33. ANSWER: A.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Independent Length of employment (less than 2 years and more than 2 years)
Dependent - Job dissatisfaction and Job turn over rate
34. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION

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Dependent feelings of wellbeing
Independent timing of administration of pyschological support
35. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Qualitative research emphasizes understanding the human experience and it is lived through the
collection and analysis of subjective, narrative materials. On the other hand, quantitative
research involves the collection and analysis of numeric information best exemplified by Option
B. The other studies are all examples of qualitative research.
36. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Framework provides clear explanation about the correlation of variables. It organizes the
development of study and links the findings to nursings body of knowledge.
37. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Applied research is research that concentrates on finding a solution to an immediate practical
problem/phenomena. Basic research is not designed to solve immediate problem/ phenomena
but rather to extend the base of knowledge.
38. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Non-experimental research does not manipulate independent variable. Quantitative design has
no control over independent variable. Quasi-experimental design manipulates independent
variable but has no control group or randomization. Experimental design manipulates
independent variable with control group and randomization.
39. ANSWER: A.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Phenomenological study involves understanding the meaning of experiences as those who
experienced the phenomenon.
40. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Ethnography is focused on patterns of behavior of selected people within a culture.
41. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Though all the options are correct, the best definition is option D because it combines
quantitatively the results and at the same time it integrates the results of the different studies as
one finding.
42. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Case study focuses on in-depth investigations of single entity or small number of entities. It
attempts to analyze and understand issues of importance to history, development or
circumstances of the person or entity under study.
43. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Exploratory research is the first level of investigation and it deals with identifying the variables in
the study.
44. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Quasi-experimental design manipulates independent variable but has no control group or
randomization. Non-experimental research does not manipulate independent variable.

22
Quantitative design has no control over independent variable. Experimental design manipulates
independent variable with control group and randomization. There is no research design called
pre-experimental.
45. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Causality is required between independent and dependent variables in experimental research.
46. ANSWER: A.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Retrospective studies are done in order to establish a correlation between present variables and
the antecedent factors that have caused it.
47. ANSWER: A.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Grounded theory is a form of field research used in nursing that seeks to explore and describe
social processes that present within human interactions. The aim of grounded theory is to
provide explanation or beginning theory about how the social process works. Data are gathered
in naturalistic locations called field settings. Participant observation and interviews are data
collection methods with data recorded through handwritten notes and tape recordings.
48. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Cross-sectional studies involve data collected at one specific measurement point. Longitudinal
studies involve data collected over time, in a particular research sample. Prospective studies
actively follow subjects over the period of the study and do not rely on data previously collected.
Retrospective studies involve reviewing existing data usually found in medical records or hospital
charts.
49. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Not enough is known in this area at this time to formulate hypotheses, so the researcher will
conduct this qualitative study and use the findings to generate hypotheses for future studies.
Level II evidence is obtained from at least one well-designed randomized controlled trial. The
situation is a qualitative study, not a quasiexperimental study and it has no hypothesis.
50. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The community-based participatory method recognizes the importance of involving members of
the population as active and equal participants to plan context-appropriate action. The case
study method would be useful for understanding the peculiarities and commonalities of pregnant
teenagers. The ethnographic method would not be the most efficient method for providing
information related to prevention of the problem in the future. The historical method helps us
understand the past.
51. ANSWER: A.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Follow-up study is a study undertaken to determine the subsequent development of individuals
with a specified condition. A cohort stuffy identifies two groups: one group that received the
exposure of interest and one group that did not receive the exposure. A longitudinal study is
designed to collect at more than one point in time, in contrast to a cross-sectional study. A case
control study is a research method that involves identifying patients who have an outcome of
interest and then identifying patients without the same outcome and looking back to see if they
had the exposure of interest.
52. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION

23
Descriptive research studies have as their main objective the accurate portray of the
characteristics of people, situations, or groups, and the frequency with which certain phenomena
occur. Correlation research explores the interrelationships among variables of interest without
any active intervention of the part of the researcher. Research utilization is the use of some
aspect of a research or scientific investigation in an application unrelated to the original
research. Comparative research specifies the type of comparisons.
53. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Cohort studies include follow-up studies, incidence studies, longitudinal studies, and prospective
studies. Case reports include antidote studies, case history studies, and case studies. Casecontrolled studies include prevalence studies.
54. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Correlational research involves the systematic investigation of relationships among variables.
55. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Naturalistic inquiry or qualitative research investigates the issues of human complexity where
the information collected in the course of a study is in narrative form, such as transcript of an
unstructured interview.
56. ANSWER: A.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Qualitative research involves the systematic collection and analysis of more subjective narrative
materials, using procedures in which there tends to be a minimum of researcher imposed
control. An example would a study examining clients reactions to stress after pneumonectomy.
57. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Comparative descriptive studies compare naturally occurring groups such as men/women or
ethnic groups from a single sample. Comparative descriptive studies compare naturally occurring
groups such as men/women or ethnic groups. Experimental and control groups are part of quasiexperimental and experimental studies. Groups may be randomly assigned to treatments in
quasi-experimental and experimental studies.
58. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Multi-level analysis is used to determine how the interaction between aggregate level
(environmental factors) and individual level factors affects health risks and health behaviors. The
longitudinal Guttman Simplex Model proposes that patterns of ability will improve over time.
Latent transition analysis is used to identify transitions between stages of recovery.
59. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Purposive sampling, also known as judgmental sampling, is a type of non-probability sampling
wherein not all are given chance to be selected because the researcher selects participants
based on own personal judgment about who will be most representative. Snowball sampling is by
referral or network. Incidental is getting samples that are available at the time and place of data
collection. Probability sampling is giving everyone a chance to be selected as a sample.
Examples of probability sampling are simple random, systematic, stratified, and cluster.
60. ANSWER: A.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Simple random sampling gives all the elements of the sample an equal chance to be selected.
The population of samples is included and draw lots, lottery, fish bowl, or simple picking of
numbers can be performed to select the respondents. Systematic sampling is selecting the Nth

