Philippine Strategy for Sustainable Development Conceptual Framework

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PhilippineAgenda21...ExecutiveOrderNo.15
PHILIPPINESTRATEGYFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT
PARTI
AConceptualFramework
FOREWORD
TheDepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResourcesinitiatedin1987theprocessofformulatingaPhilippineStrategyfor
SustainableDevelopment(PSSD).Throughaseriesofconsultationswiththedifferentsectorsofsociety,theconcepttook
formandsubstance.InanationalworkshopheldonJune6,1988,aformalresolutionurgingthePresidentandtheCongress
oftheRepublicofthePhilippinestoadoptandimplementaPhilippinestrategyforSustainableDevelopmentswaspassed.
Followingthenationalworkshop,thedraftPSSDframeworkwentthroughaseriesofregionalandsectoralconsultations.On
June22,1989itwaspresentedtotheCabinetAssistanceSystem(CAS)Plenaryforcomments.CASCRDwasthentasked
toinputPSSDprinciplesintotheformulationoftheStrategyforSustainableDevelopmentintheRuralSector.Aconsensus
wasmadetoadoptthePSSDconceptinajointmeetingoftheCASCRDandtheCabinetClusterAonRuralDevelopment
onAugust3,1989.OnNovember29,1989,theCabinetpassedCabinetResolutionNo.37approvingtheConceptual
FrameworkofthePSSDsubjecttothefollowingapprovedmodifications:
1. ThePhilippineStrategyforSustainableDevelopmentshalladdressspecificallytheadverseimpactofgrowthand
2.
3.
4.
developmentsuchasbutnotlimitedtopo11utionfromfactoriesan(lpesticidebuildupfromagricultureandthe
depletionanddegradationofnaturalresourcesduemainlytomisuseandoverexploitation.
Itshallconsistofasetofgeneralstrategiestoresolveandreconcilethediverseandsometimesconflicting
environmental,demographic,economicandnaturalresourceuseissuesarisingfromthecountry'sdevelopment
effortsandsectoralstrategiesidentifiedafterareviewofthecurrenteffortsbeingundertakenineachoftheidentified
sectors.
Thegeneralstrategiesshallincludetheintegrationofenvironmentalconsiderationsindecisionmaking,proper
resourcepricing,propertyrightsreform,conservationofBiodiversity,rehabilitationofdegradedecosystem,
strengtheningofresidualmanagement(pollutioncontrol),controlofpopulationgrowthandhumanresources
development,inducinggrowthinruralareas,promotionofenvironmentaleducationandstrengtheningofcitizens
participation.
Theconceptualframeworkshallbethebasisfortheformulationofstrategiesforeachoftheidentifiedsectors,
namely:population,environmentandnaturalresources,industry,infrastructureandenergy.
Theresolutionalsodirectsallthepertinentagenciestoreviewtherespectivedevelopmentprogramsandprojectsfor
consistencywiththePSSDframework.
http://www.psdn.org.ph/agenda21/pssd.htm
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ThisdocumentcontainsthePSSDconceptualframeworkincorporatingtherelevantmodificationsasdirectedinCabinet
ResolutionIVNo.37.
Accompanyingthevolumearetwootherdocumentsthatcontainthepolicyandinstitutionalreformmeasuresandaction
programinitiatedandproposedbyDENR.Thesedocumentsrepresenttheeffortsundertaken11wDENRtooperationalize
thePSSD.
Pertinentsectoralagenciesarenowintheprocessofreviewingtheirpolicies,programsandprojectsforconsistencywith
thePSSDframeworkInitialoutputshavebeensubmittedtoDENRandarecontainedinaseparatedocument.
Thesameprocesswillbeundertakenatthesubnationallevelsformoreaccuratefocusingoftheareal
dimensions/implicationsofthestrategy.
ThetranslationofthePSSDconceptualframeworkwillhavereacheditsfinalcyclewiththepreparationofaGovernment
ActionProgram
TheCOPActionProgram_whilespecificallyaddressingtheconcernsofastrategyforsustainabledevelopmentwillbe
treatedasanintegralcomponentofthecountry'snationaldevelopmentplan.
1.RATIONALE:THEECOLOGICALIMPERATIVESINTHEPHILIPPINECONTEXT
OneofthemorerevealinglessonslearnedduringthepasttwodecadesofenvironmentalawakeninginthePhilippinesisthat
themaintenanceoftheearth'sdelicatebalancebythemereprophylacticsofpollutioncontrolandotherecologicalmitigation
measurescannotensuresustainabledevelopment.There Is now a compelling need to overhaul the traditional concepts of
development, with its exclusive focus on economic principles and the political economy of natural resources. In 1979,
RafaelSalaswasalreadyattunedtothisemergingworldviewwhenhesaid:
"Wearetendinggloballytowardsamoreholisticviewofdevelopmentwithitsemphasisonrelatingenvironmentalfactorsto
programmes.Populationgrowthanddevelopmentpatternsnotonlyaffectthedemandforresourcesbutalsogenerate
environmentalchangeswhichwillhaverepercussionsonthefuturecarryingcapacityoftheearth.Atthegloballevel,itis
notonlynecessarytotakeintoaccounttheresourcesrequiredtofeed,clotheandshelteragrowingpopulationbutalsothe
typeoftechnologywhichwillmakethispossiblewithoutworseningtheenvironment.Itis,indeed,propertoaskatthispoint
howfarpopulationanddevelopmentplansareconsistentwiththeprudentuseofresources,anddonotbringaboutthe
degradationofourenvironment"(l)
MostFilipinosstilldependonnaturalresourcesystemsfortheirsubsistenceandmustthereforeconfronttheinexorable
realityofecologicalprinciples.TwothirdsofthePhilippinepopulationliveintheruralareasanddependonagriculture,
fisheriesandforestry.Soilerosion,deforestation,pollutionanddecliningfishcatchi.811pointtothefactthatthelimitsof
thenaturalcarryingcapacityarealreadybeingexceeded.Whileitistruethatwecanextendthelimitsbytechnological
fixessuch<asthcgreenrevolutionandbyindustrialization,theseresponsestaketimeandthe'gallopingpopulationgrowth
extinguisheswhateverlittlegainswemake.SecretaryFulgencioS.Factoranvividlydescribesthenationalsituation:
"Withahighpopulationgrowthratethecountryislikeapatientonatreadmillfuriouslyrunningfasterandfaster,eachstride
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becomingmoredifficult,butnotgettinganywhere.(2)
PopulationPressure
Indeed,therearestrongcoincidencesbetweenpopulationgrowth,resourcedepletion,environmentalquality,andthe
incidenceofpoverty.TheseapparentlinkagesaregraphicallyportrayedinFigures1,2,and3forthePhilippinesituation.
Theyaretheresultofthedevelopmenteffortsofthepastwhichfailedtoconsiderbothpopulationandenvironmentas
resourcebasesthatmustbenurturedandtakencareofasthecentralassetsbehindthedevelopmentprocess.(3)Figure1
showstheincreasingpopulationandthedecreasingforestcoverduringthelastfivedecades.SincethePhilippineswas
almostallforestinitsnaturalstateandsincethecountry'stopographyandecologyappeartobesignificantlycontrolledby
theecologicaldynamicsoftheforests,thestateoftheforestscouldserveasaqualitativesurrogateofenvironmental
quality.Figure2reinforcestheobservationoftheconnectionbetweenpopulationandforestcoverbecauseitexhibitsaclear
correlationbetweenpopulationdensityandforestcoverastheyoccurinthevariousregionsofthePhilippines.Thelinkage
betweendevelopmentandforestcoverisshowninFigure3.Thisfigureexhibitstheregionalvariationsofthecorrelation
betweentheincidenceofpovertyandremainingforestcover.Thereareahostofotherquantitativeandqualitativeindicators
thatcouldtestifytotheominousdeclineofenvironmentalqualitysuchastheravagingoffishinggroundsandcoralreefs,
thepollutionofrivers,lakes,andbays,andtheclearlyvisibleairpollutioninMetroManila.(4)
EconomicCosts
Itispossibletogetaroughestimateoftheeconomiccostofdeforestation.Theconversionofonehectareofoldgrowth
forestamountstoalossofabout100cubicmetersofcommercialqualitylogs,nottomentionitspotentialforsustained
yieldatagrowthrateofabout2.4cubicmetersperhectareperyear.Ifthesearecomputedatthecurrentpriceofabout
P2,900percubicmeter,andassumingthatprofitamountsto50%ofgrossrevenue,thiswillrepresentalossinnetprofitof
aroundP145,000perhectare.Estimatesshowthatsome119,000hectaresofnaturalforestvegetationweredestroyedin
1988,amountingtoagrosslossofaroundP34.5billionperyear,oralossinnetprofitofaboutP17.3billion.Evenifthese
areashavebeenloggedaccordingtorecommendedpractices,lossoffuturerevenueswouldstillamounttoP5.7billionora
totalofU'$12.98millionnetperyear.Deforestationisresponsibleforerosionofalluplands.Herewealsohaveanindication
ofthemonetarycostoftheloss.InthecaseofMagatwatershed,annualerosionrateispeggedat219tonsperhectarefor
opengrasslandand71tonsperhectareforotherlanduses.Usingtheaboveerosionratesasbasis,actualeconomiccosts
ofsoilnutrientlossamounttoP1,068toP3,392perhectareperyear.ForthePantabanganwatershedthetotalvalueofsoil
nutrientlosswasestimatedatP2,541perhectareiferosiontakesplacefromthefirst5cm.layerofthetopsoil.(5)Thus,
theunecologicaluseofforestsentailshugeeconomiclosses.Developmentpolicies,withouttheguidanceofecological
principles,couldgoastray.Thiswasclearlydemonstratedbythepastgovernment'spolicyofconvertingmangroveswamps
intofishpondsinthehopeofacceleratingfoodproduction.Theultimateimpactofthispolicywasthedecimationofvirgin
mangroveswampsfrom500,000hectaresinthe1950'stoonlyabout38,000hectaresoforiginalvegetationin1985.Studies
nowshowthatwehavelostmoreintermsofsustainablefisheriesproductionwiththelossofspawninggrounds,rich
nutrientpoolsandtheprotectivevaluesprovidedbymangroveecosystems.Accordingtoestimates,onehectareofafully
developedmangroveplantationcouldproduceanannualyieldof100kgs.offinfish,25kgs.ofshrimp,15kgs.ofcrabmeat,
200kgs.ofmollusks,and40kgs.ofseacucumberinadirectharvest.(6)Theeconomiccostofairpollutionisnotyetwell
studiedinthePhilippinecontext.ExperiencefromtheUSsituation,however,showsthatairpollutioniscostly.Accordingto
theWorldResourcesInstituteintheU.S.:
Agriculturallossesfor1987duetoincreaseofozoneconcentrationamountedtoUS$5,2billion
Ontheotherhand,thebenefitofattainingstandardsforparticulatesandsulfurdioxideisestimatedtobeatUS$500
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millionperyear.
