Phasor Measurement Technology

and the requirements for new

Algorithms for Control
Authors:
Innocent Kamwa, PhD., FIEEE
Manager of Power Systems & Mathematics
Chief Scientist for Smart Grids, HQ - Research
Institute
Robert OReilly,
Past Director- Technological Innovations &
Architectures

PMUChallengesandDrivers
Requirementsforthedata
Generalcontrolaspects
Wideareacontrol
SpecialProtectionSystems
SituationalAwarenessandapplicationswithintheDistributionSystem
PMUsandtheiruseinMicrogrids
Conclusion

Beforelookingatcontrolapplications,considersomeofthe
parametersrequiredfromaPMU.
Fromameasurementpointofview:

Accuracy
Repeatability
Timelyavailability
Stabilityofthereadings
Capabilityofdetectingkeyharmonics,

DRIVERS

Increasingcomplexityofthegrid.Needofnetworkmonitoring
andcontrolinrealtime.
Increasingdemand.Needofincreasingthepowerflowwith
existinginfrastructure.
Systemoperatorsneedsynchronizedinformationtomake
decisionsinlinewithnetworkrequirements.
Needtoimprovetheoperationalsecurityofthepowersystem.
Afterharmfulblackouts,theneedtopreventapowersystem`s
collapsesemerges.Theneedforaccurateandrealtime
informationiscritical.

Reliableandhighlyeffectiveatrejectingharmoniccomponents,
includingsubharmonicscausedbyseriescompensation
Performsverywellinstressedanddisturbedpowersystems,
providinggoodandreliablemeasurementsandfasteroperation
ofcontrolandprotectionsystems.
Exceptionalreportingratethatallowsimplementationoffast
intelligentprotectionandcontrolschemes,specialprotection
schemes,etc.

Resiliencetoharmonicsprovidesanidealapproachfor
singlephaseapplications,microgrids andpowerislands.
APMUwithadaptivealgorithmsoperatingunderawide
frequencyrangeforphasor &frequency(especiallyindynamic
conditions)mustworkwithina 15to20Hzrangefromthe
selectedbasefrequencyandshouldnottobeaffectedby
harmonics,intermodulation,subandhypersynchronous
resonances.

1.

Fundamentalfrequencyrangefc=5466Hz however,thedevicemustwork
intherange4070Hz(bindtohydrogeneratorsrequirements)

2.

RateofChangeofFrequency(ROCOF)range3Hz/s however,thedevice
mustworkupto6Hz/s.Thealgorithmsshouldremainstableupto25Hz/s.

3.

Outofbandfilteringofseriesdampedresonanceintherange2532Hz,
(2.5%onvoltagemorethan10%oncurrent)

4.

Outofbandfilteringofparalleldampedresonanceintherange70100Hz
(upto10%onvoltage)
8

5.

Outofbandfilteringofsubsynchronousparallelresonances
{intherangefss =520Hz(5to25%)}

6.

Intermodulationrejection(duetocouplingoftransformersaturationandsub
synchronousparallelresonance)intherange:
fi=fc fss andfi=fc 2fss(5%onthevoltage)

7.

Harmonicsrejection(5%for2ndto5thand2%from6thto10th)atthe
fundamentalandatoffsetfrequencies(5466Hz).

6.

ShouldexceedtherequirementsofC37.118.1forbothMandPclassaccuracy
(thusprovidingawiderlinearityrangethanwhatisspecifiedinthestandard)

Uniquecapabilitytoidentifytheusersselectedharmonicswithinthemeasurement
samplingstream,(certainharmonicsarenormallyusedaskeydetectionpointsina
numberofapplications.Example:solarstorms).
10

Preparestheinformationwithinthecontextofthe
requirementsoftheoverallcontrolobjectives
Controlaspectmustbeplannedforhavingthecapabilityof
performingcontrollocallyorviacommunications
Mustbeabletoselectthecommunicationmediumand
protocols

C37.118(withanydesiredframerateupto240)
61850905(forPMUdatatransmission)
GOOSEmessaging(in/out)

11

Since2004,HydroQubechasbeenoperatingaPMUnetwork

ConnectedtotheEMSforthepurposesofGICearlywarninginrealtime
FrequencymeasurementforAGCbackupinputsignal
UseddailyforSPSperformancereportingtoNERC
Playsamajorroleinblackoutforensics

Nowbeingdeployed anewWAMSforallmajor735kVsubs
(withdynamicshuntcompensators)

UsingthelatestC38.118.1gradeofPMUs
TogetherwithimprovedSPDC(SubstationPhasor DataConcentrator)
Deployedmorespecificallyforwideareaandlocalvoltagecontrolto
boostreactivepower
12

VisiondevelopedattheHydroQuebecResearch(IREQ)

Equipall735kVwiththeadvancedPMUs
EquipallwindfarmswithPMUs
Thiswillallowrobustsynchrophasor analyticsfor:
Gridperformancemonitoring
Forensics

Thegoalofthisapproach

EvolvetowardswideareaSpecialProtectionSystems(SPS)
Implementdampingcontrollerswhenitmakesgoodbusiness
sense
13

GeoMagneticInducedCurrent(GIC)earlywarning
Analyticsfordecisionmakingrequirecertainkey
harmonics
WideareaSPS
Remoteunderfrequencyloadshedding
Remoteundervoltageloadshedding

Widerangeofnewautomationapplications
14

PMUsprovideinformationtoallowimprovementof
transient&voltagestability
Thesystemswouldoperateat>240framespersecond
Allowingforlocaldampeningofawidevarietyofoscillation
modes

Capabilityforlocalandwideareacontrolcontributionof
shuntcompensationtovoltagecontrol

15

Situationalawarenesswithinthedistributionenvironment
Powerislandingcontrolapplications
Uniquepossibilitiesdowntosinglephaseapplications
ControlwithinMicrogrids

16

Microgrids incorporatemultipletypesofpowergeneration
Windturbines(variousoutputs)
DieselGenerator(s)
Batterystoragesystem(s)
Solar,(PV,Thermal)

17

IncreasedapplicationsusingPMUinformation
Monitoring
Analysis
Alarmingandsituationalawareness
Controlaspectpossibilitiesinmanyareas

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