24
number such as every 10th respondent. Stratified sampling is based on strata or level. Cluster
sampling is getting a sample based on geographical location.
61. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Judgmental sampling involves samples according to the knowledge of the investigator about the
participants in the study. Option A is cluster sampling. Option B is simple random sampling by
fish bowl method. Option D is accidental sampling.
62. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
More researcher rigor and control are needed to generate and recruit these types of samples.
63. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Physiological measures involve the collection of physical data from subjects. These types of
measures are generally more objective and accurate than many of the other data-collection
methods. It is much more difficult for subjects to provide biased data on physiological measures
intentionally or unintentionally than on self-report measures.
64. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Saturation is achieved when the investigator cannot extract new responses from the informants,
but instead, gets the same responses repeatedly.
65. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Hawthorne effect is based on the study of Elton Mayo and company about the effect of an
intervention done to improve the working conditions of the workers on their productivity. It
resulted to an increased productivity but not due to the intervention but due to the psychological
effects of being observed. They performed differently because they were under observation.
66. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Sensitivity is an attribute of the instrument that allows the respondents to distinguish differences
of the options where to choose.
67. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Construct validity aims to validate what the instrument is really measuring. The more abstract
the concept, the more difficult to measure the construct.
68. ANSWER: A.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
A bias could be introduced if the six people involved in data collection are not consistent.
Selection bias occurs if precautions are not used to gain a representative sample. History refers
to events that occur outside the experimental setting. Maturation refers to developmental
processes within the subjects over time.
69. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Accuracy and validity are the most serious weaknesses of the self-report data. This is due to the
fact that the respondents sometimes do not want to tell the truth for fear of being rejected or in
order to please the interviewer.
70. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION

25
Face validity measures whether the instrument appears to be measuring the appropriate
construct. It is the easiest type of validity testing.
71. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Construct validity aims to validate what the instrument is really measuring. The more abstract
the concept, the more difficult to measure the construct.
72. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Incidence of nosocomial infection is best collected through the use of biophysiologic measures,
particularly in vitro measurements, hence laboratory data is essential.
73. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
None of the options indicate the ideal instrument for your study. This option should be of
greatest concern, however. There is clear evidence of poor validity and reliability. You would use
this instrument at your own peril.
74. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Most accurate and valid method of data gathering. The most serious disadvantage of this
method is accuracy and validity of information gathered.
75. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Likert scale is a 5-point summated scale used to determine the degree of agreement or
disagreement of the respondents to a statement in a study.
76. ANSWER: A.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Interpretation includes the inferences of the researcher about the findings of the study.
77. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The mean is the average of the all the values obtained. The computation for the mean is just
sum up the values and divides it by total number of values. The total is 442 divided by 5 = 88.4
78. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The mode is the frequently occuring number. In the given values, the frequently occuring
number is 82.
79. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The median is the middle value among the list of values. First, the values must be arranged from
lowest to highest, 10, 10, 25, 65, 80, 80, 100, 200. The middle numbers are 65 and 80. The
mean of these numbers when added and divided by 2 is 72.5
80. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Chi-square is a nonparametric statistic used to determine whether the frequency in each
category is different from what would be expected by chance.
81. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The minimum acceptable level of power is .80, or 80%, meaning that there is a 20% chance of
Type II error.

26
82. ANSWER: C.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The researchers job is not complete until the results of the study are disseminated. The results
of a research investigation are of little if they are not communicated to others.
83. ANSWER: B.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Triangulation makes use of different sources of information such as triangulation in design,
researcher and instrument.
84. ANSWER: D.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
Conclusions or findings should be disseminated so that findings can be validated through
additional research. Published studies can inspire new research ideas and can help in the
development of the conceptualization and design of new research.
85. ANSWER: A.
CONCEPT ILLUMINATION
The four major parts most often included in a research report are introduction, methods, results,
and discussion.

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