Journal of Electrostatics 72 (2014) 387e395

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Electrostatics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/elstat

Calculation of electric and magnetic induced elds in humans

subjected to electric power lines
M. Talaat
Electrical Power & Machines Department, Faculty of Engineering, Zagazig University, Egypt

a r t i c l e i n f o

a b s t r a c t

Article history:
Received 11 March 2013
Received in revised form
2 June 2014
Accepted 27 June 2014
Available online 11 July 2014

In this work, analysis of the human body exposed to high voltage electric and magnetic elds is presented. The distribution of the electric eld is obtained by using Laplace's equation. This relates the
surface charge induced on the body to the potential in a reciprocal Laplace problem, which is then
calculated by charge simulation method coupled with genetic algorithms to determine the appropriate
arrangement of simulating charges inside the human body. The magnetic eld intensity along the vertical center line of the human is calculated. Exposure to external electric and magnetic elds at power
frequency induces electric eld, magnetic eld and currents inside the human body. The presented
model for simulating electric and magnetic elds are a three dimensional eld problem and introduced
different types of charges to simulate the different elementary geometrical shapes of human body. The
particular strength of the charge simulation method in this application is its ability to allow a detailed
representation of the shape and posture of the human body. The results have been assessed through
comparison induced current, electric eld, magnetic eld and there distribution over the body surface, as
estimated in other experimental and computational work.
2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords:
Magnetic eld calculation
Electric eld simulation
Induced elds and current
Charge simulation method
Genetic algorithms
Human subject to electric power lines

1. Introduction
The numerical analysis of electromagnetic eld plays an
important role in the understanding of electrical phenomena such
as; ow in electrolytic solutions [1], exposures to high voltage
power lines [2], treeing in solids [3], electrication and streamers in
liquids [4], streamers in gases [5], and the design of high voltage
insulation [6]. Numerical methods, such as nite element method
(FEM) [1,6], charge simulation method (CSM) [2,3,7], charge density
[8], Monte-Carlo method (MCM) [9], nite difference method
(FDM) [10,11], and integral equation methods have been used to
simulate the non-uniform electric elds. CSM is one of the most
successful numerical methods used for solving electromagnetic
eld problems [2,3,5,7].
The interaction of electric and magnetic elds with humans has
initiated public concern, due to the overlap between the power
transmission lines and the settlement areas which lie very near or
under the power transmission lines [2,7,12e15]. There has been a
growing interest in determining the safe exposure level of humans
to power frequency electric and magnetic elds [2,7,12,15]. Therefore, the simulation of electric and magnetic elds, in the space

E-mail addresses: m_mtalaat@eng.zu.edu.eg, m_mtalaat@yahoo.com.

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.elstat.2014.06.008
0304-3886/ 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

between power lines and ground, is a prerequisite to assess the

effect of power lines on human.
The calculation of the induced electric and magnetic elds in
human lead to substantial difculty, due to the complex geometry
of the human body. For this reason, several approximate solutions
have been derived using CSM [2,7,12,15], MCM [9], FDM [10,11,16],
moment method techniques [17], FEM [13], and boundary element
method (BEM) [14].
This paper presented a three-dimension electromagnetic eld
simulation. CSM and the method of image are used for the electric
and magnetic elds simulation in the human body. The electric and
magnetic elds distribution are obtained from Laplace's equation by
treating the human body as a good conducting medium. The surface
charges on human body are simulated by a number of charges arranged inside the human body, such as ring charges, nite line
charges [2,7]. In this model the simulated electric and magnetic
elds is introduced different types of charges such as elliptical
charges and segment ring charges [18], taking into consideration the
different elementary geometrical shapes of human body.
The optimum number, values, locations, and dimensions of
these charges are achieved by using genetic algorithms (GAs) as a
search optimization technique [2,4,7,19]. Series of vertical and inclined line charges [4,7,20] especially in the arms and unsymmetrical ring charges [21] especially in the legs. For these inclined and

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M. Talaat / Journal of Electrostatics 72 (2014) 387e395

unsymmetrical charges, a coordinate transformation is performed.

