CHAPTER 8 SOLUTIONS

4/24/10

8-1)

Load: I avg 0, I rms 10 A.

Switches: I avg 5 A., I rms I m D 10 0.5 7.07 A.
Source : I avg I rms 10 A.

(See Example 2-4)

8-2)

I max

V
dc
R

1 e T /2
L 0.1
1 V
96
;
0.02s.; T ; dc
19.2 A.

T /2
R 5
60 R
5
1 e

0.341
3.94 A.
1.66)

I max 19.2

b) From Eq. 8 1: io (t )
io (0) 0 A

Vdc
Ae t /
R

Vdc
R

Vdc
1 e t /

R
i (T / 2) 19.2 1 e 1/2.4 6.54 A.
io (t )

c) PSpice results are consistent with parts (a) and (b). The current waveform reaches
steady state after approximately 100 ms, corresponding to 5 time constants.
8.0A
(8.3333m,6.5486)

(158.333m,3.9485)
4.0A

0A

-4.0A
0s

40ms

80ms

120ms

160ms

I(L)
Time

8-3)
Vdc 150
L 40 mH

7.5 A.;
2 ms;
R
20
R
20

a)

T 1 / 60

4.167
2 4 ms

Using Eq (8 8),
1 e 4.167
7.271 A.
4.167
1 e

I max 7.5

I min I max 7.271 A.

Using Eq. (8-5),
for 0 t 8.33 ms

7.5 14.8e (t 1/120)/.002

for 8.33 ms t 16.7 ms

io

7.5 14.8e t /.002

200ms

b)

c ) I peak 7.271 A.
d ) Vmax Vdc 150 V .

8-4)

Vdc 125
L 25 mH

6.25 A.;
1.25 ms;
R
20
R
20

a)

T
1 / 60

13.33
2 1.25 ms

Using Eq (8 8),
1 e 13.33
6.25 A.
13.33
1 e

I max 6.25

I min I max 6.25 A.

Using Eq. (8-5),
6.25 12.5e t /.00125

for 0 t 8.33 ms

6.25 12.5e (t 1/120)/.00125

for 8.33 ms t 16.7 ms

io

b) Using the first half-period,

1

120

I rms

1/120

6.25 12.5e

t /.00125

dt 5.45 A.

2
c) P I rms
R 5.25 20 594 W .
2

Is

P 594

4.75 A.
Vdc 125

8-5)
Z1 152 2 400 0.01

a)

29.3

V1 I1Z1 8 2 29.3 331 V .

V1

4Vdc

b)

Vdc
Vn

4Vdc
;
n
n
1
3
5

THDI

8-6)

V1
260 V .
4
Z n R 2 2 400 L
Vn
331
110
66

1.022 0.37 2
0.136 13.6%
8.0

;
Zn
29.3
77
127

In

Vn
Zn

; I n ,rms
In,rms
8.0
1.02
0.37

In
2

a ) Z1 2.52 2 120 0.025

31.3

V1 I1Z1 2 2 31.3 88.6 V .

V1

4Vdc

b) Vn

Vdc
4Vdc
;
n

V1
69.6 V .
4
Z n R 2 2 120 L

n
1
3
5

Vn
88.6
29.5
17.7
THDI

Using PSpice,

In

Vn
Zn

Zn
31.3
61.8
97.5

0.342 0.132
0.185 18.5%
2.0

; I n ,rms

In,rms
2.0
0.34
0.13

In
2

FOURIER COMPONENTS OF TRANSIENT RESPONSE I(L_L)

DC COMPONENT = -3.668708E-06
HARMONIC FREQUENCY FOURIER NORMALIZED PHASE
NORMALIZED
NO
(HZ)
COMPONENT COMPONENT (DEG)
PHASE (DEG)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

1.200E+02
2.400E+02
3.600E+02
4.800E+02
6.000E+02
7.200E+02
8.400E+02
9.600E+02
1.080E+03

2.830E+00
5.377E-06
4.778E-01
3.589E-06
1.818E-01
2.858E-06
9.427E-02
2.523E-06
5.743E-02

1.000E+00 -3.716E+01 0.000E+00

1.900E-06 -1.203E+02 -4.594E+01
1.688E-01 -6.658E+01 4.490E+01
1.268E-06 -1.223E+02 2.629E+01
6.422E-02 -7.587E+01 1.099E+02
1.010E-06 -1.162E+02 1.068E+02
3.331E-02 -8.028E+01 1.798E+02
8.913E-07 -1.095E+02 1.878E+02
2.029E-02 -8.292E+01 2.515E+02

TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 1.847695E+01 PERCENT

8-7)
Using a restricted time interval of 33.33 ms to 50 ms to analyze steady-state current, the peak
value is 8.26 A and the rms value is 4.77 A. The THD from the output file is 32%.
20A

10A

Peak
(35.134m,8.2603)

rms
(50.000m,4.7738)

i(t)
0A

-10A
30ms
I(R)

35ms
RMS(I(R))

40ms

45ms

50ms

Time

voltage (100 V)

10

current

S1, S2

D3, D4

0
D1, D2
S3, S4

-10
30ms
I(R)

35ms
V(A)/10
0

40ms
Time

45ms

50ms

8-8)
4Vdc
cos

a ) V1

90
V1
1
55.6

cos

4Vdc
4 125

cos 1

4Vdc
Vn
cos n
n
n
1
3
5

Z n R jn0 L ; I n
|Vn|
90
51.6
4.43
THDI

8-9)
V1

a)

Vn
Zn

; I n ,rms

Zn
12.5
24.7
39

In,rms
5.08
1.5
0.08

1.52 0.082
0.29 29%
5.08

4Vdc 4 200

255 V .

Z1 R j0 L 10 j 2 60 0.035 16.6
V1 255

15.3 A.
Z1 16.6

I1

I1,rms
b)

15.3
2

10.9 A.

At 30 Hz ,

Z1 10 j 2 30 0.035 12.0
V1 I1Z1 15.3 12.0 184 V .
4Vdc
cos

V1

8-10)

184
V1
1
43.7

cos

4
200

4Vdc

cos 1

In
2

 = 30
Using the FFT function in Probe shows that voltages at frequencies at multiples of n = 3 are
absent.

b) = 15
Using the FFT function in Probe shows that voltages at frequencies at multiples of n = 5 are
absent.

8-11)

From Eq. (8-22),

90 90

12.86
n
7

Using the FFT function in Probe, the n = 7 harmonic is absent.

8-12)
Letting T = 360 seconds and taking advantage of half-wave symmetry,
Vrms

360

Vrms Vm

8-13)

54

30

114

Vm2 dt

66

150

Vm2 dt

2
m dt

126

1
54 30 114 66 150 126 0.730Vm
180

The VPWL_FILE source is convenient for this simulation. A period of 360 seconds is used,
making each second equal to one degree. A transient simulation with a run time of 360 second
and a maximum step size of 1m gives good results. The FFT of the Probe output confirms that the
3rd and 5th harmonics and their multiples are eliminated.
0
30
30.01
54
54.01
66
66.01
114
114.01
126
126.01
150
150.01
210
210.01
234
234.01
246
246.01
294
294.01
306
306.01
330
330
360

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
-1
-1
0
0
-1
-1
0
0
-1
-1
0
0

8-14)
a)

b)

Vm

4Vdc
cos n1 cos n 2 cos n 3
n

Vdc 48 V ; 1 15 ; 2 25 ; 3 55

n
Vn
c) M i

1
149.5

3
0

cos 1 cos 2 cos 3

3

5
-2.79

7
-3.04

9
-14.4

0.815

8-15)
To eliminate the third harmonic,
cos(31 ) cos(3 2 ) cos(3 3 ) 0
Select two of the angles and solve for the third.
Examples:
1
15
20
10
10

2
25
30
30
30

3
55
40
50
70

Mi
0.815
0.857
0.831
0.731

8-16)
This inverter is designed to eliminate harmonics n = 5, 7, 11, and 13. The normalized coefficients
through n = 17 are
n
Vn/Vdc
1
4.4593
3
-0.8137
5
0.0057 0
7
-0.0077 0
9
-0.3810
11
0.0043 0
13
-0.0078 0
15
-0.0370
17
0.1725
The coefficients are not exactly zero for those harmonics because of rounding of the angle values.