CosttotheEcosystem
Concern,however,shouldnotfocusmainlyoneconomiccosts.Anunquantifiablecostofforestdestructionisthelossof
speciesandgeneticdiversity.EvenestimatesforthistragiclossdoesnotexistforthePhilippines.Dr.SeymourSohmerof
theBishopMuseumofHonolulu,whohasbeenstudyingPhilippinefloraformanyyearsnow,assertsthatwehavealready
lostabout40%ofourendemicflora.Philippinelossescontributetothegloballossofbiologicaldiversityestimatedatabout
100speciesperyear.Bytheyear2000,itispredictedthataboutamillionspecieswouldhavebeenlostforever.Ingeneral,
adecreaseinthediversityoffloraandfaunamakesecosystemslessstable.Environmentaldegradationhasotherserious
implications.AccordingtoGanapin,"foradevelopingcountrylikethePhilippines,theimpactsofenvironmentaldegradation
aremuchmoreseriousthansimplyerosionorpollution.Inmanycases,thesocialandpoliticalimpactsareofgreater
dimensionandaremoredirect.Thepoorbecomepoorer.Andaslargerpopulationsarepushedintoadesperatestrugglefor
survival,theywroughtlargerdamagetotheenvironmentandthecyclecontinues.Therecomesatime,however,whenthis
viciouscyclereachesalimitandthefragilefabricofastressedsocietystartstounravel.Thegunsubstitutesfortheplow.
Thefirethatusedtoburnforestsbecomesfirethatwillconsumesociety."(7)
2.THEPHILIPPINESTRATEGYFORSUSTAINABLEDEVELOPMENT(PSSD):
THECONCEPTUALFRAMEWORK
Theonlyrationalwayofplanningthecountry'snationalprogressisthroughsustainabledevelopment:meetingtheneedsof
citizensoftodaywithoutlimitingtheoptionsoffuturegenerationstofulfilltheirneeds.Itisdevelopmentwithoutdestruction
itistheachievementofmaterialprogresswithoutcompromisingthelifesupportfunctionsofnaturalsystemsitisthe
pursuitofhigherlevelsofqualityoflifewhilepreservingorevenenhancingenvironmentalquality.Itistheonlytrue
development.
2.1GOALANDOBJECTIVES
Goal
Sustainabledevelopmentstressestheneedtoviewenvironmentalprotectionandeconomicgrowthasmutuallycompatible.
Thisimpliesthatgrowthobjectivesshouldbecompatiblenotonlytotheneedsofsocietybutalsotothenaturaldynamics
andcarryingcapacitiesofecosystems.ThegoalofthePSSDistoachieveeconomicgrowthwithadequateprotectionof
thecountry'sbiologicalresourcesanditsdiversity,vitalecosystemfunctions,andoverallenvironmentalquality.
Objectives
ThefollowingobjectiveshavebeenidentifiedtowardtheattainmentofthePSSDgoal.
1. Toensurethesustainableutilizationofthecountry'snaturalresourcessuchasforests,croplands,marine,and
freshwaterecosystems.
2. Topromotesocialandintergenerationalequityintheutilizationofthecountry'snaturalresources.
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3. Todevelopmanagementprogramstopreservethecountry'sheritageofbiologicaldiversity.
4. Topromotethetechnologiesofsustainablelowlandagricultureanduplandagroforestrythroughtheencouragementof
researchanddevelopment(RandD)anddemonstrationprojects.
5. Toachieveandmaintainanacceptablequalityofairandwater.
6. Topromoteandencourageanexplorationprogramforeconomicallyimportantminerals.
7. TopromoteRandDinenvironmentallysoundandeconomicallyefficientprocessingofthecountry'smineraland
energyresources.
8. Toenhancethefoundationforscientificdecisionmakingthroughthepromotionandsupportofeducationand
researchinecosystems.
9. Topromoteandsupporttheintegrationofpopulationconcernincludingmigrationvariablesandfamilywelfare
considerationsindevelopmentprogramswithspecialemphasisinecologicallycriticalareas.
10. Toexpandsustantiallythefamilyplanningprogramsandresponsibleparenthoodprogram.
2.2GUIDINGPRINCIPLES
Sustainabledevelopment,asdefinedbytheWorldCommissiononEnvironmentandDevelopment(WCED),"ismeetingthe
needsandaspirationsofthepeoplewithoutcompromisingtheabilityoffuturegenerationstomeettheirs".Itisdifficult,
however,tomakeuseofageneraldefinitiontoguideactionswithregardtoparticulardevelopmentsituations.Thisgeneral
definitionneedstobefurtherexplainedinoperationalterms.Operationally,sustainabledevelopmentcanbefurther
explainedthroughthefollowingprinciples,whichformtheguidingframeworkforactionsunderthePSSD:
systemsorientedandintegratedapproachIntheanalysisandsolutionofdevelopmentproblems
aconcernformeetingtheneedsoffuturegenerations,otherwisetermedasIntergenerationequity:
aconcernforequityofpeople'saccesstonaturalresources:
aconcernnottoexceedthecarryingcapacityofecosystems
livingontheInterestratherthanonthecapitalorstockofnaturalresources
maintenanceorstrengtheningofvitalecosystemfunctionsIneverydevelopmentactivity
aconcernforresourceuseefficiency
promotionofresearchonsubstitutes,recycling,exploration,etc.fromrevenuesderivedfromtheutilizationofnon
renewableresources
arecognitionthatpovertyIsbothacauseandconsequenceofenvironmentaldegra3atlonand
promotionofcitizens'participationanddecentralizationinimplementingprograms.
2.3GENERALSTRATEGIES
ThePSSDhasforitscoreanumberofimplementingstrategies.Thisisaimedatresolvingandreconcilingthediverseand
sometimesconflictingenvironmental,demographic,economicandnaturalresourceuseissuesarisingfromthecountry's
developmentefforts.
IntegrationofEnvironmentalConsiderationsInDecisionMaking
Theunderlyingthemeinsustainabledevelopmentisthateconomicandenvironmentalconcernsmustbeaddressed
simultaneouslyintheplanning/decisionmakingprocess.Thisisadeliberateshiftfromtheconventionalpractice
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characterizedaspredominantlysinglesectorplanningexercises.Theimportanceofpursuingamultisectoralapproachin
policyandplanformulationcanneverbeoverstated.Forinstance,policiesthatconservethequalityofagriculturallandand
protectforestsimprovethelongtermprospectsforagriculturaldevelopment.Efficiencyintheutilizationofenergyandraw
materialsinindustrialprocessesreduceswastesandcanalsoreducecosts.
Mergingenvironmentalandeconomicconsiderationsindecisionmakinginvolvesafundamentalrealignmentoftheoverall
objectivesofdevelopmentplanninginthelightofanewawarenessoftheenvironmentalimplicationsofdevelopment
activities.Thismeansthattheprocessofdevelopmentshouldbeviewedfromtheoutsetasamultipurposeundertakingthat
includesanexplicitanddefinedconcernforthequalityoftheenvironment.Withinsuchaplanningcontext,itisespecially
importantthatanalysisandevaluationstressthekeyrolethatenvironmentalqualitycanplayinsustainabledevelopment.
Toeffectivelyimplementthisdesiredshiftineconomicdecisionmaking,therefinementofanalyticaltoolsand
methodologiesiscritical.Forinstance,toaccommodatethesocialandenvironmentalconsequencesofthemisuseofthe
nation'snaturalcapitalineconomiccalculations,suchtoolsasNaturalResourceAccounting,EnvironmentalImpact
Assessment(EIA)andLandUsePlanningmustbeproperlyinstalledandstrengthened.