Then, the electric and magnetic elds are calculated in the original
coordinate system. The CSM in this application has the ability to
allow a detailed representation of the shape and posture of the
human body for grounded and an ungrounded case.
2. Method of analysis
Description of the electric and magnetic elds emanating from
various transmissions line congurations have been adequately
presented in many papers and texts [22].
2.1. Charge simulation methods
Analytical solution of Laplace's equation used for calculating
electric eld, can only be obtained for relatively simple charge
distributions and conductor congurations. However, most of the
high voltage systems are complex so numerical techniques are used
to solve this problems. One of the most efcient end accurate numerical techniques for eld computations is the CSM. It consists of
replacing the actual continuous surface charge distribution of the
conductors by a discrete set of ctitious charge distribution placed
inside the volumes occupied by the conductors. The exact positions
and values of the simulating charges are found so that the boundary
conditions of the particular congurations are satised to a certain
degree of accuracy.
In this paper the actual electric eld is simulated by a number of
discrete charges located in, (transmission lines, human body, and
earth) [2,4,6,7,12,18e21]. Values of simulation charges are determined by satisfying the boundary conditions at a number of contour points selected at the conductor surfaces. Once the values of
simulation charges are determined, then the potential and electric
eld of any point in the region outside the conductor can be
calculated using the superposition principle.
The various conductivity and relative equivalent dielectric constant of human Tissue [13] is given in Table 1. From this table the large
conductivity and the large relative equivalent dielectric constant of
the human body cause the external power frequency electric eld
near the human body to be perpendicular to the surface [23]. This is
why the human body is treated as a conducting body.
In this model, surface charges on the high voltage line conductors are simulated by innite line of charges located at each line axis
[2,4,6e8].
The human body is modeled taking a representation of
boundary surface as a combination of certain elementary geometrical shapes: spheres, cylinders, boxes etc. these are juxtaposed or
superposed as required.
Fig. 1 represents the schematic diagram of the engineering
drawing of the human body with basic dimensions in centimeters
as a three-dimension model; the average dimension of any human
part is given by Ref. [24]. The model given by Ref. [2] was used to
simulate the human body using CSM, see Appendix A.
Table 1
Tissue conductivity and permittivity values [12].
Tissue

Conductivity sU1 m1

Relative dielectric constant r

Muscle
Bone
Skin
Heart
Gland
Blood
Lung
Liver
Lens

0.86
0.04
0.11
0.5
0.11
0.6
0.04
0.13
0.11

434,930
12,320
1136
352,850
56,558
5259
145,100
85,673
105,550

2.2. Genetic algorithms

Genetic algorithms, (GAs), are a form of evaluation that occurs
on a computer. GAs are a search method that can be used for solving
problems and modeling evolutionary systems. The basic idea of GAs
is very simple. First, a population of individual is created in a
computer, and then the population is evolved with use of the
principles of variation, selection, crossover and mutation until
some termination criteria are reached [25].
In the present paper, GAs are used in the optimization of a variety
of variables. These variables include the optimum number of charges,
n, used to nd the required number of simulated charges for each part
of the human body and the transmission lines. Also the optimum
location of charges, l , used to obtain the axial location of different
types of charges along the human height. Finally the optimum radius
of simulated ring charges, f, used for indicating the optimum radius of
ring and segment ring of charges, see Appendix C.
2.3. Electric eld simulation
The vector of unknown charges Q is computed from the matrix
equation:


