Professional Documents
Culture Documents
OISD-STD-170
First Edition
JULY 1997
FOR RESTRICTED
CIRCULATION ONLY
NO.
INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE,
REPAIRS AND REHABILITATION
OF
FOUNDATIONS AND STRUCTURES
PREPARED BY
NOTE
OISD publications are prepared for use in the oil and gas industry under
the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas. These are the property of
Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas and shall not be reproduced or
copied and loaned or exhibited to others without written consent from
OISD.
Though every effort has been made to assure the accuracy and reliability
of data contained in these documents, OISD hereby expressly disclaims
any liability or responsibility for loss or damage resulting from their use.
These documents are intended only to supplement and not replace the
prevailing statutory requirements.
FOREWORD
The Coordinator
Functional Panel on "Civil Engineering Works
LEADER
1.
2.
G.K.KHETRAPAL,SR.ENGG.MGR,IOC(MKTG-NR),N.DELHI (*)
MEMBERS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
MEMBER COORDINATOR
12.
In addition to the above, various other experts from the industry contributed in the preparation, review
and finalisation of this document.
(*) Leader upto March, 1996
CONTENTS
CHAPTER I - INTRODUCTION
1.0
2.0
Introduction
Scope
Introduction
Tank Foundations
Inspection
Frequency of Inspection
Maintenance
Rehabilitation
Dyke Walls
Introduction
Inspection
Frequency of Inspection
Checklist for Inspection
Defects
Maintenance/Repairs
Dislocation/Corrosion of Anchor Bolts
Cracks in main body of foundation
Settlement of foundation block
Dislocation of Base Plate
Rehabilitation
Introduction
Foundations/Structures used in
Marine Services
Pile Foundations
Offshore Structures/Platforms :
Marine Bridge Piers
Deterioration in Marine Structures
Concrete Structures
Steel Structures
Protection of Marine Structures
Controlling Quality of Concrete
Structure
External Protection of Concrete
Structures
Protection of Steel Structures
Inspection of Marine Structures
Inspection of Concrete Structures
Inspection of Steel Structures
Periodicity of Inspection
Rehabilitation of Marine
Structures
Concrete Structures
Steel Structures
Introduction
Factors Affecting Pipe Racks and
Tracks
Repairs/Maintenance of Pipe Rack
System
Concrete Structures
Steel Structures
Grass/Vegetation Growth
Rehabilitation of Pipe Rack After
Fire
Checklist for Inspection
Introduction
Frequency of Inspection
Checklist for Inspection
Inspection of Components of
Building and Structures
Inspection of Concrete Components
Inspection of Masonry Components
Inspection of roof
Inspection of Steel Structures
Inspection of Wood Work
Inspection of Painting on
Walls/Structures
Inspection of Antistatic Sparkless
Mastic Flooring
Repairs/Restoration
Introduction
Concrete Deterioration
Assessing Deterioration in
Concrete Structures
Repair of Concrete Structures
General
Repair Techniques
Repair/Rehabilitation of FireDamaged Concrete Structures
Effects of Excessive heat on
concrete
Repairs techniques
References
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The civil foundations and structures are
vital components in an oil industry
installation. It is the general experience
that these components do not get the
deserved attention.
Since
the
consequences of even a partial failure of
these
components
could
be
catastrophic, it was decided to sum up
the related maintenance and inspection
practices in the form of an OISD
document.
2.0 SCOPE
This Recommended Practice (RP)
intends to provide guidelines to the Oil
Industry personnel with regard to the
maintenance, inspection, repairs and
rehabilitation of various civil structures
and foundations.
For the purpose of this RP, the civil
structures involved in oil industry
installations have been grouped into
the following sections: a) Tank pad foundations and dyke
walls
b) Equipment foundations
c) Buildings and structures
d) Pipe racks and tracks
e) Marine structures
f) Concrete - general inspection and
repairs
3.0
reference
during
inspections/maintenance.
subsequent
CHAPTER II
TANK FOUNDATIONS & DYKE WALLS
may
damage/
foundation.
erode
tank
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter deals with the practices
recommended
for
inspection,
maintenance, repairs and rehabilitation
of tank foundations and dyke walls.
The rehabilitation of the tank foundation
may become necessary in case of
excessive settlements, erosion etc.
which will lead to shell distortion,
excessive tension in bottom plates and
piping causing to their failures.
2.2
FREQUENCY OF INSPECTION
a)
b)
c)
2.3 MAINTENANCE
Minor rectification work such as filling of
thin cracks, replacement of eroded
material in the slope, patch work, and
storm oily water drainage system shall
be immediately attended to.
