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ASEA RELAYS 03-0211 Generator Protection Application Guide / angi sen So Stein ng ASEA RELAYS — Generator protection “A06-087 Pa? Tistof contents Page Pee Introduction 3 Loss-ohexcitation protection 18 ‘Tripping 3 Comperscn between diecionaltetay Indication 8 dad he offs. mhoretsy 7 Protective relays for generators Ovor-excitation protection 7 and generator-transformerunits = Over-voltage protection 19 Stator ground-feuitpratection = Shaft current protection 19 5% lator rouncaul eater Undler-frequency protection 20 genertorsvith unt taneiomer 4 Roverse power protection ‘a 100% stator ground aultreley or gen Protection against inadvertent ener- recs wltiuna vensformer 8 ization (deat machinepratectian) 23 Stator around:-‘ltrelay for goneraiers > conrectedcdrectytocisiiuieneue —«§ ~—-Speaialralaye for pumped-storage . Rotor ground-tault protection 7 generator moters 2 Deiriestion i ‘Sensitive generator differential relay 24 Acinection™ ; 3 Low frequency overcurrentrelay — 2¢ Phase shortncircult protection =o Sensitive stator ground-faultrelay 24 Generator aifeental relays 8 Generator and urittanefomer air. Monitoring devices o ena ey 10 Speed monitoring 24 Phase aro -cicuittoeck-uprelays M1 ‘Temperature monitoring 4 ° Phase interturn shortcircult a rataction 12 Protectiverelay schemas 26 Itertun shor-crcuitraay 13 ‘Thermal over load protection 15 ‘ Negative phaoe- sequence ‘current protection 14 Page iP Fi.t Prteciverslaystoraganaicr iy. 18 Oromia cheraceratootloce-ot- "28 transformer unt 4 excision ley 7 Fig2 ¢5% ground taut relay & £9.19 Chorals craracteraios fRATUB 18 Flu 100%stato:yound-cutreay =F. 20 ExarpeonsemngolRAIUG 18 Fa Ground isutrelay for gorstator 3.21, Shaft cunentreley RAFIC cl connecter recite catitu. Fin 22. Oif-requercy mis ora steam fontus é turbine 20 Fin. Rotorgrcunc-tauticly XB = 7.23 Terrinatclagranntar unde: FIG Opemie vauss for FANE z fequerey relay a FQ? Block cisqramafRAGRA 5 Fin. 28 Revers power eley witrone tino FQ8 Operate esisiance 8 si@0 22 Fin@ Thehighimpecance prince «10 Fig. 26 Peverse powerreley tor ceneraions FQ.10. Prince bayer RADSS 0 ‘nih -eonnecton votege tans: FQ.11 Timo-copondoncoofahart crcut 17 foamer 22 Fi. 12 mnedence rley AAKZA 12 Fia.26 Simpiteccingam AGUA 28 Fig. 78. Inter shor-cicuit ay 13 Fig.27 Cherate characteristic of tne FAQ 14. Glock cegrarn ior KVE A 8 szrsihe difeentalreay 4 Fig.18. Negave-pnese sequencerlay Fig.28 Operate craracitstic of ow a Rasa 6 fequercy overcucert sy 24 wy Fig. 16. Tyricalcacabity cures lorround fig. 28. Pancho dagram RAGA’ 28 rotor umogenetator 16 Fg. 30 inc dagen BANVE 5 Fg 17 LossofaisiaionreayracrE 36 Fy. 31 Relay protection armedum sis gerevaicr 2 Fig. 32 Relay prctection forlergs turbo ~ eee, 8 -, Fig. 39. Pelay prtection forlagehydto ‘genstaor 28 ASEA RELAYS Generaior protection ‘Aoa0211= Ped introduetion Genesctors ee desizied un al highload Gaior « Re-alied and ciay tested Squpmert n GOES for 8 large rember of yeare and pamit cera i Cottanees of abnommel woriine condos. Tre mee ‘930ur08 e2ey inatltion and reduces carrission- ‘gg work ta ririmum. Shine ard ts awilrias re superveed by montar- # Static relays with lv goner consumption in he rg devioas t0 beep tre incdenoes af atnonsl ‘waiting conations down to a rinium. Desita ts Fasessving crouis educe the Ouvéen on CT's and, ence, the salrali reflects, Meritanng, etscFieal and ecnanical faute may @ Bultin ‘acing system COMBITEST cimoftioa the cour and the generators must be previced wih ntonarce tesing Drotectie reeys, wich, in cage cf a ‘aut, quicly « The riniber of spare pars is reduced by usr the Fille @ dsaomectcn 0! the machine fan the Bystam arc, f necessary, rifeto a complete shut dont the mecrina| No iniematonal siendas exist regarding the ex tension of the grolscike echenes ( alfeert ‘ypes ard sizos of generalere, Tro eccaled "2om: Ton sterdarc” varies betnesn diferen’ counfiss ‘and also. betaesn power comparies witin the ‘ame ccuriry, depancing on ther past axnerence and ciferent ways in which iaut statics may be ‘Mlemieted. A idey rerufecturer werdyy en the ‘rtematonal merit should, ereixe, bo 2ble to otters ortectve Sytem tich can be easly mo ‘ed to mest cilrent reqursmients tom otfsen uses ASEAS protective relaysin system COMPLEX era Tragly Out up cf stancerd glugen unts and fer ‘he foloeang axkentages! Great tat a mourtng end ving, hence, easy