DCC1023

CIVIL ENGIINEERING
MATERIALS

Name: Muhd Izzat Syahmi Akmal Bin

Zulkarnain

Student Number: 17DKA15F1086

Works of concrete preparation at site:1) Batching method of concrete : volume method and
weighing method.
2) Mixing method of concrete : manually and using
machinery.

Method of concrete transportation on site

and batching plant.
Producers of casting and placing concrete.
Method of curing concrete.
Method test for fresh concrete:1) Slump Test
2) Cube Test

The batching method of concrete.

a) Volume method.

Using the measuring box and the conventional method, which has
long been used to work at construction site.

This method can not be used for work that requires accuracy

because of the volume of concrete depends on its density.

The ratio of each substance is calculated based on the volume of

concrete.
Volume of cement is calculated based on the volume of one bag /
weight of cement and sand as well as for coarse aggregate

measured by volume of the same bag.

Density of cement (BS = 1442 kg/m ) to determine the measure of
box :
1 bag cement = 50 kg/ 1442 kg/m
= 0.035 m
The measuring of box is
(0.33m X 0.33m X 0.33m = 0.035m )

b) Weigh method

Using the principles of the scales.

Suitable for control purposes in the laboratory for testing purposes.

Example :Mix ratio (1:1.9:3.8) and W/C = 0.5

1 bag cement X 50 kg
= 50kg
1.9 X 50 kg fine agg.
= 95 kg
3.8 X 50 kg coarse agg.
= 190 kg
Volume of water
= 25L

The mixing of concrete.

a) Manually.

Mixing by hand.
Cant to used of efection for the high workabability.
Mixing for are small quantity mixture.

b) Machinery.
1) Types T drum are lean

This machine are used drum for mixing the materials of

concrete.
When mixing are finish the concrete will be throut.
The shape of machine is cone and spin in one direction.
The angle of casting is 40 to 60 .

2) Types NT drum are not lean ( Cylinder )

This machine Types T.

The drum spin in vertical part.
The concrete mixing well throut at bottom part of machine.

Transporting method of concrete on site.

a) Wheelbarrow

Used for concrete transporting in small quantity.

Used to transport the concrete metarials such as cement and
aggragate.

b) Chute

Tools to transporting concrete from height to the lower place.

Made from PVC pipe, wood and other materials.
Chute limited for 3m and diameter is 300mm.

c) Pump

Fast method and economical if careful planning.

Using pipe 6 to pumped from the mixing place,
Used for large quantities concrete.
Can carry as long 30m 50m vertically and 300m 500m

horizontal direction.
Have two type is plunger pump and press pump.
Used on difficult to utilize lorry and transport machine.

d) Crane
Have two types:
1) Mobile crane.
2) Tower crane.
1) Mobile crane

Used for project large and in the construction of high

structures less than 30m.

The concrete include in large container have a trap door
at bottom.

2) Tower crane

Used for building higher than 30m.

Use skrip depend on load of size.
Size of skrip is 1394kg @ 12.57m .
If the concrete placing high, a large of skrip should be
used to make it more economical.

Procedures of casting and placing site.

Concrete mix must be near at site.

Must be placing in a uniform layer by layer for avoid separation

materials.
For structure concrete wall and column must be placing in layer

thickness 450mm.
Concrete must be compact before the next layer.
Avoid for cold joint.

Method of curing concrete

a) Covered with wet metarials ( sacks, plastic, wood dust ).

Covered with sacks wet, plastic, wood dust, sand and other wet

materials.
Materials that may damage the color of concrete can not be
used.

b) Flooding or spraying with water.

Flooding or spray on the concrete surface with water.

This method is suitable for concrete work on the floor.

c) Sweeping with chemicals.

Sweeping chemicals such as silica compounds in the concrete

surface to prevent water loss from evaporation.

d) Using a vapor steam.

This method is used in the factory to accelerate the curing

process, especially for pre stressed concrete.

Testing on workability of concrete

a) Slump test.
b) Cube test.

Slump test
Purpose :

To determine the workability of concrete at site

Apparatus :

Cone and base plate.

Circular tamping rod 12mm.
Ruler steel and concrete mixing equipment.
Concrete.

Procedure :

Prepare materials for the concrete mix according to the mix ratio as

directed.
Clean of the surface of the cone, then lay on flat base plate.
Include the concrete mix into the cone of 3 layers and each layer

compacted by 25 times using a tamping rod staffing until full.

Flatten the top and clean the concrete surface.
Slowly and carefully remove the cone next the concrete mix.
Place the rod horizontal at cone and concrete slump.
Measure and record the distance slumps the concrete.
Repeat the testing with add water cement ratio.

Cube test
Objective :

To determine the workability of fresh concrete.

Apparatus :

Concrete.
Cube consistometer machine.

Procedure :

A conventional slump test is performed, placing the slump cone

inside the cylinder past of the consistometer.

The glass disc attached to the swivel arm is turned and placed on

the top of the concrete in the pot.

The electrical vibrator is switched on and a stop-watch is started,

simultaneously.
Vibration is continued till the conical shape of the concrete

disappears and the concrete assumes a cylincrical shape.

When the concrete fully assumes a cylindrical shape, the stopwatch is switched off immediately. The time is noted.