1
 Vi 
Qj Pij

(1)

where, Pij is the potential coefcient calculated at the ith boundary

point due to the jth simulation charge Qj and V is the applied
voltage of transmission line.
For a given charge distribution, the calculated potential f, at an
arbitrary point is a summation of the potentials resulting from the
individual charges,

fi

6
X

fk

i 1; 2; M

(2)

k1

where, k indicates the human part (k 1 for head, k 2 for neck, k 3

for waist, k 4 for arm, k 5 for upper part of leg, k 6 for lower part
of leg). The estimated values of fk are presented in Appendix B.
The simulated charges are distributed uniformly according to
shape dimensions except the axial location of the elliptical and ring
charges along the z-axis, the optimum location of these charges are
determined by GAs, also the optimum radius of any ring charge, see
Appendix C.
The used objective function used by GAs is simply the accumulated squared error, which has the form [21]:

M
X

V  fi x; y; z2

(3)

i1

where, M is the number of contour points. For an ungrounded

human body each of the transmission lines and the human body
have an objective function. The ungrounded human body new
objective function is simply the summation of factitious simulated
charges inside the human body must be equal zero.

Mn
X

Qi 0:0

(4)

i1

and for transmission lines the objective function is still the accumulated squared error but with only the simulated line charges.

n
X
i1

V  fi x; y; z2

(5)

M. Talaat / Journal of Electrostatics 72 (2014) 387e395

389

Fig. 1. Representation of simulation subject in terms of elementary geometrical shapes, all dimensions in cm.

The problem is now reduced to the determination of the optimum values of parameter subject to the satisfaction of the objective
function given by Equation (3) for grounded human body and
Equations (4) and (5) for ungrounded human body, using GAs.
Also, the electric eld components Eri and Ezi at the contour
point i are the vector sum of the eld contributions from all the
simulated charges, where Er represent the equivalent vector of Ex
and Ey.

Eri

6
X

Erk

(6)

k1

Ezi

6
X

Ezk

(7)

k1

The value of electric eld components Eri and Ezi for any part of
the human body is calculated, see Appendix D.
The total electric eld at the ith contour point is expressed as,

q
Ei Er2i Ez2i

(8)

rs o r En

(9)

where, En is the normal component of the electric eld calculated at

the boundary point, o is the permittivity of free space which equal
8.854  1012 F/m, and r is the relative permittivity of the human
body given in Table 1.
The polarization current density induced by an external eld in
a homogeneous body is given by

Jk urs uo r En

(10)

where, k indicates the human part. Also, in lieu of the fact that the
relative permittivity of tissues is large at low frequencies, the human body represented as a good conductor with o.
The value of the normal component of the electric eld at any
arbitrary point on the human surface is presented by:

En ETL Ein

(11)

where, ETL is the normal component of the transmission lines

electric eld, which obtained from the presented simulation program, and Ein is the normal electric eld due to the induced polarization current in the human body given by:

2.4. Induced electric eld, magnetic eld, and current calculation

Ein Vfk  uA

Less attention has been paid to the magnetic eld, probably

because of the disparity in magnitude between the electric and
magnetic elds. Even though it is known that the dielectric properties of the human body are not totally isotropic at low frequencies
they are assumed to be homogeneous for the analysis presented
here. Extension to anisotropic media is straight forward.
The charge density rs at a boundary point on the human body
surface at height z is expressed as,

where, A is the magnetic vector potential. The rst term of Eq. (12),
E Vfk , can be obtained from the presented simulation program, and the value of A in the second term is given by;

m
4p

J
 k dv
.

r  r 

(12)

(13)

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M. Talaat / Journal of Electrostatics 72 (2014) 387e395

At the boundary point, the unknown induced current density Jk,

is expressed as,

0.06
0.04

% Potential error

0.02

Jk

uo r
E  Vfk
1 uo r Lk TL

The induced current IS just outside the boundary of a part of the

body, where, Skth, is obtained by integrating Jk over the surface area
of this part

-0.02
-0.04

-0.06

ISk

-0.08
-0.1

(16)

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Location of contour points along the human body surface

h/200

Fig. 2. The variation of the per cent potential errors along the human body.