adepied to usr practoe egaring used ays and the rum of ape fcr Te Je ‘uit cn contac for tiga ano axa fy fang, a8 wel as hdcaln flags cr Hah ering ddodss (LED's) for eta and tipping furclons, et, “aly met icafons and extension can easly ba mea same ype of pligan unit in several cxclecte releys. Tripping Tipping roys wih He recured nurabor of fea anlar are rermaly placed n ta same oubiols ao the protects lays Leaching roy win manetio ing and with elscvical or marual eseting Ga 195 raved, ‘The toring rolavs atich are ctivaled by the tal aniing disertial reeys voxnaly have cortacts cf a 35 ms rey connected in call wath the heavy dliy tipping convacts to shorter fe cperat tine, If each protective retay is peiced wih a septate ‘ngping ray, the grolacike scheme can easly by adaple to new regutemems ¥ the Jows satan leyoulis mosiieg Indication och indivi ortectve rely care be proves with fogs cr LED's fr indiostor of stat, Haping ar faulted phase {enon ecpiceblel, General, several Doleialiee contacts ae avsiede for exemal ‘unions, uot as dary Sle of event recarcerete. Al the signal oes vi ndicaing lags rey i! oe fened. be graued tageter and planed in ona of the upper eculcmentfanes, ASEA RELAYS Goncralorproteciion "A0s-02n1 rext Frotective relays for generators and gener. ator-transformer unite Black iff relay RADSE stator geaund-fautt reloy (95%) Over-excitetion eeley RATUB wer-vollage relay oss-o exitation relay RAGPC ‘Thermal overload relay RAVE 4 Nag. phase-sequesce ley RARIB Tnpedonce relay RAKZA Steter ground-faut relay RAGEA ror aiff el PR Moe Reverse power relay RXPE & 1 Instruments Fig. 1” shows an overview of sland! projectioe reays for generatorsransfomer unis. recom ‘merdied mivimum of raleys for cifferent types anc sizes of gonesaisrs is gor under Pruleclve relay schemes. ‘The eumbers (26, 40 ete) usad in Fig 1 are in accordance with ANSUIEEE C 872-1979, Jota E47 St rt i Feed winding faut ‘round fault ine U 4 fet 32 4 ! 1 Comman practice in most counties Is to ground the generator nauted touch a esiste, which Inns tho maximum ground fou curont io 510 A Tuned teacios which lit fre ground faut curert (0 less than 7A ara also used. hn both cases, the vrensiert velages i the sletor epson curing intermitent ground-aults axe kepl win accepted limits, anc ‘Sround-ults waich are bigped within soma few Seconds wil only cause aegighe Gammege (0 Me ‘aminaions ofthe stator core The genoeatar ground ing resistor neemally limits the neutral vollage ‘ransmities from the nigh votage side of the unit rrensfermer n.cass of a gouncdauil on the hx. side foray, 2-09 of med generator ahase wolage, Shor-choults between the stator winding in the Slots ard the steler core are the most common fociical ‘aut in gensraors. Te ult is NOT kicted by mechanical or thermal damege 10 the Travaing end or the anf-onera paint en Stator col. Intetura faults, which normaly re ditioat 10 celect, wil uickly develop inte a gound-aul and wl be tipped bythe slur ounctaul prctec- fen, Ground: fauts caused by mechanical damage may Decur cbse to Me asnereter neta, Tecay there ig a distinc rend towards providing grouncefaut a1: taoton ‘or the erire sigtor windeg {100 % siator cround-faut protector 96.9% ala.or around-tuit rey for generstrs with unifiranstorners. Fer generators with unit uansforer and wih high> impedance grounding ef the neural, a natal vel age reay wth harmonic rosvaint and independent lrke-deky is usac. The relay may ba ied either irom a Paull wlage Wanstorre’ or fier the broken ddola winding ct tha. phase valage breriformece on the generator Ine side, s8e Fig 2 ‘The relay isnctmaly set to operate at 8 % of mat mum neuitel votage wit a time-delay of 03-08 ¢ With, is voltage setting. it protects aperoximataly 95 % of the stator winding. It siso covers the generator bus, the low-voltage windng of the unit trengtomer and the high-eolege whdirg ofthe Uri aurdiany trarsforner The voliage measuring un is provited with fiter witha damping factor ot enout 15 tor nrg hamronic vekages, For futher cetais, spe Buyer's Guice BO2-40126. ASEA RELAYS — Generator protection ‘A0g-0211 Pos The orncile Giagram ofthe ely & shown HF. ‘The, 100 % stator guncviauit Scheme includes a 95% unit (1), which covers the stator winding form 5 % of fhe reutal ard @ Grd hamone vollage in Trippin rely Optio measuring unit (2, which protects the rest OF the stator winding. The Srd harmonle votage meeauring, wit is conngcted to the generator nau yolage Fensfarmer (3, hes standard scale range of O.15- 465. 