8-17)

8-18)
V1 V1,rms 2 54 2 76.8 V .
ma

V1 76.8

0.8
Vdc
96

Z n R jn0 L 32 jn 2 60 .024 32 jn9.05

From Table 8-3,

mf
mf - 2
mf + 2

n
1
17
15
19

Vn/Vdc
0.8
0.82
0.22
0.22

Vn
76.8
78.7
21.1
21.1

Zn
33.3
157
139
175

In=Vn/Zn
2.30
0.50
0.151
0.121

0.121
0.50 0.151

2
2

2
THD
2.30
2

0.23 23%

8-19)
V1 V1, rms 2 160 2 226.3 V .
ma

V1 226.3

0.9
Vdc
250

Z n R jn0 L 20 jn 2 60 .050 20 jn18.85

From Table 8-3,

mf
mf - 2
mf + 2

n
1
31
29
33

Vn/Vdc
0.9
0.71
0.27
0.27

0.108
0.305 0.122

2
2

2
THD
8.18
2

Vn
225
178
67
67

Zn
27.5
585
547
622

0.044 4.4%

In=Vn/Zn
8.18
0.305
0.122
0.108

8-20)
The circuit Inverter Bipolar PWM Function is suitable to verify the design results. The
parameters are modified to match the problem values.

Transient Analysis and Fourier Analysis are establish in the Simulation Setup menu:

The output file contains the THD of the load current, verifying that the THD is less than 10%.
TOTAL HARMONIC DISTORTION = 9.387011E+00 PERCENT

8-21)
Example solution:
Let ma 0.9,
Vdc

Vm 120 2

189 V .
ma
0.9

Using Table 8-3, at n m f , Vmf 0.71 189 134 V .

for THD 8%, I mf 0.08I1
I1

V1
120 2
120 2

13.6 A.
Z1 10 j 2 60 0.020
12.5

I mf 0.08 13.6 1.09 A.

Z mf
mf

Vmf
I mf

134
123 m f 0 L
1.09

123
123

16.4
0 L 377 0.020

Choose odd integer 19 or greater for m f .

8-22)
Example solution:
V1 V1,rms 2 100 2 141 V .
Let ma 0.9 Vdc
I1

V1 141

157 V .
ma 0.9

V1
V1
141

4.48 A.
Z1 R j0 L 30 j 377 0.025

THDI
Z mf
mf

I mf
I1

Vmf
I mf

0.10

0.71 157
0.448

I mf 0.1 4.48 0.448 A.

249 m f 0 L

249
26.4
377 0.025

Choose odd integer 29 or greater for m f .

8-23)
Use the bipolar PWM function circuit of Fig. 8-23a, and use the unipolar PWM function circuit
of Fig.8-26 with mf = 10. Use ma = 0.8 for V1 = 120 V from the 150-V dc source.

The THD for bipolar, mf = 21, is 10.2 %, for bipolar mf = 41 is 5.2%, and for unipolar mf = 10 is
5.9%.

Bipolar mf = 21:

Bipolar mf = 41:

Unipolar, mf = 10:

8-24)
a ) V1, L N
I1

V1
159
159

6.09 A.
Z1 25 j 377 0.020 26.1

I1,rms

8-25)

2Vdc

2
500
2 cos cos

3 159 V .
3
3

3
3

I1
2

4.31 A.

Use Eq. (8-42) for Vn,L-N , Z n R jn2 fL , I n Vn, L- N / Z n , and I n, rms I n / 2.

For f = 25 Hz:
n
1
5
7
11
13
THDI

VnL-N
255
50.9
36.4
23.1
19.6

Zn
11.1
25.6
34.5
52.8
62.0

In
23.0
2.0
1.06
0.44
0.32

In,rms
16.3
1.41
0.75
0.31
0.22

1.412 0.752 0.312 0.222

0.10 10%
16.3
THDV

For f = 100 Hz,

n
1
5
7
11
13

THDI

50.92 36.42 0.222 19.62

0.273 27.3%
255

VnL-N
255
50.9
36.4
23.1
19.6

Zn
21.3
94.8
132
208
245

In
11.9
0.54
0.27
0.12
0.08

In,rms
8.43
0.38
0.19
0.08
0.06

0.382 0.192 0.082 0.062

0.0519 5.19%
8.43

The THD for current is reduced from 10% to 5.19% as f is increased from 25 Hz to 100 Hz. The
THD of the line-to-neutral voltage remains at 27.3%.
These results can also be determined from a PSpice simulation for the six-step inverter.

8-26)

At f 30 Hz , Z1 10.7 , V1 I1Z1 10 2 10.7 151 V .

V1, L N
Vdc

2Vdc

2
2 cos cos
Vdc 0.637
3
3

V1, L N
0.637

151
237 V .
0.637

At f 60 Hz , Z1 19.5 , V1 I1Z1 10 2 19.5 276 V

Vdc

276
433 V .
0.637