Jk dSk

(17)

The area Sk of each part of human can be mathematically

calculated from dimension given in Fig. 1.
The induced magnetic eld is evaluated based on Faraday's law
applied to a cylindrical cross section, as a human body with
circumferential currents estimated by Ref. [26]:

0.6

Deviation angle in degree

0.4

2Jk
usak

(18)

0.2

where, ak is the radius of the human body part expressed as cylindrical cross section. Then the magnetic eld strength H is
expressed as, H m1 B.

0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6

3. Results and discussion

-0.8

3.1. Field calculation

-1
1

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Location of contour points along the human body surface

h/200

Fig. 3. The variation of the deviation angle along the human body.

where, m is the permeability of the medium (for human body

m mo 4p  107 H/m), is the position of the observation point
and r is the position of the integration point, human body.Substitution of Equations (11)e(13) into Equation (10) yields to

6
Bum
Jk uo r 4ETL  Vfk  @
4p

13

3.2. Charge simulation method

J
7
 k dvC

 A5
.
r  r 

(14)

The volume of any part of the human body can be obtained from
the integration over area of the human part and its length, so the
last term can be simplied to LkJk.where,

Lk

In order to demonstrate the proposed approach, the height of the

twin bundle conductors of a three phase 380 kV line over the ground
plane is 15 m which is about ten times the height of the human body
to make sure that the body have a negligible effect on the surface
charge on the HV line conductors. Diameters and spacing between
sub-conductors are 27.7 mm and 400 mm respectively.

um
1
dsdl


4p r  .
r

(15)

The boundary conditions are checked over 200 points along the
human height, h, in terms of the potential error, (the difference
between the actual conductor voltage, V, and the potential calculated due to the factious simulated charges, f), and deviation angle
(the deviation in the eld angle from the normal position on the
conductor surface). The accuracy of the simulation is satised for
the potential error, (not more than 0.1 %), and the eld deviation
angle, (not more than 1 degree) [2,4,7,12,18e21] over the human
body, as shown, in Figs. 2 and 3.

Table 2
Induced current in grounded and ungrounded human body.
Position

Grounded human body

Induced current
(mA)

Top of
head
Middle
of neck
Middle
of waist
Middle
of legs

Ungrounded human body

Induced electric
eld (mV/m)

Induced magnetic
eld (mT)

Induced current
(mA)

Induced electric
eld (mV/m)

Induced magnetic
eld (mT)

18

0.3

1.6

18

0.29

1.6

38

2.6

35

2.2

130

66

0.6

2.1

152

10

1.9

20

0.9

1.56

M. Talaat / Journal of Electrostatics 72 (2014) 387e395

1.8

Grounded
Ungrounded

1.4

2.5

Induced magnetic field (T)

Human height above feet (m)

1.6

1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
20

391

1.5
Grounded
Ungrounded

0.5
40

60

80

100

120

140

160

Induced current along the human body (A)

0.2

Satisfaction of the boundary points at the chosen contour points

results in a set of equations whose solution determines the charges
simulating the body. Once the simulation charges are determined, the
electric eld, the induced charge, and current at the surface of the human body are determined as given in Table 2 for grounded human body.
Table 2 gives the induced current, electric eld, and magnetic
eld distribution at the surface of a person standing in a 60 Hz
perturbed eld for grounded and ungrounded bodies, these values
are in accordance with that given by [12,27e30].
Computed induced current distributions for ungrounded and
grounded human of 1.8 m height standing in a vertical homogeneous electric eld are illustrated in Fig. 4. Fig. 5 gives a comparison
of the proposed model with two different models [28,29], the
agreement can be considered very acceptable.
Fig. 6 explains the calculated values of the induced magnetic
eld distribution for ungrounded and grounded human. Figs. 7 and
8 give a comparison of the proposed model with magnetic eld
values, which are obtained, from actual eld measurements, under
different actual 220 and 500 kV power transmission lines [30], the
agreement can be observed between the measured values and the
obtained from simulation program.

0.6

0.8

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.8

Human height above feet (m)

Fig. 4. Induced current distributions for ungrounded and grounded human body.