150 (1202 for 60 Hz generators) aris provided wih a desansiizng fer which inereeses ‘he basis frecuency operate voitege by @ facter of mere then 25, o For generators wit Sct harmonic yolage Iss tan 1% a itarie availa wth a dareping actor fron then 106, Woen the generator is running and here is no ground-fultriea tis neta Ys rd haeroric vot- ‘ag8 unt 2} and the voltage check unt i ere bok sciivated, and ine contac! (ois cnen. tf a graund- Sault occurs closs 16 te generetor neutal, the Sic harmonic voltage unt wil reset, contact (0) wil ceo, are arma tiing soci, ‘The votage check unis noluded tp prevent feuty ‘oparaton of the relay a generator standstil or sduieg the machine «unringpup of ruring-down seed, a For turher details, see Buyer's Guile BO3-40126, Fig. 2 95% grounc-taut ety 4 ko OLN. abun rarsforners: uit ectestion for ceneaions Generotors which produce more than 1 % third her- monic vokage under af sawice oondions cen have the entre stator wircing up t9 and incting ‘he neutel point protected by the 100 % stator ‘ground-fault relay RAGES, nit roasforme —, Scale Oe t5 ie} Signal oF tripping eal? me 98% Unit Us=Generator 349 harmonic valage Cq=Capacitance babveen Stater wncirg ond groundistator Fon, (= Copacitance to ground en ‘eherator fre sid. y= 3° harmonic crulatiag cureatt, Lp! scale ey S) Jel) Tipping relay Fig. 3 100% stator crounctaut relay ASEA RELAYS Genorator protection ‘Stato ground ful ely Tor generators cornsated ‘Greoly 1g dsiibution buses Fer geretors comected atecty to dstioutin buses, a selective etator greunt faut preteotion en Pot ba cblained by using a neutal valaga de placernert relay, a5 this onetcies for grcund-auts inthe entie sysien whichis gshercaly comacted tothe gererator A selective crourc-laut relay wth rximeny operate urent in most o38es, a8 lov as 1-2 A, can be cbicinec using a n-burien, averourent relay type FAG 28 sad residually conected cure Tare fortes a shone ing. in order to sacure relay stabilly al extemal futs and Phase duor-craulis, a neutel volage check and Hockrg fem interteraoue santas of oer ‘curent fears (2) ara Included, The tre cay is ‘ppicaly set to 03-05 5 AOB-02TE Pare lFagrouncing rciser 6 plcedin the neural of he ‘acting, 2 cunen transforms: (E}f ho same ype 83 the residually conected cure transforters and wth tre serme cunertcatio must be Connected Inthe generator neuva a Indualedin Fig. 4. Tra minimum seting of the RAG 28 is in seme ‘cases citalex by the Ine-to-ground baker capa clerce OF Te geneicior and is essociaiod out going cables, cUge capacitors, 2ic In case of eternal Grourd-leut, tie lealage capactance 8168 rise 10 a small 2Hc-secuence curert wtich ‘wilactuaie the ARG 28 fits setthg istoo on. One commen grounding resist concected to the bus fatematie 1 in Fig. 4 is recommenced more than one machine is connected io the kus. For turner detsis sao Buye's Gulls E0e- 20086. Tripping relay —j— Fia.4 Grourd-iaut lay for generetor connected Grectto the dstieution Ous Alternative 2 ASEA RELAYS Genorator protection Fistor ground-fault protection Tho id circuit cen be sspossd to abnormal mach afical or thermal stresses due to €g. vations (prGeesive curenls Or Clokad cooing medium flow, ‘his may rouk hn a breakcown of the inauation ‘between the field winding and the roter tan at one [Boint where the stress hes baen too high. Tre fale Crcutt is normally kept reusied from ground. A sings grouncl-faut nthe Bald wedhig of is ssa ated cious, therefore, givas oa io aregigle foul Curent and does rot seorecen ary mediate anger If, owaver, a se0and grourc-feut shoxlo Scour heany Tau burent ancl severe mechanical Unbalance may quickly arse and lead 19 serous clamage. It i essential thersore, that eri ocour renee o ineuiaton Yale is dscovered and thar te ache 8 teken aut cf servoa as soon s poss: ib, Nomally, be maching Is IHpped ater shor time delay. ‘Rotor round eu ratay wih de inaction: Tha rotor grourd-feut roby Yee PANG 4 riscts @ de wtege of 48 V fo the rotor fold winding and ‘essures the ourerm tougn the ingulation ress- tence, 929 Fig 6. When a faut ocous, ¢ oar ceniiblon 6 ts injection vatsge is cblaned oe: pending on the ied wotege and where Inthe rior widing the feu oceurs, ‘The sersitvty of re relay, asa function of the volt- 208 Ly i shown in Fig. 8. A tine delay of 11815 Incluled ta prevent uriantoc