A premonsoon checklist must be
followed for each tank as detailed
below:
a) Health of tank Pad : Horizontal
portion and slope of
the
tank
pad should be checked against
undulation/erosion of bituminous
layer
and
for
exposure
of
sand/rubble core etc.
b) Slope of tank farm area for easy
flow of rainwater towards the sum to
avoid water logging.
c) Grass/bushes/vegetation on the
tank pad and tank farm area to be
removed.
f)
2.4 REHABILITATION
a) Rehabilitation of the tank pad
foundation may be necessitated due
to excessive settlement.
b) Uniform settlements to the extent
that they do not affect tank piping
connections are not harmful for tank
performances.
Differential
settlements may lead to shell
distortion, excessive tension of
bottom
plate,
and
additional
stresses on connected pipe nozzles
and pipeline resulting in failure.
Such failures may also cause
additional hoop stresses in the Ring
Beam causing failure of hoop
reinforcement.
c) The tank foundation rehabilitation
may involve major repair such as
jacking and leveling of the tank,
replacement of annular bottom
plate,
construction
of
new
foundation,
strengthening
and
regrading of the tank pad wherever
necessary.
case
wall
of
f)
CHAPTER III
EQUIPMENT FOUNDATIONS
f)
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This chapter broadly deals with
foundations of pumps, vessels, columns,
engines, compressors, transformers,
electrical equipment, EOT crane rails,
etc.
Equipment foundations are
specially
designed
taking
into
consideration the impact and vibration
characteristics of the expected loads
and properties of the underneath soil
under dynamic and static conditions.
Equipment foundations need special
attention since any major defect in these
foundations can lead to catastrophic
consequences.
2.0 INSPECTION
vi)
vii)
A sloping floor.
Cracks in floors and walls.
Displacement of some parts with
respect to others.
Piping out of position.
Piping
under strain (as
evidenced by spring up
or
disconnection )
Broken structural bolts, rivets
and welds.
Top levels of saddle / concrete
columns of foundations with
respect to bench marks.
g) Exposure
and
reinforcements.
corrosion
of
product
on
or
deterioration
of
e) Loosening
or
Foundation bolts.
corrosion
i)
Any
spillage
foundation.
of
j)
in
a) Dislocation/corrosion/ cracks of
Anchor bolts
b) Cracks in the main body of
foundation
c) Damage/Settlement of foundation
blocks
d) Dislocation/Cracking of base plate
due to consolidation/expansion of
subsoil
of
3.0 MAINTENANCE/REPAIRS
The
following
corrective/remedial
measures are recommended for defects
generally encountered in the equipment
foundations.
However, temporary
supporting as necessary should be
provided before undertaking repairs.
3.1 Dislocation/corrosion of Anchor Bolts
Generally holes are left in the form work
to form pockets in concrete for the
Anchor bolts and these holes are filled
with grout after the base plate is placed
and the bolts aligned. Bolt holes shall
be filled with concrete after clearing the
bolts of all paint, oil or loose rust. The
bolts shall be placed and bolt holes
concreted only after the curing of
concrete of main foundation is
completed. In concrete mix, the sand
shall be well graded and optimum
cement content be used to reduce
shrinkage and increase strength. Use of
non-shrinking cement is recommended.
For urgent jobs, suitable Epoxy grout
may be used. The grout shall be mixed /
placed
as
per
manufacturers
recommendations.
Whenever anchor bolts are shear off
due to corrosion and vibration problem it
becomes necessary to extend the
anchor bolts. It is preferable to expose
the damage bolt by breaking the
foundation and putting a new bolt by
reconcreting the part of the foundation
after taking precautions to ensure
effective bounding between parent
concrete and fresh concrete. Whenever
this is not possible, bolt may be
extended as required by welding and
providing separate piece of the metal by
the side and welded properly.
3.2 Cracks in main body of foundation
In case of excessive cracking of the
foundation block, the same needs to be
replaced. However, if there are minor
cracks at certain places, the strength of
the concrete needs to be ascertained by
inspection and by non-destructive
testing
methods
before
deciding
corrective action. Depending on situation
pressure grouting may be done. In case
of minor cracks epoxy based liquid may
be grouted in the cracks.
3.3 Settlement of foundation block
CHAPTER IV
MARINE STRUCTURES
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Concrete and steel structures are
generally used for partially/completely
submerged marine applications in
harbour, coastal and ocean areas.