Naturalresourceaccountingemphasizestheproductiveroleofnaturalresourcesintheeconomicsystem.Naturalresource
assetsmustbevaluedinthesamemannerasmanmadeassets.Inasmuchasnaturalresourcesareprincipallythemain
assetsuponwhichwedependforrevenue,employmentandforeignexchange,asystemofnationalaccountingandanalysis
mustbeinstitutedthatrecognizesthemassuch.
Likeeconomicanalysisandengineeringfeasibilitystudies,EIAisamanagementtoolforofficials,managersandaffected
citizenswhomustmakeimportantdecisionsaboutmajordevelopmentprojects.Inrecentyears,majordevelopment
undertakingshaveencounteredseriousdifficultiesbecauseinsufficientaccounthasbeentakenoftheirimpactsonthe
surroundingenvironment.Someprojectshavebeenfoundtobeunsustainablebecausetheycausedresourcedepletion.
Othershavebeenabandonedbecauseofpublicopposition,financialencumbrancebyunforeseencosts,veryhighliability
fordamagestonaturalresources,andthedisastrousaccidentstheyhavecaused.
Giventhisexperience,itisclearlyveryriskytoapproveandfinanceamajorprojectwithoutfirsttakingintoaccountits
environmentalconsequences,aswellas,thesitingandprojectdesignconsiderationsthatwillminimize,orbetterstill,
altogetherremoveadverseimpacts.
Atthelocal/regionallevel,LandUsePlanningisalsoseenasabasictoolforIncorporatingenvironmentalconsiderationsin
thedecisionmakingprocess.Optionallanduseallocationscanbedeterminedusinganenvironmentalqualityperspective,
whichtakeintoaccountecologicalprinciplesandtheimpactofhumanactivitiesonnaturalsystemsasinputs,alongwith
othereconomicandsocialdemands.
ProperPricingofNaturalResources
Themostwidespreadopportunityforimprovingresourcemanagementistotreatnaturalresourcesastrulyscarce,notasif
theywerefree.Thisisdonebyproperpricingbasedonthecostofreplenishment,increasingtheirsupplyandproviding
appropriatesubstitutes.Inessence,thisstrategyaimstocorrectthegrossunderpricingofnaturalresources(e.g.,logs,
minerals)thatissubstantiallyresponsibleforthewastefulextractionandutilizationoftheseresources.
Thequestionofwhopaysfordamagestotheenvironmentshouldbepartofmorewiderangingpolicyreformsregardingthe
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pricingofthecountry'snaturalresources.Ithasbecomeobviousthatnaturalresourcessuchastimberandmineralsare
grosslyunderpriced.Underpricedinthesensethatthosegiventherighttoexploittheseresourcesforprofitpayverylittleof
thesignificantdamagecoststosociety.Theyalsosharewiththerestofsocietyverylittleofthe"rents"theygetoutof
exploitingtheseresources("rent"representsthesurplusafterallcostandreasonableprofitsarepaid).Therentsfromthe
exploitationofnaturalresourcesarehuge,andtheyhavegonetoonlyafew.TheWorldResourcesInstitute,forexample,
hasestimatedthatforthePhilippines,only20%ofthemorefithanP20billionrentfromlogsharvestedfrom1979and1982
wenttothePhilippinegovernment.Toattainsustainability,thegovernmentshouldrecoverthefulleconomicrentfornatural
andenvironmentalresources.
Acomponentoftheneededpricereformstrategyinvolveschargingapriceonthoseenvironmentalresources(e.g.,air,
water)whichhaveuntilnowbeenregardedasfreeresourcesandwhichhavethusbeenpollutedfreelyandindiscriminately.
Atpresent,polluterscontinuetoviewtheenvironmentasameresink,forwhichtheypaynothing.Thisconceptshouldbe
changed.Asocialpriceshouldbeassignedtotheseotherwisefreeresources.Thepollutermustthenlearntointernalize
thispricewithinhisprofitorienteddecisionmakingprocess.Ifthereispollution,thepollutermustpayfortheconsequent
socialcosts.Thechoicecanbemadebetweencuttingdownonpollutionbyinvestinginpollutioncontroldevicesorcutting
downdirectlyonpollutiveaspectsofanactivity.Ineffect,thepolluterregulateshisownbehaviourwithinthecontextofan
environmentalpricingsystem.Thesystemisbasedonthesocalled"polluterpays"principle.
Ingeneral,pricereformprovidesawaytointernalizeenvironmentalcostsaspartofdecisionsonhowresourcesareused.
Theadvantageofproperresourcepricinginresourcemanagementisthat,onceinplace,itprovidesaselfregulating
system.Resourceusersstillmakechoicesinawaythatmaximizesrealresourcecosts.
Byestablishingafairvaluationofnaturalresourcesandchargingtheusersappropriately,anautomaticeconomicrestraint
onthewayenvironmentandnaturalresourcesareusediscreated.
RelevanttothesuccessfulImplementationofsuchpricingmechanismsisthedevelopmentofcapabilitiesinenvironmental
economicsandtheconductofmeasuresinthisfield.Inaddition,thereIsaneedtosetupsupportfundsandincentivesfor
thosewillingtoshiftfrompollutiveordestructivetechnologiestothosethatareenvironmentallyprotective.
PropertyRightsReform
Naturalresourceshaveatendencytobeexploitedasfreeresourcesbyindividualseventhoughtheyareineffectscarce
resources.Thisisthecasefor"openaccess"resourcesinwhichthereis8strongtendencyformisuseanddepletion.Itis
difficultforanindividualproducersuchasashiftingcultivatororanartesanalfishermantoconserveanopenaccess
resourceandunilaterallyregulatehisexploitativeefforts,sincefromhisperceptionanythingthatheconserveswillonlybe
takenupbyothers.Thisisthefamous"tragedyofthecommons."
Selfregulationintheexploitationofnaturalresourcescanbeachievedbyassigningsecureaccessrightsperhapseven
privateownershipovertheseresourcestoresponsibleindividualsandcommunities.Throughsecureaccessrights,the
individualorcommunityestablishesalastingtiewiththeresourceandalongtermstakeinitsprotectionforsustained
productivity.
Theneedthereforeistodevelopcreativeandsecureinstrumentssuchasforeststewardshipcontracts,smallholdertimber
concessions,artificialreeflicenses,communityforests,communityfishinggroundsandminingcooperativestoensure
equitableaccessandtenurialsecurityintheutilizationofnaturalresources.Ithastobenoted,however,thatanessential
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conditionfortransferringcontroloverresourcesordistributingresourcerightsisforrecipientindividualsorcommunitiesto
demonstratethecapacityforthesustainabledevelopmentofsuchresources.
EstablishmentofanIntegratedProtectedAreasSystem
Theimportanceofthepreservationofthevarietyofgenes,species,andecosystemscannotbeoveremphasized.The
developmentofmanandhiscivilizationhasalwaysbeenbasedonthebiologicalwealthofnature.Agriculturalcropsand
livestock,virtuallymostofthecountry'sdailyfoodintake,werederivedfromwildspecies.Fromwildspecieshavealso
comemanyofthemedicinesavailabletoday.Inbiodiversityresidesthenewgeneticpoolofinformationneededtoadaptto
variousenvironments.Itcanthuswellprovidetheanswersandincreasedcapacitiesformantodealwithfuturequestionsof
survivalanddevelopmentespeciallyinthefaceoftherapidlychanginglocalandglobalenvironments.Unfortunately,thisis
notgenerallyrecognized.
Ecosystemsarecomposedofspecies,andspeciesarecomposedofgenesandallthesearelinkedtooneanother.The
stabilityofecosystemsultimatelydependonthediversityofgenesandspecies.
Protectedareasshouldthereforebeestablishedfortheconservationofwildlifeanduniqueecosystems,withtheendinview
ofconservinggeneticresourcesforscientific,educational,culturalandhistoricalvalues.Theestablishmentofprotected
areasshouldbeprecededbyareassessmentofthestatusofparksandequivalentreserves.Thiswillserveasthebasisfor
developingrehabilitativestrategiesfordegradedparksandatthesametimeidentifynewareaswhereconservationof
geneticresourcesandpreservationofbiologicaldiversitycanbepursued.
RehabilitationofDegradedEcosystems
Rehabilitationofdegradedecosystemsisasignificantstrategygiventhemassivedestructionofecosystemsthathas
alreadyoccurred.Undersuchconditions,nature'sregenerativecapacityisnotenough.Deliberaterehabilitativeeffortsare
needed.
Rehabilitationmustkeeppacewiththecontinuousdegradationcausedbytheincreasingdemandsforbothrawmaterials
andproductsthatcomefromnaturalresources.Asthepressuresontheseresourcescontinuetointensifysomustthe
country'scommitmentandcapabilityforrehabilitativeaction.Aconcertedaction,therefore,ofamagnitudenevertried
beforeinthereforestationofdenudedwatersheds,mangrovereplantation,cleanupandcontrolofpollutionandrevivalof
biologicallydeadrivers,andseagrasstransplantationshouldbevigorouslyundertaken.
Naturalecosystems,however,willcontinuetobethreatenedunlessamorecomprehensiveprogramonecosystems
rehabilitationisundertaken.Rehabilitation,therefore,hastobelinkedtoecosystemsprotectionprogramsandtopolicy
reformsandinstitutionalstrengtheningthatdecisivelydealwiththesocioeconomicrootsofecosystemdegradation.