erereton cf the ray, 29. cveto cancothe goundcurenis a he volene ereeses which can arse on repid requlalon of Oe fiéd volage. A filer effectively blocks ac.curents ftom faving io ‘he measuring creii. Fence, he relay is not tec ‘ed by reinanics in the ft Sokage, For iter catais, s8e Buyer's Gutta 802-401 8E OR XN A bBa= Tripping hig Alorn Fg. 5. Rotor around-taut tay PRN Peat Fi2.6 Operate values for AUNRLA ‘Solar ground fa ey wa ac infect: ‘The rotor ground/faut relay RAGRA with separate ‘lar tevel for weakly Goveloned croncetauts end ‘Woping for uly ¢eveloped grouns aul is used for eau ang srge size machnes, A block diag of the relay is éhovin in Fig. 7 Salient ieatures of tis lay era, * parte vesistenoes fr ae and gpg acc 0 5.8, |» The insuistion to ground on the ac sida ol a stair Tolating 2s excier is seperetely monitored ‘* The relay can ds used on machines that heve a cortinous fd votage of up to 18C0V, (6 The relay con be connected 9 ihe posthe or te negative pcle cr to the neutral pcirt of tho 3-pneee fie curent sino, ‘9 The reay is insensive to harmon inthe lied Wolk ‘age end pemits a capacitsnve beeen tha folkd reuil and ground of up to 5 uf. For further detais, sae Buyer's Guide BO3-4014E, ASEA RELAYS Gonerator protection “Aoa-02t Poe @ —t i anne Fig. 7 Block diagram of RAGRA a od =) r= fee 5 zy Ig 2) (8 ol oe a a F Petorinary GrctOertec neurite esorcuts renactrecctogeard = egatataen dere ich gon Ueto sway tn wu aumetareiaion nese Seocthaleisian | Mnuecerretvaion gates WeR Can Con Gao P Aasisanca teary ficiatenc seadar bpm abet 12 Capans mentee sake ‘evetageanliniig ae 3 Valapetareommas’s eecteg aie 4 Oaerarsfomerermesuing gandiestcuer 81 eoyauardomers 8 Oaeninaretomen 8 Sepeciercieuterphasertacn & © eolosarseaating eo 10 Aummaiondeurl-b=" 21 Remoltegoren Saingcl ate 12 malta Sing Aelpse oe 12 Resi endaneating ects a _Sabirgotet 3516: woasstoe Beate 1419 Phos cersiversce 2.21.22 Weal ssecare Bas geese Bz sNeaitrbodensety Sas 2 DhesegetrouoKmgs 11 Ouray relerien auaiage Supls faaarate en uly esangar iatteon ca Culley feruparete gars flere Fine ae 8 Rates oases oh os: of om tye rr a Fig & Operate resistance as furcton of total cee ppaoanes Oto iuls on the oe side Phase short-circutt protection In case o} stor-crculs beeen phases #1 hs slater vincirg oF beswean the ganeter‘orriral the machine must tick ne dconnected fem {ng network ard bioughtto a complete shutown arger to lit he damage. Phage shart orculs cn the genereter bus, in fre unt wanstormer ofthe figh voltage winding ofthe uni. transfert, ust ‘also be quichy cisodnnected fom thanetwerk, The ‘generator must be bioueht toa compete shutionn ii nere fs no cireui-breater botvesn the mactine and tho trenoterrer. attegh las how tat ose socials one of he rere types of fallt in generators arc generale Fansformer units, itis consilerec neces Say fo have fast-acirg phese shat-cicait protec ‘i02 forall unis with ealng higher then 5-19 VA, Wh known technique, this can only be obtained by means of diferent slays. Back-Up potectin, in ‘he for of an impedence relay or an underwotage ralay with owarcurrant sta, should be prowdes For fhe smalest unis ro dfferenil céay provided, and the impedance ce sotgge/sumert relay be cares be inaln protection. Qvercurent ays can be uaed # the faut ourert ie eulicionly hgh 19 secure operation, see Phase ster-croul back-up rely, page 11. ASEA RELAYS Generator protection ‘A03-021 ° Pane a Generator oerenial relays fee madern gererains, the fima constant a the de ‘componentin the ster-crcul curent fs Broa, typi. ‘ely tore ‘nan 209 rr. The rik 0! salvation oF ‘he ourgnt wansfonmers case of exemnal shot irouts © ebsious fa, therefore, important tha the enerator diferential ralay remains. stable even lahen the curert tanstormers are heenly saturated, For stall ard medaale sie generators, ASE uses tha high imocdanes atabiited tyoe of cfr ail relay. For machines wth rata above 260 00 HVA the percentage stabilized, mocefate im edanca typa & Ubed, Goth types are lester ling, highly sarstive relays which, in case of eer nal short-crauts, are completay staple even in ‘case Offuly saturated qurent transtorrers. ‘The RADHA is @ high-impederce diferente relay ‘The ornople of the RADHA Gifential relay is shown in Fig, 9, The ounent tanstomers on the ‘genes neutral anc the Ine side shal have tent: feat tume vaio and. similar megneting charac: tensice, Herca, under norma service