3.3. Induced eld and current calculation

0.4

Fig. 6. Induced magnetic eld distributions for ungrounded and grounded human
body.

Fig. 7. Actual measured magnetic eld variation over human body for 220 kV power
lines [30].

4. Conclusions
With the advent of high voltage power lines, it becomes
increasingly important to describe accurately the power line electromagnetic eld interaction with life forms.

Fig. 5. Computed (Gandhi & Chen) [28] and measured (Deno) [29] current distribution
for an ungrounded and grounded human of 1.77 m in height standing in a vertical
homogeneous electric eld of 10 kV/m at 50 Hz.

Fig. 8. Actual measured magnetic eld variation over human body for 500 kV power
lines [30].

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M. Talaat / Journal of Electrostatics 72 (2014) 387e395

This paper develops a simulation method for current, normal

electric eld and magnetic eld distribution induced on humans
situated in the vicinity of the power lines.
The technique is based on the charge simulation method and
Laplace's equation to compute the external electric eld, magnetic
eld, induced charges and currents in a grounded and ungrounded
human body standing beneath a 380 kv three phase high voltage
overhead transmission line, using the perturbed electric eld distribution determined by CSM coupled with GAs.
The CSM calculation procedure described here offers a convenient and simple method for estimating induced elds and currents. The particular strength of CSM in this application is its ability
to allow a detailed representation of the shape and posture of the
human body.
Estimates of the electrode proximity and wall effects in the
experimental geometry are derived. The calculated induced eld
and current in grounded and ungrounded humans conforms to
those reported earlier.
Appendix A. Human body modeling
The human body given by Ref. [2] can be divided into ve parts;
head, neck, waist, arms, and legs. The head can be represented by a
hemi-elliptical sphere at the top and a cylindrical shape for the

remaining of the head. The head can be simulated as elliptical

charges [31] at the top part, then as ring charges at the remaining
part as shown in Fig. A.1.
The neck can be represented by a cylindrical shape with simulated
ring charges. While the waist can be represented by cuboid ends with
a semi-cylinder at the edges in the direction of y-axis as shown in
Fig. A.2. This shape simulated by segment ring charges [17] at its
semi-cylinder edges and two nite line charges in parallel to y-axis.
The legs are divided into two parts; top part represented as
cylindrical shape, and bottom part represented as truncated cone.
The top part is simulated with xed ring charges diameters, and the
bottom part is simulated with graduated ring charges diameters,
see Fig. A.3.
The arm can be represented by inclined cylindrical shape with
simulated inclined vertical nite line charges, see Fig. A.3.
The ground surface in Fig. A.4 was represented by an innite
plane, while the transmission line was represented by innite line
of charge [2,7,12].
The potential calculated at the contour points chosen on the
stressed transmission line is equal to the applied voltage V, while
the potential calculated at the contour points chosen on the human
body is equal to zero for a grounded body and for ungrounded body
the summation of the ctitious charges in the human body must be
equal zero [12].

Fig. A.1. Representation of the human head and different charges distribution.

Fig. A.2. Representation of the human waist with different charges distribution.

Fig. A.3. Representation of the human arm and leg with different charges distribution and transformation axes.

M. Talaat / Journal of Electrostatics 72 (2014) 387e395

f4

nn1X
n2 n3

393

Pij Qj

jnn1 n2 1

|{z}
elliptical

f5

charges

nn1 n
2 n3 n4
X

Pij Qj

jnn1 n2 n3 1

|{z}
segment

f6

ring charges

nn1 n2X
n3 n4 n5

Pij Qj

jnn1 n2 n3 n4 1

|{z}
horizontal finite line charges

Also n is the number of the innite line charge and its image for
twin bundle, n1 is the number of simulated ring charges located at
the head, neck, and legs, n2 is the number of simulated inclined
vertical nite line charges located at arms, n3 is the number of
simulated elliptical charges located at head, n4 is the number of
simulated segment ring charges located at waist, n5 is the number
of simulated horizontal nite line charges located at waist.