StrengtheningofResidualsManagementinIndustry(PollutionControl)
Themostcommonlyappliedinstrumentforpollutioncontrolis"endofpipe"controlsystemsthattreatorattempttolimit
wasteproductswithstandardsandlimitsonthepermissibleemissionsrate.Residualsmanagement,however,looksatthe
pollutionproblemwithinamorecomprehensiveframeworkofmaterialspolicywhichincludesresourcerecovery,recycling,
andappropriatebyproductdesignthatsaveonmaterialsandenergy.
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Amoveshouldbemadetowardsadoptingrecentinnovationsinindustrialprocessdesignswhichareaimedatreducing
wastestreams,especiallyasincreasingrestrictionsondisposalbecomesmorenecessary.Reformulatingproducts,
developingsaleablebyproductsfromresiduals,andredesigningorcombiningprocessesaresomeinnovationsthathave
oftenbeenfoundtoreducewastesandcostsaswell.AU.S.plant,forexample,wasabletoreducewastesby66percent
bycuttingonwateruseby32percent.Theuseofbiogasdigesterstorecovermethanefrompiggeryordistillerywastesis
anotherexampleofpollutionreductionthroughtechnologicalinnovations.
InthePhilippines,resourcerecoveryshouldprovehighlyeconomicalbecausematerialsandenergycostsarequitehigh
relativetolaborcosts.Paper,glass,metals,plastics,oilsandothermaterialscouldberecoveredfromwastestreamsand
recycledbynetworksofworkers.
Inadditiontoandinsupportoftechnologicalinnovationsisthestrengtheningofenforcementofappropriatepollutioncontrol
laws.Otherpolicyinstrumentssuchastheuseofeconomicincentivestoencouragepollutivefirmstoinstallpollution
controlfacilitiesandcollectiveactionssuchastheinstallationofcentralcollectionandtreatmentfacilitiesforwastewaters
areneededtosupplementcurrentenforcementefforts.Theseareespeciallyimportantgiventherelativelysmallcapitalbase
ofenterprisesinvolved.Moreconciliatoryformsofpollutionregulationinvolvingpersuasionandinformationdissemination
aimedatalteringpolluteraswellasendconsumerbehaviorshouldalsobeimplementedtocausepositivechangein
businessattitudestowardstheenvironment.
IntegrationofPopulationConcernsandSocialWelfareInDevelopmentPlanning
Populationisthecriticalfactorinanyeffortatsustainabledevelopment.Populationandthevaluesespouseddeterminethe
speedatwhichproductivitycanbeincreasedorconverselythepressuresonlandandnaturalresourcesbroughttobearby
theprocessofdevelopment.ForadevelopingcountrylikethePhilippines,itisimportantthatthepopulationfactorinallits
dimensionsisturnedintoarealassetforbuildingastrongindustrialbase,formultiplyingproductiveformsoflivelihood,
andforpreservingandimprovingfragileecosystemsandtheoverallnaturalresourceenvironment.
Thecountry'spopulationprogrammustnotbelimitedtocontrollingnumbersbutmustincludeimprovementsinhealth,
educationandvaluesformation.Itmustbeimplementedaspartofacomprehensivesocioeconomicprogramattheregional
andcommunitylevels.Thepopulationprogrammustbebasedonmethodsthatareconsistentwiththeculturalandreligious
normsofthepopulation.Withinourtraditionalruralsocietythebenefitsofadditionallaborwillalwaysoutweighthebenefits
ofreducingfamilysize.Itisforthisreasonthatourpopulationpoliciesmustrecognizethelimitationsofpromotingfertility
controlinIsolationfromotherincentives.Toovercomesocialprejudicesagainstbirthcontrolandsuspicionsofthe
motivationsbehindthenationalpopulationcontrolprogram,emphasisshouldnowbeplacedonthebenefitstoeachchild
andtothefamilyofspacingbirths.
Managingpopulationdistributionandmobilityshouldalsobeconsideredtolimittherapidandoftenuncontrolledpopulation
growthinurbanareas.Promotionofprogramsandpoliciesthatleadtobalancedregionaldevelopmentareimportant.The
developmentpotentialofallregionsshouldbeassessedandprogramstoincreaseopportunitiesforlivelihoodshouldbe
implementedtoencouragemigrationtowardslessdenselypopulatedandlessenvironmentallysensitiveareas.
InducingGrowthIntheRuralAreas
Economicrecoveryandlongtermstabilitydependonincreasingincomesandemploymentintheruralareas,wherea
majorityofourpeoplereside.Itshouldbeagainnotedthattheruralpoorarelinkedverycloselytonaturalresources.Their
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actionshaveadirectimpactonnaturalresources.Conversely,anychangeintheactualandpotentialproductivityofthese
resourceshaveseriousrepercussionsontheirpresentandfuturewelfare,evenontheirverysurvival.Thesheernumberof
ruralpooralreadyinplacerightonorbesidefragileecosystemsmakethemaformidableforceeitherforenvironmental
destructionorprotection.
Attentionmustthereforebegiventoruraldevelopment,asithasalreadybeenestablishedthatpovertyforcestheruralpoor
tobedestroyersratherthancaringtowardsoftheveryresourcesthatcanliberatethemfrompoverty.Theeconomic,social
andpoliticalpotentialsofthecountrysidemustbeharnessedtoalleviatepovertyanduplifttheconditionsoftheruralpoor.A
ruraldevelopmentstrategywhichischaracterizedbythefollowingelementsmustthereforebeeffected:
Empowermentoftheruralpoorthroughgreaterparticipationinpolicymakingprocessesandprojectimplementation
Acceleratedimplementationoflandreformtoachieveequityinthedistributionofwealthandboostproducer
incentives
Grantofequitableaccessfortheruralpoortonaturalresourceuseandbenefits
Removalofeconomicpolicyandpublicinvestmentbiasesagainsttheruralsector
Provisionofinfrastructureandsupportservicestoincreaseruralproductivityandexpandmarkets
Establishmentandreinforcementof"growthcenters"toserveasbaseforindustrialandcommercialactivitiesthat
canprovidealternativelivelihoodandIncreasedeconomicopportunitiesfortheruralpoor
Strengtheningofsocialservicessuchaseducation,healthandnutrition.
PromotionofEnvironmentalEducation
EnvironmentaleducationasconceivedinthePSSDhastwomajorobjectives.Thefirstistoenablecitizenstounderstand
andappreciatethecomplexnatureoftheenvironment,aswellastheroleplayedbyaproperlymanagedenvironmentin
economicdevelopmentandtodevelopsocialvaluesthatarestronglysupportiveofenvironmentalprotectionandwhichwill
createthecommitmentandpoliticalwilltodealwithdifficultissues.Onlyawellinformedandmotivatedcitizenrycould
providethemassbasenecessaryforthecontinuedprotectionoftheenvironment.
Decisionsareultimatelyapoliticalresponsibility,butthelikelihoodofthebestchoicesbeingmadeisgreatlyenhanced
whenthereiswidespreadknowledgeandunderstandingofallaspectsoftheissuesathand.Thiscouldbeachievedby
integratingenvironmentalconceptsintheelementaryandsecondaryschools.Thiswinequippeoplewiththebasiccapability
tomakeuptheirownmindsinaninformedwayanddosomethingabouttheirdecisions.
Thesecondobjectiveistodevelopthelocalknowledgebaseaboutthelocalenvironmentandnaturalresourcesthroughthe
developmentandpromotionoftertiaryandgraduatecoursesinecology,environmentalscience,resourcemanagementand
resourceeconomics.Researchanddevelopmentintheseareasshouldbepromoted.
StrengtheningofCitizens'ParticipationandConstituencyBuilding
Lessonsfrombothfailuresandsuccessesinenvironmentalanddevelopmentaleffortshaveshownthatcitizens'
participationisanimportantdecisivefactor.Absenceorlackofithascausedfailures.Itsactivepresencehasresultednot
onlyineffortsmeetingimmediatetargetsbutalsointheassuredsustainabilityofpositivetrendsthathavebeeninitiated.
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Peoplehavetheinherentcapacitytoimprovethemselvesandtheircommunity.Problemsconfrontingthemcanbesolved
throughtheirownefforts.Incaseswherethepovertyoftheirsituationandthedifficultiestheyfacearetooseriousforthem
todealwith,initialassistancefromgovernmentandnongovernmentinstitutionsmaybeneeded.Theiractiveparticipationin
planningandimplementation,however,isamustsothattheywillnotbeforeverdependentonexternalsupport.
Inpromotingtheactiveparticipationofthecitizenryforsustainabledevelopment,nongovernmentorganizations(NGOs)can
bethecentralvehicleinmobilizingpeopletoparticipate.NGOshavecertainadvantages.Theyhavelessbureaucraticred
tapeandcanthusmovefast.Theyhavealreadyestablishedstrongdirectlinkswiththegrassroots.Theirmembersarethe
verycitizenswhoseparticipationisneededandwhoseetheirNGOmembershipasacitizen'sresponsibility.Theyarethus
imbuedwiththeneededcommitmentanddrivetodealwithdifficultsustainabledevelopmentissues.Astrategyinthis
regardistodevelopanetworkamongNGOsaswellasNGOsandgovernmentalorganizationswhichwillworkon
communityorganizing,publicinformationcampaigns,research/situationassessment,environmentalsurveillanceand
monitoring,scienceandappropriatetechnologyandthelike.