coreltions nd etemal fats with unsaturated Curent tans: formers, the yolage Us across the relay measuring cocuitis negioi In cage of an extemal ahor cit ono of the cure rent tanstorme’s nvay seturata more than the olf, ‘The werst case ite tone s.compital satuaied and the other is completely ursaturated. The max ust wolage across ts ree wil be: 1 Ror + Fil where Une |) = secondary subtransiet sor-cheut Curent rasisiance of plot wire between cunant ansforner (C7) anctrelay redstance of the secondery winding of the ‘safuralbe cuiren’ banstormer “The toly crorate votoge ie et highor than Unax “The minimum operate ourent depends mainly PTT pps Fig. 14 Book dagram for AVE 44 ASEA RELAYS Generator protection A0g-02t ra Negative phase-sequence current protection ‘When the generate 's connected to balanced Ibedl the" ofase curerts ere equ in magnitude and displaced stecticaly by 120. The arpere tums wave produced by tha stator curenis 7310 synchioncusty with the wtor and ne eddy curenis are induced in to ctor parts, Unbalanced bbacing gvoa sep © a negative sequence component in the stator curent The negate secuerce curent oroduces an adationsl ampere-tun inane which rotates backwards, hence ‘Emoves realy 19 treroto al twice the synetvor- ‘U8 speod, The double frequency ey curenie ‘acuced in the rotor may cause etessive Neaing, Drimaniyin the suaiace 0 cylndred rota ancin he ‘ennper vandirg ot oters win salient Goes, ‘The appreximate heating effect on the Or of @ synchroncus machine for various unbatanosd faut or sevare loed unbelance corctions & determined by the product 8 t= K, wtiere bp tha nagatve- sequenoe curont axpasced In per unit fu) atator ‘qureni, the curation in seconds ard K @ conslant depending cn tre hesing crerecietisic ofthe mar chine, Le, the Fype of maorina andl the method of soolrg adopted, The crabity of the machine «© wihstand con: ‘ously uralenced curants is expressed a nga: WerseruenOs CUNEN percent Of fed siller curent “Tyleal values for generators are gen tbe Table 1 Ted ose Max Max pemited —permited Bt ‘corwnucus ly Geoords) (percent) jingle: ingreotyoxcled 90 10 ecly cocked s10) 58 Salent paler vith derrper vind 40 10 vital arper winding a0 5 4) The lower values are turical for lrge macrines (P > 800 Mi] Single-chase end, espevily, two-chase shert-ir- Gui Qve nse 0 larga negatve-seaquence currents “The faults are, hove, leated by ular relays in ‘ine much shorter tran the operate tine of the regete-sequence retsy. EQ. @ wophase sen rout with faut cunont cqual to 3.46 VE) (res ‘ated generator curent inples a negatve- sequence curent component equal to Mics Te Tate cuifent @ py). Hence, a negatve-sequerce: relay with tne seting t= 1Cswould tip with atime delay of ~ 0 2 28s Examgies on losd dssyenmetis wich gh ne tor fogathe-sequerce curenisin the gaceralor a ‘© Uroalenced shole-phase laeds, such a8 rlloads, nd nduzign (unecss Trenamiasion ine aissymmatise due to sees cae aciors,nortenspased phase wires cr open con ‘ctor (Grcul-Dreeker ple flue) Arvggen conductor may ge fs to @ oansiaerebe negetie-sequonce cuTon, © medium of ron {hen 50 4% of rated mactine curent Tha comsnae {ion of mo or more a he above mentored dlssy Mets Cen g¥e nse (0 Nerul negatve EDs quence current, even if @ach of hem gives foe to a reatvely amal urbalenea. t is, thereto, con- sidsed as good engnsering pracioa te rexice egelve-secuerce euiren' protection feral, but re a Sze generators, Neyetiie sequence curert ray RAPE wih the mal mentor: The aitgrsm in Fig. 18 ndiesies the messuieg furctone in RARB ane the s2tirg rengas ‘The power consumption nthe curent sequences fiter (2) only 0.1 Yacphase, The input curen to the lay meseuing circuit ig adapte to tha rate ‘ceneretor sezendary cUirent by the aid ef he 03 tertiorete (3 The massuring unit for Bt has the setting ngs 1.38 s in staps of 1, The unit is provetsd wit a thama memory ard the cooing down éme of the lay is settable in 7 steos inthe range (@65- 179) x k. The Blocking way resets whe the Peat ‘contort i tho meray is 69% cf ho tipping kev. ‘The memery function secures adequete grotection, ‘even in case of repeated periods 0} urtalenced losing, which eventually results in excessive heet- ingel the machine IRisrettyppedt For turher details, sea Buyer's Guide BO2-4015= ASEA RELAYS Goneretorprotection “AnS-02T a fe a = 1 | ut Le fa He | OL nen RST to] Fem pe ee 5 not uy oh we t sc a RCT) . rey ‘ae LL ome RES Inskrume