Reinforced and prestressed concrete in
typical marine applications should
possess such inherent properties such
as high resistance to corrosive attack of
environment,
ability
to
withstand
compressive loading without undue
deformations, rigidity etc.
2.O FOUNDATIONS/STRUCTURES USED
IN MARINE SERVICES
MARINE
4.1 CONTROLLING
QUALITY
CONCRETE STRUCTURE
OF
CHAPTER V
PIPE RACKS AND TRACKS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Pipelines in process units and oil
installations have to traverse long
distances either in a group or singularly at
different elevations. It is necessary that
some structure is made for supporting the
pipelines and taking care of load effects
introduced by service pressure, wind,
earthquake etc. The supporting system is
also expected to restrict deflection of the
piping, to provide for its lateral
movements due to thermal expansion,
and provide clearance from ground to
prevent corrosion. This structure is called
"Pipe Rack". The corridor in which pipes
have to be laid may be termed as "Pipe
Track" or" Pipe Alley".
Pipe Racks may be constructed in:
a) Reinforced Concrete Frame work
b) Structural Steel work
c) Others like Rubble masonry, Brick
masonry etc.
2.0 FACTORS AFFECTING PIPE RACKS
AND TRACKS
2.1 Flow of water around foundations of pipe
racks/sleepers may cause erosion of the
foundation. It is also important to ensure
that slopes are properly maintained to
avoid water clogging or stagnation of oil
spillage in the pipe tracks. Inspection of
pipe tracks from this point of view is
desirable during monsoon.
2.2 It is known that the disintegration of
concrete takes place whenever it comes
in contact with inorganic acids or salts.
Therefore, where presence of such
acids and salts is indicated, an
appropriate
surface
covering
or
treatment to concrete should be
employed.
2.3 Vegetation/soil along the pipe track
should be closely examined for
excessive grass growth and direct
contact with pipeline. Suitable preventive
measures should be taken to prevent
pipeline corrosion in such cases. 2.4
OF
PIPE
Corrosion of reinforcement
Spalling of concrete
Honeycombing
Cracks
3.2.1 Painting
The most common form of deterioration
in steel structures is corrosion. Structural
steel pipe rack shall be protected
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
Vegetation Growth
Soil Contact
Settlement
Stagnation corrosion
Pittings on structural members
Perforations
Misalignment of Pipeline(Pipe
track)
Buckling of columns of pipe rack
Deflection of beams of pipe rack
Cracks on slabs near columns
due to punching
Displacement
of
anchors/
supports
Effect of addition/alterations on
pipe rack
Vibrations of supporting members
Damage to fire proofing
Honeycombing
of
R.C.C.
members
Spalling
discolouration
of
concrete
CHAPTER VI
BUILDINGS AND STRUCTURES
3.2
1.0
INTRODUCTION
This chapter covers the general
guidelines
for
inspection,
maintenance, repairs & rehabilitation
of buildings & structures in industrial
environment. The type & causes of
failures, methods of repairs etc. have
been discussed.
2.0
A. Settlement:
Uneven settlement is serious when
indicated visually by a sloping floor,
cracking in floor and wall and
displacement of some parts with
respect to others. It is not possible to
set any definite limits for settlement.
Stresses set-up by unequal settlement
should be calculated and steps as
necessary should be taken to correct
the problem and arrest further
settlement.
FREQUENCY OF INSPECTION
a) All new buildings/structures should
be inspected after 5 years and
thereafter at a frequency of once in
2 years or after any major
incident/natural calamity.
B. Cracking:
Thorough visual inspection shall be
carried out for cracks in masonry
structures. The cracks should be
cleaned thoroughly with scraper/ blade
to ascertain the cause of cracking
such as moisture movement, thermal
variations, creep, elastic deformation,
foundation movement, settlement of
soil, vegetation, movement due to
chemical action etc.
Cracks from
different
causes
have
varying
characteristics and call for adoption of
appropriate remedial measures.
C. Disintegration:
Disintegration may be in the form of
spalling, calcinating or attack of salt
water, alkalies or acids. The extent
and depth of disintegration shall be
assessed visually or by detailed
investigation
carried
out
by
chipping/scrapping up to the depth of
disintegration.
Suitable
remedial
actions should be taken thereafter.