3.ASSESSMENTOFMAJORSECTORS
Theconceptualframeworkshallbethebasisfortheformulationofstrategiesforeachoftheidentifiedmajorsectors,
namely,Population,EnvironmentandNaturalResources,Agriculture,Industry,InfrastructureandEnergy.Areviewofeach
sector,exceptfortheInfrastructuresector,hasbeenundertakenaspartoftheformulationprocess.Thissectionpresents
thepreliminaryresultsofthisreview,includingcurrentefforts,keyissuesandkeymeasureisneeded.
3.1POPULATION
Situationer.ThePhilippinepopulationin1989wasestimatedat60.1millionandisexpectedtoriseby2.3percentto61.5
millionin1990.Withregardstopopulationdistribution,SouthernTagalog,MetropolitanManila,andCentralLuzonarethe
country'shighlyconcentratedregions,withapopulationof8.1million,7.9million,and6.1million,respectively.Themost
commontypeofinternalmigrationinthePhilippinesistheflowofpeoplefromtheruralareasintotheurbanareas.Forthe
period19751980,MetropolitanManilareceivedatotalof378,878ruralmigrantsandfollowedbySouthernTagalogwith
183,077andCentralLuzonwith101,844.*
Thepresentpopulationsituationhasalreadystrainedthegovernment'scapabilitytoprovidebasicservicessuchas
education,healthcareandfoodforthenation.Thecriticalissuestobediscussedshouldthereforeaddressthebalance
betweenpopulationsizeandavailableresourcesandtherateofpopulationgrowthinrelationtothecapacityofthe
economytoprovidethebasicneedsofthepopulation.
KeyConcerns.
Continuedrapidpopulationgrowthwhichusuallyleadstoadeclineinthequalityoflifeforthemajority
Encroachmentofpopulationintomarginalecosystems,includingpopulationsettlementsinecologicallysensitive
uplands
Continuedinfluxofruralmigrantsintodenselypopulatedurbanareas,whichtaxesthecapacityoftheseareasto
sustainconcentratedpopulationsresultingIncongestion,urbanblight,slums,andenvironmentaldegradation
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CurrentEfforts.Thedirectionforthepopulationprograminthecountrywasdrawnupinapopulationpolicystatement
issuedinApril,1987.Itspecificallyaddressesthefollowingdemographicconcerns:fertilityreduction,familyformation,
statusofwomen,maternalandchildhealth,childsurvival,morbidityandmortality,populationdistributionandurbanization,
internalandinternationalmigration,andpopulationstructure.Thepolicyalsostressestheimportanceofaconsistent
populationgrowthrateinrelationtoexistingresourcesrecognizingthestrainimposedbythepopulationonscarce
resources.
FamilyPlanningservicescontinuetobeprovidedby3,545familyplanningclinics/serviceoutletsofgovernmentandnon
governmentorganizationsnationwide.Theremoteareasareservedby39ComprehensiveItinerantTeams.Support
systemsfortheseactivitiesinclude1,753fulltimeoutreachworkers(FTOW's)and50,000BarangaySupplyPointOfficers
(BSPO's).
ThePopulationEducationProgramcontinuestoworkfortheintegrationofpopulationeducationintotheschoolcurriculumat
alleducationallevels.TheAdolescentFertilityProgramthroughitstwelveadolescentcentersalsocontinuestoprovide
informationandcounselingservices.
In1987,87medicalpersonnelweretrainedonbasicfamilyplanningandvoluntarysurgicalsterilization.Manpower
developmentandcontinuingeducation,whichweremostlyforeignfunded,werealsoconducted.
ThePopulationInformationManagementandDisseminationProgramalsoconductedwidespreaddisseminationactivitieson
thenewpopulationpolicy.Theseincludetheconductofsymposiaandconferences,thereleaseoftwoissuesofthe
PopulationBulletinandthepublicationofaweeklynewsletter.
ThePopulationPolicyAnalysisandCoordinationUnitofPOPCOMisalsocontinuingitstaskofcollecting,processingand
analyzingvarioussourcesofinformationfordissemination.
ANationalConsultationamong107NaturalFamilyPlanningNGO'swasconvenedtoformulateworkableschemeswith
NGO'sandwiththechurchbasedFamilyPlanningMaternalandChildHealth(FPMCH)Network.The"Ugnayansa
Kababaihan"Projectwasalsolaunchedasavehicletopromotewomen'swelfareandstrengthenwomen'sparticipationin
planninganddecisionmaking.
SupportactivitiestothepopulationprogramarealsoimplementedbytheDepartmentofSocialWelfareandDevelopment.
Theseincludedaycareandsupplementalfeedingprogram,familyplanningmotivation,populationawareness,andsex
education.TheDepartmentofHealthalsopromotes/implementsthefollowingprograms:primaryhealthcaredevelopment,
controlofcommunicableandnoncommunicablediseases,healthpromotionandspecificprotection,foodassistance,
selectivehomefoodproduction,nutritioninformationandeducationcampaign,andthemalnutritionpreventionproject.
KeyMeasuresNeeded
Vigorouspopulationprogrambasedonmethodsthatareconsistentwiththeculturalandreligiousnormsofthe
population
BroaderscopeofpopulationprogramstoIncludeimprovementofthequalityofhumanresourcesintermsof
productivity,environmentalconsciousness,abilitytomanagecommunalnaturalresources,andsocialresponsibility
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Intensificationofruraldevelopmentwithemphasisonsustainablelivelihoodprogramstoreducethepushfactorin
ruralurbanmigration
3.2ENVIRONMENTANDNATURALRESOURCES
Ecosystemsarelifesupportsystems.Theyarecapableofrenewal,eveninthefaceofmajormanmadedisturbances
butonlyuptoacertainpoint.Beyondthislimitedthresholdandcarryingcapacity,ecosystemfunctionsareimpairedhence
deteriorationoccurs.Thechallengeforresourcemanagementistotreattheecosystemastheunitmostsuitablefor
analysis,sothatthemaintenanceofvitallifesupportfunctionsmaybeensured.
Thissectoriscurrentlyfacingalotofproblems,amongthem:resourcedepletion,environmentaldegradationdueto
pollution,tenurialproblemsinthepublicdomain,andinequitabledistributionandallocationoflandsandnaturalresources,
amongothers.
Forests
Situationer.TheremainingforestedareasofthePhilippines(withoutbrushlands)is6.5millionhectares,whichis21%ofthe
country'stotalareaof30millionhectares,and40%ofthelegallyclassifiedforestlandsof16millionhectares.Thecountry
islosing119,000hectareseachyearorabout14hectaresperhourduetoillegallogging,forestfiresandslashandburn
agriculture.
KeyConcerns
Degradationofforestlandsduetologgingaswellasencroachmentofslashandburncultivatorsintologgedover
areas
Settlementofecologicallysensitiveforestlandsduetopopulationpressureandlackofopportunitiesinthelowlands
Poorenforcementofforestprotectionlaws
Lackoftenurialsecurity,infrastructuresupport,andsocialservicesforuplanddwellerswhichresultindisincentives
foradoptingresourceconservationmeasures
Currentefforts.TheDepartmentofEnvironmentandNaturalResources(DENR)launchedtheNationalForestationProgram
(NFP)in1986declaringasapolicy"theperpetuationofforestresourcesforthebenefitofpresentandfuturegenerationsof
Filipinos."
TheNFPrestatesthekeyobjectivesofthegovernment'sbasicpolicyinforestationas:adequatesupplyofindustrialtimber
andfuelwoodprovisionoflivelihoodforuplandcommunitiesand,restorationandmaintenanceofastable,functionaland
wholesomeenvironment.Themainfocusofthe14yearforestationprogramisthedevelopmentofproductionforest
plantationsforsuppliesoftimberandfuelwood,whileatthesametimerehabilitatingdenudedwatershedareas.
WiththeassistanceofprogramloansfromtheAsianDevelopmentBank(ADB)andtheOverseasEconomicCooperation
(OECF)ofJapan,theDENRistargetingtoreforestthroughvariousmodesandapproachesabout300,000hectaresby
1992.
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ThemainthrustofthepolicyframeworkoftheNFPistopositiontheprivatesectorcommunitiesandfamiliesasthe
vanguardofthecountry'sreforestationefforts.Thus,apartfromencouragingtheprivatesectortoinvestincommercial
forestplantationsatitsownrisk,thepolicyalsodirectstheemploymentoftheprivatesector(toinclude,apartfrom
entrepreneursandenterprisesinforestation,thcNGOs,individualfarmersandfarmers'associations)inexecuting
governmentfundedforestationprojectsoncontractterms.Thegovernmentconsidersthatcontractforestationwouldenable
ittomakeuseoftheexperienceandcommercialmotivationsoftheprivatesectortowardstheexpeditiousandefficient
accomplishmentofNFPtargets,addthatthetermsofthecontractswouldensurethattheplantedareaspaidforwill
actuallygrowintoforests.
ProjectsunderthedirectadministrationoftheDENRare:TimberStandImprovementinsecondgrowthforests,and
protectionandmaintenanceofexistingforests.Privatesectorparticipationwillbeincontractreforestationwatershed
rehabilitationassistednaturalregenerationbamboo,rattanandmangroveplantationsindustrialtreeplantations,and
Integratedsocialforestryactivitiestorehabilitateforestmigrants.
Contractstoreforestormanagespecifiedactivitiesinreforestationareasareopentoqualifiedcorporations,nongovernment
organizations,communities,tribesand/orfamilies.DENRpaystheseprivateentitlesandindividualsforthereforestation
activitiestheyundertakeinspecificsites.