om Fig. 15. Negatlve-chase sequence sey RARIB Loss-of-excitation protection Acme lest ection may oc 3 esa ot © unintentional opening of thefts brosker * 80 opon circuit ora shot cicul ct tho mein fle © faut in tre automatic vettage regulate (AVP, with ‘the result thatthe fle cumertisredued to 22r0. ‘when 2 generator wit sulfcisnt active load noses the fielé “current, it goes cut of syrchrenism end ‘stats t0 wun on asymohrencusly at 2 epe0d higher than the system, absorbing reantve power WAY for its excitation fem tke sysiem, ‘The maximum acine power that can be generated without toss of synchronism when the ceneraicr Joses ts excitation cepends cn the diference be Iween the Giect axis and quack axs senchven ‘Qu reactancee, For genarators wth salient poles, tha diference is normally suficiely lenge ta keep the mache tenning syrchrorousyy, even vith an active lead of 15-25 % ol rated Toad, For turbo-gensrators, tho dest ane quackajure axis reactances are cractcaly ecual, end the machine fals out cf synchvonism even wit a very stall 2c the load. The sip sped inceeasas win the acive roe: ‘The siaiot end cegions ard parts of he rotor wil be vethested, i the mactine is permitted to tun lor & lang tine af hig slip speeds, The mexinurn pest ted hot spot temperatura is, fer most habbo- gener ators, cotained by running the machine contiru Dusly uneccted with an active Inad of 23-95 36 The generator terminal votage varies periodically ae % the large varaicn in the reactive curent taken from the network The toer veltege intervals ‘outtake the gertatr aunilary induction motors stall which woul lead to a semmplete shutdown of a thermal coe’ salon, Redicon exciteion causing excessive nealing at the and region of the sialor cow, may oe obtanedt uring noma system conden, when there 13 & conifous tendency towercs an creasing system vege (drooping of reactive lng) n that cases the eemal automat wollage regulator (AVE) aon wit reduce the ied exclation The rarmal working cherectetsic of & ygival tutor generators shown in Fig 16. The cua A-B-C-6 ‘eoresents the canebiliy im, Eeyond which the machine is not normaly alewed 19 work The ao erent power VeCIGY Sy DTeSertS BLE POWET at ‘aled power facia (PF ~ 03) fhe system yotage shoul ste o increase stead ly, he flo exolaion woult be redusd core: sparingly by te renal operon ot te AV. The Doi of voor Sy thon mavae dove te vein lng BH. Contig operaton Delew the ne OC causes severe ‘oral heaing of the stato end trace ang 10 an end lege tx which eniers and feaves the stator core perperdiouer to the raters. 6 exceptional cases, tie may cause Ble 1g ofr parts of he er struct, or charing oi the amatue wining nation ASEA RELAYS Goreroter protection Aos-oET aga locate 5S = Serene 5 SErarepan asin trol duet ave Mevirongezegens co =hpiadretpeeing EF a Bsa sabi ith JAN Insc alee reaiaee X= Bleneingersraetoniniegaten Fa. 16 Typical copabilty curves for round rotor turbo generbior ‘The minimum excitation requied 1 engure syrchvorism is tered theoretice staaliy it. salety margin is normaly acted to got a practical sabilty mt ‘When an automatic wage regulator (VR with tat sesponse znd no dead band is h sence, tho sate fimi may eoproech the thoereliea yeu, For me: Gum see and larga size genereiors the aulomatic vollage regulator (AVR) normaly has a coriol fin: fon Wuhich event i for lowering the excitaton Ccument bayane tha sae tr fnagatve Vr itr. toss.cl extiaion et PAGE; “he funtion cf hg RAGA lss-of exciton relay is erpaied wth relerance to Fig 17 SSA weet SN 178) Capabiliy curves at rated votage for @ yp cal uno-gererstor fine cs) 40 95. 03. 02 on 0s. 1 73 05 Ff errent Muttiples of relay setting 17D} Operate time curve tor AXFE 40} ness «Pages oaxeGe Yeiepng meal} msbetenatin ‘c}_ Basic bipping cicuitof RAGPC 2 ASEA RELAYS: ‘Generetor protection A0g-021 Peet The lay compisas a drecional ouvert By FAFE 40, wih an opeete, characteristic basically indsperdent of the magrtude of the pobaing vllage ‘The operate characteristic of the FXPE 40 relay is onelly sei to coincide as close 38 possble wih tha themrel capably cure for the underexcites generator. For generates with negate Yar limite, RPE 40 ig sat to gho backup for he Inter. The opaaile onerectersic of PYPE 40 can, alematively, be set to coincide 2s chse as possitle te the stco- ity imitng ourvs for the garereto, wren run wth ‘oorotart foi cunent (he AVP out of aerlc}. A rotentil- fee