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Physics
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The study of
matter
Chapter 5:
Radioactivity
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Physics: Chapter
5
Objectives:
(what you will learn)
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1)
2)
radioactive decay
3)
uses of radioisotopes
4)
nuclear energy
5)
management of radioactive
substances
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Nucleus of atom
An atom consists of a central nucleus where
most of the mass of the atom is concentrated.
Orbiting around nucleus are electrons.
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A helium
atom
4 He
2
proton
+
+
n
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neutro
n
electro
n
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Nucleus of atom
proton number (Z) = the number of protons in nucleus
nucleon number (A) = the number of nucleons (protons &
neutrons)
in nucleus
nuclide = a nucleus species with a certain proton number &
certain
nucleon number
AX
represents nucleus with proton number Z &
nucleon A
Z
4 He
2
Example
(hydrogen
isotopes: 1H
)
2H (deuteriu
m)
3H (tritiu
m)
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Nucleus of atom
Rutherfords alpha-particle (-particle) scattering
experiment
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particle
deflecte
d
Telescope
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Radioactive decay
Radioactivity = spontaneous disintegration of
unstable nuclei accompanied by emission of energetic
particles or radiations (photons).
Spontaneous disintegration = emissions of the
particles or photons are not planned in advance
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Radioactive decay
The tracks of radioactive emissions can be
observed in a cloud chamber.
-particles tracks:
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-particles tracks:
-rays tracks:
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Radioactive decay
Geiger-Muller tube
When connected to a counter, it will count the
number of -particles or -ray photons that enters
it.
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doctronics
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Radioactive decay
Changes to structure of nucleus during radioactive
decay.
Alpha-decay
(particle)
Proton number decreases by 2.
Nucleon number decreases by 4.
AX
Z
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A-4 Y + 4 He
Z-2
2
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Betadecay
(particle)
Proton number increases by 1.
Nucleon number unchanged.
AX
Z
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AY + 0e
Z+1
-1
Gamma
ray
No changes in the proton number and nucleon number.
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Radioactive decay
The half-life, T of a radioisotope is the time taken
for half of the number of nuclei in a sample to
decay.
N0
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N0
N0
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A0
10
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A0
A0
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Radioactive decay
Radioisotope = an isotope that is
Uses in medicine
radioactive
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Radioactive decay
Uses in industry
(a) Gauge control
GM-tube connected to ratemeter measures
thickness of paper by its constant count rate.
(b) Leak tracer
Sodium-24 used as tracer to locate damaged
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underground pipes. GM-tube is used to detect
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high count rate from leaks in the pipe.
(c) Quality control
-rays (Cobalt-60) used to detect flaws in joints
between pipes carrying natural gas.
(d) Smoke detector
Americium-241 emits -particles which ionizes
air particles, allowing current to flow between
charged plates. Smoke particles which reduces
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current flow by deflecting -particles can then
be detected.
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u = 12
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1 u = 1.66 x 10-27 kg
Einsteins energy-mass relation
The energy equivalent E of mass m is given by
Energy, E = mc2
where c = 3.0 x 108 m s-1
Nuclear fission = splitting of a nucleus into two nuclei
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-particles:
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-rays:
Harmful outside body due to strong penetration power.
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understanding nucleus of
atom
radioactive decay
uses of radioisotopes
nuclear energy
management of radioactive
substances
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