KeyMeasuresNeeded
Reforestationapproachesthatactivelyinvolvetheuplandpopulation,andwhichcombinethegoalsofreestablishing
forestsaswellasprovidingsustainedlivelihoodforuplanddwellers
Intensifieddevelopmentoflowlandresourcestoincreaseproductivityanddivertpressureawayfromcriticaluplands
Preparationofsitespecificresourcemanagementplans,basedoninventoryofresources,censusofupland
population,andassessmentofcarryingcapacities
Devolutionofcontroloverthemanagementofforestresourcestolocalcommunitiesandtribalgroupsbasedonof
theirabilitytoutilizethecommonresourceproperly
Strengtheningofresourceaccessrightsforsmallholdersthroughmoresecurerentarrangementanddispositionof
remainingAandDlands.
Intensificationofenvironmentalinformationandeducation
>ProtectedAreasandBiodiversity
Situationer.ThePhilippineshasatotalof62nationalparksand7wildlifesanctuariesencompassingsome1.3million
hectares,orabout4.3%ofthecountry'stotallandarea.However,someoftheseparksexistonlyonpapersincethereisa
generallackoffundstoimplementprotectionactivitiesandfieldmanagementoftheareas.Almostalldesignatedreserves
containillegalsettlementsof"slashandburn"(kaingin)farmersandhavebeenPartiallymodifiedorcompletelydegraded.
Criticallyimportantareas,suchasBicolNationalParkinCamarinesSurandMt.ApoNationalParkinDavao,havebeen
heavilysquattedandseriouslydenuded.Others,suchasMt.PlugNationalParkinBennett,QuezonNationalParkin
QuezonProvince,andMt.CanlaonNationalParkinNegrosisland,areseriouslythreatenedbyillegalloggingand"kaingin".
Thewidediversityofmarineandterrestrialecosystemsformthehabitatsoffivemajorforestformations(mixeddipterocarp,
tropicalmontane,mossyorsubalpine,molaveandpine),8,000speciesofdominantargiosperms(orchidsandroses),960
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speciesofterrestrialvertebrates(landmammals),541speciesofavifaunabirds),252speciesofherpetofauna(reptiles),
488speciesofcoral,16speciesofmangroves,and1000speciesoffish.Amongthemorenotableofthesearethefollowing
endangeredspecies:thePhilippineeagle,BlackShama,Philippinecrocodile,dugong,andmarineturtles.Theeffectsof
hunting,trappingandtradingofwildlife,asidefromhabitatloss,havecontinuallythreatenedthereproductioncapabilitiesand
thesurvivaloftheseendemicplantsandanimalsinthePhilippines.
KeyConcerns
Ineffectiveprotectedareasandparksmanagementsystems
Threatstotheexistenceofvaluablefloraandfaunaasaresultofhabitatremovalormodification
Needtoincreasethelevelofpublicawarenessandappreciationofthebenefitsofprotectedareas
CurrentEfforts.TheDENRandtheWorldBankareundertakingastudyandreviewofthecountry'sprotectedareasinorder
torationalizeanddevelopanintegratedprotectedareassystem(IPAS)inthePhilippines.Thestudywill,determineexisting
protectedareastoberetainedinthenewsystemandrecommendqualifiedsitesforinclusion.Thestudyshallalsoprovide
thebasicinformationforthepreparationofthelegislationthatwillcreatetheIPAScodeasmandatedbylaw.Also,under
theDebtforNatureSwapProgrambetweentheDENR,theWorldWildlifeFund,andtheHaribonFoundation,theprotection,
managementanddevelopmentoftwoprotectedareas,namely,St.PaulsubterraneanRiverNationalParkandElNido
MarineSanctuarybothinPalawanareunderway.Experiencefromtheprogramshallserveasthebasisandprovidea
modelforthemanagement,protectionanddevelopmentofothernationalparksinthefuture.Thegovernmentisalso
currentlyconductingcaptivebreedingprogramsforthePhilippineeagle,tamaraw,flyinglemur,crocodileandother
endangeredspecies.NGOshavealsobeentappedaspartnersinconservationprojects.
Thesurvey,rehabilitation,reproduction,conservation,information,trainingandresearchofthecountry'sdiverse
ecosystemsandwildlifecomprisetheproposedNationalBiodiversityProgramoftheDENR.Thesurveyandrehabilitationof
criticalecosystemssuchascoralreefs,mangroves,wetlands,lakes,riversandlowlandforestsshallbeundertaken.
Ecologicalresearches,surveys,captivebreedingandreintroductionofendangeredspeciesIntothewildshallbe
implemented.Theprogramshallpromoteconservationawarenesstothepublicandestablishtrainingopportunitiesforfield
personnelundertheDENR.
KeyMeasures
Assessmentandevaluationofexistingnationalparksandequivalentreservestowardstheformulationofa
systematicmanagementandprotectionscheme
Integrationofprotectedareaplanningintotheoveralllanduseandregionalplanning
Implementationofanintensivenatureconservationeducationprogram
Trainingofmanagersofprotectedareas
UrbanEcosystems
Situationer.Themigrationofthepopulacetourbanareaswillcontinuetoputpressureonlimitedurbanlandresourcesinthe
comingyears.By1990,about25millionor43%ofthenationalpopulationwillberesidinginurbanareas.Bytheyear2000,
thiswillincreaseby40%.
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InMetroManila,7millionofthetotalpopulationcrowd636squarekilometersofland.Withapopulationthatisincreasingat
arateof3.6%annually,MetroManilawillbeoneofthemegacitiesintheworldwithapopulationof11million.
Generationanddisposalofsolidwastes,airpollutionemittedbytransportvehicles(60%)andstationaryindustrialsources
(40%)willcontinuetobeamajorproblem.Highvolumesamplemeasurementsoftotalsuspendedparticulates(TSP)
indicatethatannualaveragesinMetroManilacanexceed250milligramspercubicmeter(mg/m3),exceedingtheUS
annualaverageTSPairqualitystandardbyover200%.
Furthermore,jeepney,busandtaxicommutersareexposedtoexcessiveconcentrationsofRespirableSuspendedParticles
(RSP)intheorderof1,000mg/m3whilemillionsofMetroManilaresidentsareexposedtoambientconcentrationsofRSPin
theorderof100mg/m3.Thelongtermhealtheffectsofsuchexposureneedtobedetermined.
Sulfurdioxide(S02)doesnotappeartobeamajorprobleminMetroManila.Thereisrelativelylessconcentrationofheavy
industrynearurbancentersandconsequentlythelevelsofS02measuredinManilaareallwellbelow.05partspermillion
(ppm)onanannualaveragebasis.However,sincemostofthemajorvehiclesinMetroManilaaredieselfueledthe
exposureofS02bypeopledirectlyexposedtotrafficexhaustarehigher.
WaterpollutioninMetroManilaandothermajorurbanandregionalcentersiscausedbythegeneralpublicand,toalesser
extent,bytheindustrialsector.AllmetropolitanareasinthePhilippineshavenoefficientsewagecollectionandtreatment
exceptforsomeaffluentsubdivisionswithresidentswhocanaffordanexpensivesewagetreatmentfacility.Onlyabout
12%ofMetroManila'spopulationisservedbyaseweragecollectionsystem.Thebalanceofunservedareascontribute
about70%ofallthebiodegradableorganicpollutantsthatflowintothedifferentriversystemsinMetroManilaUntreatedor
partiallytreatedindustrialwastewaterisalsobeingdischargedintorivers,lakes,oresteros.Thesewastesaccountforthe
other30%oftheorganicpollutantsthathaveallbutkilledMetroManila'swatersystems.
Municipalsolidwastesorgarbageusuallyfindsitswayintotheriversystemthroughopencanalsandculvertsandendupin
theriversystemandexertadditionaloxygendemand.MetroManilaalonegeneratesabout3,600tonsofgarbageperday
andthisisexpectedtoreachmorethan5,000tonsperdayintieyear2000.Therearenosufficientfundstofinancea
systematicandIntegratedsolidwastemanagementsystemalthoughaverythoroughsolidwastemasterplanhasbeen
formulatedandapprovedbyaPresidentialTaskForceonSolidWasteManagement.
Anotherproblemisthedisposalandproliferationoftoxicandhazardouswastesfromindustries.Thisisespeciallytruein
MetroManilawhere69%ofthecountry's15,000Industrialfirmsarelocated.Mostofthetoxicsubstancesareapparently
dischargedwithouttreatmentintonaturalwaterbodiesandcoastalwaters.
KeyConcerns
Pollutionfromindustrialeffluents
Solidwastedisposalbydomestic,commercialandIndustrialestablishments
Airpollutionfromgasoline/dieselfueledvehiclesandindustrialestablishments
Populationmigrationtourbanareas
CurrentEfforts.TheDENR,incooperationwithothergovernmentagencies,theprivatesectorandnongovernmental
organizations,iscurrentlyundertakingariversrevivalprogram,foremostofwhichisthe"IlogKo,IrogKo"projectaimedat
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loweringthepollutionloadoftheNavotasMalabonTenejerosTullahanriversystem.TheDENR,beingtheleadagency,has
committedtolowertheindustrialpollutionloadby60%by1992,from32,777kq.BiochemicalOxygenDemand(BOD)per
daytoabout23,200kg.BODperday.Todate,theDENRhasloweredtheindustryloadbyabout7%.TheMWSSis
committedtoimplementabasinwideseptictankcleaningprogramthatwilllowerthesewageloadfromtheprojected1992
loadofabout26,608kg.BODperdaytoabout9,978kg.BODperday.TheNationalHousingAuthority(NHA)isalso
committedtoremoveallthesquattershantieslinedalongthe26kilometerwaterwayandrelocatethemwithinthebasin,
thusloweringthepollutionload.TheDepartmentofPublicWorksandHighways(DPWH)iscommittedtodredgethe26
kilometerwaterwayandbuild(2)parallelroadsalongthewaterway.