contact on FRPE 40 is used to prmvice a gna when he generator is run Gusige ‘is thermal capebilty (or stably) rarge- The RAGPC loss-ol-cxctation lay aso corpses an undervokage relay FOEG 2 and an cvercuren! Feay PAG 2, Tipong fs obtained wien the RAPE 40 relay opsraice simutarooualy with the under voltage or the overcurent relay jor both, The under voltage relay is norma gat to 80% of rated gener ty fermnal voltage and ihe overcurient relay it remmally e119 1107115 % of cated gerieraror ad current For further detats, sae Quyer's Guide BOG-40196, ‘Gomperison besweon EXER AO and te offsermo fea ‘An altamative method for cetecton of oss-cl-2x3 lation is the use of an imgedarce weiay wih offal rho characteristic. The ralay characistsic 18 oar tered on the negative eaotance mes, and § usualy ‘offset by $0 % Of he itensien! reactance Xq Te ameter of fe cele fs rermally set equal fo be (gererator syrchrenbus reactance Xy A leege nurrber of calculations with tha OSTA Comer pregyam tor simuleton of power systern tearsiors has shown that the FFE 40 relay, in ‘case of logs-stfied, aparaias belere the ganeraicr terminal ollage crops below 90 § of rsted valu Fo, 18, he opera crerecieisic of FXPE 40 rebey wit setiry | = 43 % Of red oureni, at vl. agen 160 % and G0 % of raed goneratr toms! vollege is shown in the ioecance olare teasther wah ne operate characteris oF 30 oget rho ‘ey. “The generater trensienl raactance My = 99%, the synchrongus reactance Y= 120% ard the ofset- Tha toby is sein accordance with the sues siated above, The figure stows that the PPE 40 ey operates wih aerger safely margin then the cfsst Th relay in cage of lose-ct-sxckaicn, Tre inverse time dolay eharactotiaie of PKPE 40 ard an accitoral indapervient tine-delay of OS 1, set cn the FXKF 1 timer, efectvely pravants umienassary operaton curing the Tensient peicd, wher the genexabr "swings bac to cima ser- view ater 5 ofzee feu with lang foul clearing te has deen tioned, Fa. 18 Opes cheactrste of ss fection rales, Over-oxcitation protection The exclatin fix in the owe of @ power tans: ‘axa is dieotly progotional a the axctaton vit G9 and invorsayy proportionate the Fogveny. The bbesas dos to addy cunents ard Fysteresis and hence, the iemperaie rs, oreaad #9 oropation ‘otbelevel of exctaicn, The cor laminations can withstand relatively high overluxing without bacoming exoessiely Peatsd, Sut _unbiminated metalic pats can experience severe heating in a short te. Most temational siancaics for power vensformers speciy a imi of meimura 5 % corfinaus overexci tion (overtuxing) at reted ead cunert arc mais yen 10 % ovedlusing at no load AAs long as the generelor-rensformer unit igor necied fo Ihe network, the sk of overexotation is reavel srl. However, when the ganratorrans- fermor unt io dlacannseted from tha nobucek, Ps is af obveus tisk for over-eyctation, manly during generator siat-up and shut-down. Fiom cases - Bortad in ensing Rersiue i can be concluded fat oweruxing oacurs relatively cften, compared ta the nurrosr of otter elactical nck, ASEA RELAYS ‘Generator protection ABT Po Tre excitation curentol he tanelome ecntaing & lege amount ofhigher hamonics. This gives ise to heatng of the ed pars of the stator fen of the generator Tre tsk cf oversictaton is, obsiousty, largest dure hg periods when the fequenay is beow rated Yyalus, Haro, cvevollage relays cannot be used 10, protect the generstortransfomer urd against ver- fiyxing The proper way af doing Vici to use a alay \which measures the rato Debwean valage andl cur rent [Hz relay}. Tra AATLB provides 8 procise measurement of the relatonsrip between vdlage and frequency wethin the frecuensy range fort 2 to 75 He, The kveh deteciat for the Petartanscus or 25 ¢ delayed alam has 2 sating range Fomn 1.5 to 3 Whe and hes a separa outbut relay. Tae tigpng function has an imerse te charecteistc acc. 1 IN qua: fom: where! M= te actual exctation (WHaj dhidad by the at staring value, see Fig. 19, “The fect K is settable in sleps of 1 wihin he ranga rer 110 83, eating tie % vo Fig. 19. Cparate characteistios of RATUB The inverse tine charciorate provdes cpimum protection aazinst over-iuking. The relay character- tc can be adusted © metch substantaly any excitation capably cure, An ecempis és san in Fi, 26 For luther dats, see Buyer's Guid 808.601 1E. & "Hos pamisie caine extn“ 20 ct Es oo 19 Set of Ratu haan or feng at ‘ono waa BO Baran Example on