Appendix C. Genetic algorithms calculation

The axial location of the jth elliptical charges along the z-axis
located at the hemi-elliptical sphere part of the head dened by ith
locations is given by,

zj zj1 n3  1 

Fig. A.4. Boundary conditions on potential with idealized point electrode.

x2 y2
2
a2i
bi

!
l1 

x2 y2
2
a2i
bi

where, a, b are the major and minor semi-axes of the elliptical

shape and the major and minor semi-axes of the elliptical charges is
given by,

aj f1  ai
Appendix B. Potential calculation

bj f1  bi

The calculated potential, f, at an arbitrary point ith, where

i 1; 2; M and, M is the number of contour points, on the power
transmission lines and the human surface body is given by;

The axial location of the jth ring charge along the z-axis in cylindrical surface and truncated cone located at arms and legs is
determined by [2,4,7] as,

zj zj1 n1  1  r l2  r
f1

n
X

Pij Qj

where, r is the radius which depends on the human simulation part

according to dimension shown in Fig. 1.
The radius of any ring charge in cylindrical surface and truncated cone located at arms and legs is determined by

j1

|{z}
infinite line

f2

rj f2  r

nn
X1

Pij Qj

jn1

|{z}
ring

charges

nn
1 n2
X

f3

Pij Qj

jnn1 1

|{z}
inclined

vertical

finite

lines

The crossover operator used in GAs is the one-point crossover

with a crossover probability of 90%. As for the mutation operator
(mutation probability: 10%), the Gaussian mutation operator is
applied for genes. The Gaussian mutation operator adds a random
number in a randomly selected gene. The objective function is
simply the accumulated squared error. The convergence criterion is
satised when the tness of the best solution found so far is less
than 1% away from the mean tness of the population in a specic
iteration of the algorithm.

394

M. Talaat / Journal of Electrostatics 72 (2014) 387e395

The number of generations used is 100, the population size is 10.

The optimum values of parameter subject to the satisfaction of the
objective function given by Equation (3) for grounded human body
and Equations (4) and (5) for ungrounded human body, using GAs
were n 2  2, n 1 120, n 2 20, n 3 5, n 4 20, n5 2  20,
l 1 1.0025, f 1 0.0157, l 2 0.056, and f2 0.00215.

Ez4

nn1X
n2 n3

fzij Qj

jnn1 n2 1

|{z}
elliptical

Ez5

charges

nn1 n
2 n3 n4
X

fzij Qj

jnn1 n2 n3 1

|{z}

Appendix D. Field calculation

The electric eld components Eri and Ezi , can be calculated as:

Er1

n
X

nn
X1

where, frij and fzij are the r and z eld coefcients of the charge Qj
calculated at the ith contour point. The value of frij represent the
equivalent vector of fxij and fyij .

line

frij Qj

jn1

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|{z}
charges

nn
1 n2
X

Er3

frij Qj

jnn1 1

|{z}
inclined

vertical finite

nn1X
n2 n3

lines

frij Qj

jnn1 n2 1

|{z}
elliptical

charges

nn1 n
2 n3 n4
X

frij Qj

jnn1 n2 n3 1

|{z}
segment ring

Er6

charges

nn1 n2X
n3 n4 n5

frij Qj

jnn1 n2 n3 n4 1

|{z}
horizontal

Ez1

n
X

finite

line

charges

fzij Qj

j1

|{z}
infinte

Ez2

line

nn
X1

fzij Qj

jn1

|{z}
ring

Ez3

fzij Qj

|{z}

infinte

Er5

nn1 n2X
n3 n4 n5

horizontal finite line charges

frij Qj

j1

Er4

Ez6

jnn1 n2 n3 n4 1

|{z}

Er2

segment ring charges

charges

nn
1 n2
X

fzij Qj

jnn1 1

|{z}
inclined vertical

finite lines

M. Talaat / Journal of Electrostatics 72 (2014) 387e395

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