TheInterAgencyCommitteeaimstolowertheoverallpollutionloadin1992by50%.Thecosttoimplementtheseprograms
isaboutU.S$25.75millionspreadoverthenextthreeyears,endingin1992.Thescenariobeyond1992willinvolvethe
installationofaseweragecollectionandamarineoutfallwhichwillincreasethetotalcosttoU.S$2368million.Itis
expectedthattheriversystemwillbefullyrehabilitatedandtheentire26kilometerwaterwaywillbecapableofsustaining
marinelife.
AnothercomponentoftheriverrevivalprogramistheManilaBayCleanUpProject.Thiswillfocusonsixmajorriver
networksystemswhichemptytheirwastesintoManilaBay.Theseare:
NavotasMalabonTenejernsTullahanriverSystem,
PasigSanJuanMarikinaRiverSystem,
LasPinasZapoteRiverSystem,
ParanaqueRiver,
LagunaLakeBasin,and
MeycauayanRiver.
ThecleanupofManilaBaywillentailthecleanupoftheindividualsinksystems.Amongtheprojectslinedupforlowering
thepollutionloadofeachofthesesourcesare:
septictankcleaningandseweragecollectionandtreatmentfordomesticsewage,
individualorcombinedwastewatertreatmentplantsforindustrialfirms,
dredgingofriverstoremoveaccumulateddebris,and
transferofsquatterfamiliesalongtheriverbanks.
ThecurrenteffortsforairqualitymanagementinurbanregionsareparticularlyaddressedtotheMetropolitanManilaarea
wheremostofvehiclesandindustrialfirmsarelocated.Otherurbangrowthcenters,however,havealreadystartedandare
steppinguptheairpollutioncontrolprogram.
Vehicleexhaustemissionisthemostpressingairpollutionproblemtoday.Intheshortterm,activitiesbeingimplementedto
alleviatethesituationaresteppedupeffortstoenforcetheantismokebelchinglawandeducationalcampaignstoraisethe
levelofawarenessandknowledgeofmotoristsandthegeneralpublicontheairpollutionproblem.Inadditiontothis,theair
qualitymanagementprogramforMetroManilaproposestheadoptionoflongtermpolicyoptionstominimizevehicular
pollution.Suchpolicyoptionswouldcoverawiderangeofconcernssuchas:
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Incentivesforlowpollutantvehiclesandadditionaltaxforpollutivevehicles.
Promotionof"environmentfriendly"fueladditivesandappropriatepollutioncontroldevices.
Regulationofimportationofsecondhandcars.
Developmentofanefficientmasstransportationsystem.
Emissionsfromindustriesandpowerplantswillalsobeamajorconcernaseconomicdevelopmentprogresses.Majorpolicy
optionsbeingconsideredtominimizetheairpollutioneffortsfromthesesectorsarethefollowing:
ProvidingdisincentivesforpollutiveindustriesthatarelocatedinMetroManilaandotherurbancenters.
Strictimplementationoflanduseplansandzoningregulations.
Promotionofenergyconservationandenergyefficientproductionprocesses.
Adoptionoflowornonwastetechnologies.
Foraneffectiveairqualitymanagementprogram,itisimperativethatthemonitoringandenforcementcapabilitiesofthe
environmentalagencieswillalsobeefedup.Thus,acquisitionofmonitoringequipmentandmanpowertrainingaremajor
componentsoftheprogram.
TheSolidWasteManagementPlanforMetropolitanManila,asconceptualizedbythePresidentialTaskForceonSolid
WasteManagement,isinitsinitialstagesofimplementation.Siteshavebeenidentifiedtoserveassanitarylandfillsinlieu
ofoperatingopendumps.EngineeringdesignsarenowbeingpreparedandreviewedbasedontheEnvironmentalImpact
Assessmentmade.
KeyMeasuresNeeded
Rationalplanningofurbancenters(dispersalofindustries)
Provisionofworkableairmonitoringnetworks
Rationalizationofcurrentenvironmentalandpollutionpolicies
Implementationofapragmaticinformationandeducationcampaignontheeffectsofairandwaterpollutionandsolid
wastedisposal
Stringentenforcementoflaws,ordinance,rulesandregulations
Implementationofasoundmonitoringsystem
FreshwaterEcosystems
Situationer.Thereareatotalof384majorriversystemsand59lakesandmorethan100,000hectaresoffreshwater
swampsinthePhilippines.Theseareusedeitherfordomestic,industrial,irrigationandpowergenerationpurposes.
Agriculturecontinuestobetheheaviestwateruser,accountingfor60%oftotalwithdrawals.Thequalityofwateravailable
forirrigationhasbeenrelativelygood.However,theincreasingsedimentationofriversystemshaveresultedinthereduced
waterconveyancecapabilityofirrigationsystemsanddiversionfacilities.Themaincauseofthisproblemisthedestruction
ofwatershedsandconsequentsoilerosion.Sedimentationcausedbythedumpingofminetailingsintheriversystemsis
alsoamajorcontributoryfactor.
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Anotherenvironmentalproblemwhichisbecomingamajorconcernissaltwaterintrusion.Thisproblemischaracterizedby
themovementofsalinewaterintofreshwateraquifersorsurfacewaters.Thegeneralmechanismsresponsibleforthe
intrusionarethereversalorthereductionofnaturalbarriersthatpreventmovementofsaltwater,andtheaccidentalor
inadvertentdisposalofwastesalinewater.
OfficialreportsoftheMWSSandNWRBrevealthatthetotalareaaffectedbysaltwaterintrusion(excludingMetroManila)
hasreached480,802hectares.ThemostheavilyaffectedprovincesareCagayan,Bulacan,andCebu.
InMetroManila,theaffectedareasmaybecategorizedaccordingtosourcesofcontamination,namely:1)seawater
intrusion10,244hectares2)seawaterintrusionandconnatewater513hectaresand3)connatewater5,674
hectares.Theaffectedareastotal19,611hectares.Itshouldbepointedoutthatmajorityoftheaffectedareasareurbanand
ruralsettlements,whichisarealcauseforalarm.
Hydrogeologicalinvestigationandeconomicanalysisofthegroundwatersalinityintrusionphenomenonindicatethefollowing
impactsonwatersupplyandtheaffectedpopulation:
poorwaterquality
corrosionofwells
salinizationofagriculturallandduetoinundation,subsequentlyreducingagriculturalyield
reducedrevenuesinsomeindustriesduetoadditionalcostofwatersupply
revenuelossinpublicwaterutilitiesduetoreplacementcostswherewellsbecametoosalinetouse
additionalcostfortheacquisitionofwaterfrompipedsupply
SixparticularareasinthePhilippines,includingthetwomajorcitiesMetroManilaandCebuwerefoundtobesubjected
tocontinuousdegradationofthegroundwatersupplyduetosaltwaterintrusion.
KeyConcerns
Pollutionduetodomestic,commercialandindustrialactivities
Agriculturalrunoffsfrompesticidesandfertilizers
Siltation
Saltwaterintrusion
CurrentEfforts.TheDENR,asidefromitsriversrevivalprogram,iscurrentlyundertakingitsriverclassificationproject.Of
the384majorriversinthecountry,261havebeenpresentlyclassifiedaccordingtotheiruse.
KeyMeasuresNeeded
Enforcementoflaws,rulesandregulations.
Implementationofaninformationandeducationcampaign
Settingupofwastewatertreatmentplants
Implementationofasoundrehabilitationprogramforaffectedfreshwaterecosystems
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CoastalResources
Situationer.Becauseofpressuresfromanincreasingpopulationandthedrivetowardsindustrialdevelopment,coastal
resourceshavebeenexploitedindiscriminatelyanditsconservationandprotectionhavebeenoverlooked.Dynamitefishing,
siltationandhumanencroachmenthaveledtothedestructionofcoastalresources.Pollutionfromindustrialcomplexes
continuestobeagrowingproblem.
Arecentsatellitestudyrevealsthatmangroveandcoralresources,twoofthemostimportantcoastalhabitatshavebeen
severelydegraded.Ofthe500,000hectaresoftheoriginalmangrovespeciesvegetationinthe1920's,only38,000hectares
arelefttoday.However,satelliteimageryshowssome149,000hectaresofsecondarygrowthmangrovevegetation.
Theestimatedcoralcoverofthecountry'scoastalresourcesisalmost33,036squarekilometer.Only5to6percentofthis
isclassifiedasinexcellentcondition.
Thecoastalareasarealsothefinaldestinationofmostoftheminetailingsgeneratedbytheminingindustry.Duringthelast
3years,minetailingsgeneratedtotaledover2billionDMT.Inadditiontolandbasedpollution,pollutionfromshipandoil
spillsarecommon.