4.0
INSPECTION OF COMPONENTS OF
BUILDING AND STRUCTURES
4.1
4.2
INSPECTION OF ROOFS
Roof made of R.C.C./A.C. sheet/C.G.I.
sheet and roof gutters/rain water pipes
should be inspected at least once a
year before monsoon for the following:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
4.4
INSPECTION OF STEEL
STRUCTURES
Steel structures should be inspected
for the following:
a) Insufficient temporary bracing
during construction.
b) Designers and/or construction
errors
c) particularly inadequate bearing
and load transfer junctions.
d) Improper welding
e) Excessive flexibility and nonredundant design
f) Proper
implementation
of
fabrication procedures
4.5
4.6
INSPECTION OF PAINTING
WALLS/STRUCTURES
ON
INSPECTION
OF
ANTISTATIC
SPARKLESS MASTIC FLOORING
The mastic flooring should be visually
checked for cracks, peeling etc.. The
bitumen mastic surface requires
relatively little maintenance though
attention is necessary to obtain
maximum service. The newly laid
surface should be protected from
damage due to careless handling of
construction equipment, spillage of
oils, paints, chemicals, plying of
vehicles etc. Concrete or mortar shall
not be mixed directly on the bitumen
mastic surface.
5.0
REPAIRS/RESTORATION
The
Methodology
of
repairs/
restoration of buildings/structures is
decided based on following factors:
a) Cause of damage
b) type and extent of damage
c) Availability
of
type
of
equipements, tools and materials
at site
In case of cracks/damages in masonry
work, the cracks should be opened up
and repairs be carried out to bring the
wall to its original shape. However,
hairline/superficial cracks in plaster
can be filled using plaster of paris or
other suitable compounds. In case the
masonry wall happens to be a load
bearing wall, care should be taken to
either provide temporary support or
suitably strengthen the structure
before carrying out any major repair
work involving part/full breakage of the
wall. Cracks are also occur mainly
due to difference in co-efficient of
thermal expansion of the material.
Providing expansion joint is, therefore,
essential.
Adequate overtap of
chicken mesh should also be provided
during construction.
With regard to repairs of the
concrete/steel structures, techniques
CHAPTER VII
CONCRETE - GENERAL INSPECTION & REPAIRS
1.0
c) Defective workmanship.
d) Defective
shuttering
and
scaffolding.
e) Faulty concrete mix ratio
f) Inadequate quality assurance.
INTRODUCTION
Concrete is one of the most versatile
materials of civil construction in
modern times. The same ingredients
viz. Cement, Coarse aggregates, fine
aggregates and water in varying
proportions are used for producing
concrete of various grades and
qualities. Considering the varying
conditions under which concrete is
produced at various locations, the
quality of concrete may suffer either
during production or during service
conditions, resulting in distress of the
structure. This chapter deals with the
nature & causes of deterioration in
concrete structures, assessment of
deterioration and repairs/ rehabilitation
of damaged concrete structures.
2.0
CONCRETE DETERIORATION
2.1
2.5
2.6
2.7
3.0
ASSESSING DETERIORATION
CONCRETE STRUCTURES
IN
REPAIR OF CONCRETE
STRUCTURES
4.1
General
Repair techniques
4.2.2
Pretreatment
reinforcements
of
surfaces
&
Repair of Cracks in
Structures
Concrete
Epoxy grouts
Epoxy coatings
Epoxy mortar coatings
Polymer grouting
Polymer concrete
Cement grouting
Cement concrete jacketing
5.0
5.1
5.2
REPAIR TECHNIQUES
Repairs are likely to involve the
removal of all concrete that has
suffered an appreciable loss in
strength, and its replacement by an
equivalent or greater amount of
material having a strength at least
equivalent to that of the original
concrete. In some cases it may also
be necessary to provide additional
reinforcement.
In many cases damage is likely to be
superficial, confined to the loss of
concrete cover to the reinforcement.
In such case, the appraisal may show
that all that is required is the
restoration of the cover concrete to
provide
adequate
future
fire
resistance.
Structural cracks due to fire damage
may be treated by epoxy injection.
Surface repairs to columns and
beams may include addition of
reinforcing steel and guniting. To get
optimum adhesion between the gunite
and the old concrete, an epoxy with a
very long pot life may be brushed on
the concrete surface before gunitting.
Columns
Additional vertical steel and binders
may be required to be provided. After
the concrete has been suitably
prepared, the new reinforcement is
fixed and the column is then built out
to the required profile with gunite.
5.2.2 Beams
Additional reinforcement may be
provided in the bottom of the beams
together with new stirrups.
The
stirrups can be anchored by
expanding bolts set in the side of the
beam below the slab soffit or may be
taken right round the beam through
holes drilled in the slab. The irregular
surface of the prepared concrete
usually ensures that a very good key
is obtained with the gunite but sheat
connectors can be provided by
expanding bolts or other means, if
required.
5.2.3 Slabs