seting of RATUB ASEA RELAYS — Generator protection "A08-024F et ‘Ovor-vollage protection \areous Henig, Tie vollage rays a8 comecied During the staring up of @ gancrater, grior to smretsonisation, the corect termina voltage is Ccblained by the proper aperaton of the automata olage requbIor (AVR, Ate synchronization he termine! volags of the machine ‘all dicted by fis oun AVR ard also vy the voiage teval of tho system and the AVRS of neato mechines, Generay, the raling of one machne i small in cgompaigon th an interconnectes systern, Iti thesetore, rot pcssitle for one machine fb. cause arly 2pprecabie nae n the termina volage 25 long 6 iUIS conrected © the system. Inceesing ‘he fild excitation, tor exemple owing to a laull in ¥e AUR, meray incresses the reactive MU output, whch may, ulratshy, lead io thaoing of the mat chine by the impedance reley or tne W/He relay. In SOME cases, eg. wah peat-loed ganewas std ‘ynchronaue concenoare, which ai alten colied Upon to work at thei: masirum carabily, @ max mum excitation Inter is often nsteted, Ths pre- verts the roter teks Gurent and ihe reacibe output ower fom exceeding tha desig lists. Ifthe ganeraicr crcuit-oreaker is tinged wtile the machine is tunnig al ful losd and reled power feclor he subsequent ncvease in terminal vill nomnally be Iimted by a quck acting AVA, However, i the AVR is telly, oF, at thie penioular time, suitered for manual conto! of a yataga ive, ‘Severs ovsiveltages wil cour. This volage Hea wil 16s futier increased if sinatsnaous overepeeung shculd occur, ewng io 9 sy aeting turire gover Tot It case cf a hycho-eleetic Genevabr, a vateas Nise of 50~100 8 is possible during the most un- favourable ccrtons, NModeas unit tansformers with high megnetic cea itiag hero 2 relavely sharp ard well oeined salu Fetion level with a kree:peint voltage between 1.2 and 1.25 tines the ried vollge (UA sutable setting of the avorvotage rely is, Worebae, ba wean 1.16 and 12 times Un and wih « dafrite day of 1-3 5 ‘An instantaneous high Set votace relay cen os ire cluded 10 tip the gfnetatr quickly in cae ol oe ossive avervoltages folowing 4 sucken lass of Joad end generator overspeecing Orgeeectaas cei: The ovenotege relay conians one cr two stat vyotags unis FXEG 27, wih scala range of BO 240 V ard one imne-dtay unt PXKE 1 with Ssre Seale rangso! 201s 1003 3. Inthe versicn wih two PREG 21 relays, one ofthe relays is usecifer stan (o ihe voltage bemveen pases 1 prevent uty ‘person in case of around fauts in the stato c- ate, For further cetais, soe Buyer's Guide B06-25056, Shaft currant protection An indvoas en ig davelopad in the shat & fhe ‘generators due to the magnetic dissimlasties in the amature fee. The emf nonelly cons @ ge simount of hamonies. Both the wave-shago ard the rreantucs depend o7 tha tyae and siz8 of fe aching and they asa very with tne loeding, Nornaly the duced emt is within the range O5-1 Y fer turbo-generalers and 10-80 V fer hychogeneratars, Whe Deering pedestals al each side of the gone ator ate gourded the induosd en wil Bo im pressed across tha thin fms of the beatings A breakdown of the civfit insulafan nthe. te Deaiigs can gh rise 1D heavy Dearing curents ‘due to he very small resistence cf the shat and fe ateral oreuf, thus ceweloped ‘Conssquerth, the beating pedestal futhest frm the pime mover is usvally Msulaed tom ground and the insulation supervecd by a auitcbio rely. To ‘revert fhe rotor arc the shaft fom baing eento Statoally charged, the shalt of tutbo- generators are ‘usually grounded va a sting on the prme mover site, For Igre-ganeraiors, the weter in the turbine pro vides the necessary Connction fo ground. ‘Severe clamage en the beatings ie not expocted to Ocourifths shat cureet & ess than 1 A ‘Shell cunent relay AAFC: ‘The pricsle dizgem of the shaf-curent ralay RARIC is shown NF 21, The shaf-carent wars: former |1} encompasses tne shat, which ocast ‘ues the pimayy windhg, The secondary winding (2)is connected 9 a ourert relay PAIK 1 with ec tremely low gowet_consumpion and the scale rangso! 05-2 mA The timer PRKE 1 fas be scale range ftom 20 ms te 99 &. The minimum primary operate curent incresses wih the clameler oF the shat, from 0.28 A fore clamatar of 0.2 meters to 75 A tor @ dameie’ of 28 meters. An excre secondary winding (@) is provded for cawenient ‘esthg For futher cetais, s5¢ Busa's Guice BId-acn aE

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