1. The manometer fluid in the manometer of Figure has a specific gravity of 3.46.

Pipes A and B
both contain water. If the pressure in pipe A is decreased by 1.3 psi and the pressure in pipe B
increases by 0.9 psi, determine the new differential reading of the manometer.

Sol) Lets choose several points as shown

and check the pressure change,
(A) (1) (2) (B)
pA

(1)

(2)

[at (A)]
[Increase from (A) to (1)]

+ water (2 ft )
+ g (2 ft )

[Increase from (1) to (2)]

water (1 ft )
= pB

[Decrease from (2) to (B)]

[at (B)]

where g = SG water = (3.46) (62.4) lb/ft3

Then, Pressure difference p = pB p A
p = pB p A = (62.4)(2) + (3.46)(62.4)(2) (62.4)(1) lb/ft2
Equation (1)

If the pressure in pipe A is decreased by 1.3 psi and the pressure in pipe B increases by 0.9 psi,
then Point (1): Move upward by h1
Point (2): Move downward by h2
p ' = ( pB + 0.9 psi) ( p A 1.3 psi) = ( pB p A ) + 2.2 psi
= (62.4)(2 h1 ) + (3.46)(62.4)[2 + (h1 + h2 ) (62.4)(1 + h2 )
= [(62.4)(1) + (3.46)(62.4)(2)] + (62.4)[(3.46) 1](h1 + h2 )

2
lb
2 in
(
12
)
in 2
ft 2 = 2.06 ft
Then, h1 + h2 =
lb
(62.4 3 )(2.46)
ft
New differential reading = 2 ft + h1 + h2 = 4.06 ft

[From eq. (1)]

2.2

(Answer)

2. Determine the elevation difference, between the water levels in the two open tanks shown.
(2)

Sol) Lets choose several points as shown

and check the pressure change,

l2
(1)

(1) (2) (3) (4)

p1

(4)

[At (1)]
[Decrease from (1) to (2)]
[Increase from (2) to (3)]

water l2
+ g (0.4 m)

+ water (l2 0.4 + h) [Increase from (3) to (4)]

= p4 (= p1 ) [at (4)] (Atmospheric pressure)
where p1 = p4 = 0 (The atmosphere)
g = SG water = (0.9) (9800) N/m3
Unknown l2: Disappear during calculation
Then,

h =

(0.4 )(1 0.9) = 0.04 m

(3)

(Answer)

3. A 3-m wide, 8-m high rectangular gate is located at the end of a rectangular passage that is
connected to a large open tank filled with water as shown in Fig. The gate is hinged at its
bottom and held closed by a horizontal force, FH . The water depth (h) above the center of
the gate is 16 m.

Specific weight of water

kN
= 9.8 3
m

16 m =

(a) Determine the hydrostatic force on the gate ( FR ) and the position of hydrostatic force ( y R ).
(Note. Use the moment of inertia of the area as below.)
(b) Determine the Moment (or Torque) developed by FR about the axis passing through the
bottom hinge.
(c) Using the results from Questions (a) and (b), determine the required horizontal force , FH in
order to keep the gate closed.

Sol) (a) FR = hc A = (Pressure at the center of the gate) (Area of the gate)
where hc = 16 m & A = 8 3 = 24 m2

FR = hc A = (9.8)(16)(24) = 3760 kN

(ANSWER)

In addition, the position of FR ( y R )

y R = yc +

I xc
yc A

y R = yc +

I xc
128
= 16 +
= 16.33 m
yc A
16 24

where yc = hc = 16 m & I xc =

1
1
A (height ) 2 = (24) (8) 2 = 128 m4
12
12
(ANSWER)

(b) Moment developed by FR

M R = FR (20 y R ) = 3760 3.67 = 13800 kNm

(c) To keep the gate closed,

force, FH
i.e.

hinge

Moment developed by FR = Moment due to Horizontal

= FR (20 y R ) FH (4) = 0

& FH =

13800
= 3450 kN
4

(ANSWER)

4. A 4-m-long curved gate is located in the side of a reservoir

containing water as shown. Determine the magnitude of the
horizontal and vertical components of the force of the water
on the gate. Will this force pass through point A? Explain.

hR2

F2

F1
Step 1. Consider a volume of fluids shown and
Find all forces acting on the gate
= Draw a free-body diagram as shown

a) Horizontal component FH = F1

F1 = hc1 A1 = (9800)(7.5)(4 3) = 882000 N or 882 kN

where hc1 = Depth of the center of vertical area
A1 = Vertical area
b) Vertical component FV = F2 + W

F2 = hc 2 A2 = (9800)(6)(4 3) = 705600 N or 705.6 kN

1
1
W = (Volume) = [ (r ) 2 ( D)] = (9800)[ (3) 2 (4)] = 276900 N or 276.9 kN
4
4
FH = 882.0 kN

and

FV = 982.5 kN

(Answer)

r
r
r
FR = FH + FV [Pressure force FR acting on a point on the wall
: Perpendicular to the surface
: Parallel to the radius of curvature of the wall
: Pass the center of radius of the curvature, A]

- FR

5. The homogeneous wooden block A of figure is 0.7 m

0.7 m 1.3 m and weighs 2.4 kN. The concrete block B
(specific weight = 23.6 kN/m3) is suspended from A by
means of the slender cable causing A to float in the
position indicated. Determine the volume of B.
Sol) For equilibrium, all vertical forces should be balanced,
i.e.

So that

T = FB W

vertical

=0
for a wooden block (see figure)

where FB = water ( submerged volume)

1
= (9.80 kN/m 3 ) (1.3 m 0.7 m 0.7 m)
2
= 3.12 kN
Thus,

T = FB W = 3.12 2.4 = 0.72 kN

Then, for a concrete block,

W
FB

T
WC
FBC

FBC = WC T
where FBC = water (VC ) and WC = concrete (VC )
or,

water (VC ) = concrete (VC ) 0.72

Then,

VC =

0.72 kN
0.72
=
= 0.0522 m3
3
3
concrete water 23.6 kN/m 9.80 kN/m

(Answer)

6. An open rectangular tank 1 m wide and 2 m long contains gasoline to a depth of 1 m. If the
height of the tank sides is 1.5 m, what is the maximum horizontal acceleration (along the long
axis of the tank) that can develop before the gasoline would begin to spill?

Sol) From the equation for the line of constant pressure,

ay
dz
=
dy g + a z

where a z = 0

ay
1.5 m
1.0 m

: Slope of the line of constant pressure

2.0 m

In order to prevent spilling,

dz
1.5 0.5

= 0.50
dy
2

So that a y
Finally,

(see figure)

dz
g = (0.5) g
dy

(a )

y max

= (0.5)(9.81) = 4.91 m/s2

(Answer)