KeyConcerns
Overfishingofnearshorefishingareasduetoexpandingcoastalpopulation
Continuedwidescaleuseofillegalfishingpractices
Degradationofcoralreefswhichisduetoacombinationofsiltdepositionanddestructivefishingmethods(blast
fishingandmuroami)
Disappearanceanddegradationofspawningareas,notablymangroveandmangroveareas,duetoconversionto
fishpondsandotheruses
Encroachmentofcommercialfishingvesselsintonearshoreareasreservedforsmall(municipal)fishermen
Ineffectiveadministrativearrangementsforregulatingcoastalandmarineresources
KeyMeasuresNeeded
Identificationandquantificationofpointandnonpointsourcesofpollution
Settingupofcentralizedtreatmentplantsfordomesticwastesandwastesofsimilarindustrytypes
Containmentofoilslicks
Controlofsiltationbyreforestation
Grantingexclusiverightstosmallfishermen
Conductofhydraulicstudiesinaquifers
Steppedupenforcementoffishinglawsandzoningrules
Commonpropertymanagementarrangements,i.e.,assigningcommonpropertyrightstocoastalcommunitiesor
fishermenorganizationsintheuseandprotectionofcoastalfishingareas
Preparationofsitespecificfisheryresourcesmanagementplansbasedoninventoryofresourcesandassessmentof
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sustainablefishingyields
Rehabilitationofcoastalresources(coralreefsandmangroves)tosustainfishyields,includingmeasurestoenhance
productivitythroughartificialmeans,e.g.,artificialreefs
Provisionofalternativelivelihoodopportunitiesforcoastalcommunitiestoreducerelianceonfishingasasourceof
income
LandandMineralResources
Situationer.Pollutionoflandresourcesmaybetracedtothreegeneralsources:solidwastesfromdomestic,commercial
andindustrialactivitiesagriculturalpollutionfrompesticidesandfertilizersandpollutionfromminingactivities.The
extensiveuseoffertilizersandpesticidesiscontinuouslypollutingthecountry'slandresourcesandiscausingsoil
deterioration.
Thelandresourcesofthecountryarealsovulnerabletosoilerosion.Presently,atleast21provincesareknowntohave
morethanhalfoftheirareaseroded.About9millionhectaresofalienablelandareerodedinvaryingdegreesand
approximately1millionhectaresofagriculturallandshavean815%slopemakingitsusceptibletoseveresoilerosion
duringtherainyseason.Improperagriculturalpracticesbyfarmersmaketheselandsunproductive.
ThePhilippinesisendowedwithrichandvariedmineralresources,muchofwhichremainstobeexploredandexploited.
Withsuchavastmineralresource,thePhilippineminingindustryhasplayedamajorroleintheeconomicgrowthofthe
country.Concomitantwithmineralexploitationhowever,aretheenvironmentalproblemsgeneratedbymining,panningand
millingactivities.Hugequantitiesofwasteandminetailingshavetobedumped.Thesecancausepollutionofriversand
marineecosystems,anddamageirrigationcanalsandfarmlandsbysiltation.Vegetativecoverhastoberemovedtogive
waytoanopenpitminingoperation,andforsitesofwastedumpsandtailingponds.Toxicchemicalslikemercury,usedby
thousandsofsmallscaleminers,findtheirwaytotheriversystemeveninurbanareas.Landslidesandflashfloodsoccurat
alarmingratesinareasdefacedbyunsystematicminingoperations.
KeyConcerns
Unregulatedimportation,distributionanduseoftoxicandhazardoussubstances
Incompatiblelandusepractices
Unregulatedminingactivitiesanddumpingofminetailingsandwastes
Indiscriminateuseofpesticidesandfertilizers
Lackofawarenessandeducationonthepartofthepublicregardingtheilleffectsofpollution
CurrentEfforts.TheDENRmanagesthemineralresourcessectorandisempoweredtooverseetheactivitiesconcerning
geologyandmineralresourcesexploration,developmentandconservation.TheEnvironmentalManagementBureau,a
bureauundertheDENR,administerstheEnvironmentalImpactAssessmentSystemwhichhasregulatorycontrolover
proposedminingprojects.Pollutionandotherrelatedproblemsgeneratedbytheindustryareregulatedbythefieldofficesof
theDENR.
KeyMeasuresNeeded
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Formulationofanationallanduseplan
Implementationofaneffectiveinformationandeducationcampaignonthecausesandeffectsoflandpollution
Stringentenforcementofenvironmentallaws,localordinances,rulesandregulations
Implementationofanefficientmonitoringsystemtopreventorabatethedegradationoflandresources
Immediateenactmentofalawforthesoundmanagementoftoxicandhazardoussubstances
3.3AGRICULTURE
Situationer.WiththeFilipinopopulationnearing60millionin1989,andatotallandareaof30millionhectares,thelandarea
percapitaisabout0.5hectare.Thispercapitaagriculturallandislowerthantheworldaverageofaboutonehectare.
Asof1980,thePhilippineshasabout9.70millionhectaresofagriculturalland.Anestimated3.7millionhectaresofthese
landsareplantedtopay,2.0millionhectarestocorn,and2.8millionhectarestococonuts.Theremaining1.2million
hectaresofagriculturallandareplantedtocropsliketobacco,sugarcane,citrus,vegetables,abacaandothers.
Untilabout1960,agriculturalgrowthwasbasedprimarilyonlandincreaseattheextensivemarginwithlittlechangesin
croppingintensity,technology,andtotalproductivity.In1979andthereafter,therewasashifttoincreasinglandproductivity
ataveryintensivemargin.
Theincreasingdemandsbyagrowingpopulationforhigheragriculturalproductionnowthreatenstheverysustainabilityothe
country'snaturalresources.SocioeconomicfactorssuchasInequitabledistributionorlackofaccesstoland,aggravate
furthertheproblem.
TheproblemofsoilerosioninthePhilippinesisquitepronouncedduetoitsgeographicalandclimaticconditions.For
example,31%ofthecountry'stotallandareaishillyandmountainous,andthussusceptibletoerosion.
Soilerosioninmanypartsofthecountryhasalreadycausedirreparablelossofprecioustopsoil,deteriorationofarable
lands,lowcropyields,andreducedwatersupply.Erosionhasalsocontributedtothesedimentationofriversaswellas
damsandlakes,andincreaseincidenceoffloods.
Inplaceswherearablelandshavebecomeuseless,farmersareshiftingtomarginal,lessproductiveareas.Theproofisthe
increasenumberofclearingsonevensteepmountainslopes.
KeyConcerns
Degradationofsoilqualityduetoerosionanduseofchemicalfertilizers
Reducedlifespanandeffectivenessofirrigationinfrastructurefacilitiesduetorapidsiltationofreservoirsand
conveyancesystems
Heavyuseofchemicalfertilizersresultinginpollutionofreceivingwaterbodies,andreductionofsoilfertility
SlowimplementationofCARP,whichperpetuatesinequitablelandownershippatternsthatdrivelandlessfarmers
towardthemarginaluplands
Settlementandfarmingofuplandareas,andemploymentofpredominantlyunsustainablefarmingpractices
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Indiscriminateconversionofagriculturallandforresidentialandcommercialuses
CurrentEfforts.Thegovernmentiscurrentlyacceleratinglandtransferandredistribution.In1972,PresidentialDecreeNo.
27enactedalandreformprogramwhichredistributedtenantedriceandcornlands.Thelatesteffortinthisdirectionis
RepublicActNo.6657,theComprehensiveAgrarianReformProgram(CARP)whichplacesunderagrarianreformalltypes
ofagriculturallandregardlessofcropandtenancyarrangements.
Multicroppingsystemsarebeingpilotedalloverofthecountry,particularlyinareaswherethereIslimitedwatersupply.The
InternationalRiceResearchInstitute(IRRI),theBureauofPlantIndustry(BPI),thePhilippineRiceResearchInstitute
(PRRI)andotherrelatedinstitutionsareintoresearchanddevelopmentoftechnologyofadaptablemulticropsinareasnot
yetsuitableforhighyieldingvarieties.Therearealsoexistingprogrammesonirrigationsuchaswaterimpoundingprojects,
bothlargeandsmall,andwatershedrehabilitationoftheDENR,DPWHandNIA.
TheDepartmentofTradeandIndustry(DTI)isexertingefforttoexpandourforeignmarketsinnontraditionalcommercial
crops.Cropssuchasmanqroves,coffee,garlic,gingerandpineapplesarepotentialexportcrops,inadditiontothe
traditionaldemandforbananas,freshcoconuts,andsugarcane.
Therecentshiftfromuseofchemicalfertilizerstoorganicfertilizersisgaininggroundevenamongourfarmers.The
IntegratedPestManagementprogramissimilarlygainingattention.
KeyMeasuresNeeded
Preparationofsitespecificagriculturalresourceinventoriestoassesssustainableproductionpotentialsand
populationcarryingcapacities
Efficientandintensivefarmingsystemsbasedonsmallscalefarmunitsanduseoforganicfarming,nutrientcycling
techniquesandintegratedpestmanagement
Multipurposedevelopmentofforestlandstoprovidelivelihoodopportunitiesthroughsustainableuplandfarming
Utilizationoftheagriculturaldevelopmentpotentialoftheuplandsthroughcombinationofappropriatefarming
technologies,provisionofinfrastructure,andestablishmentofinstitutionalsupport(e.g.,tenurialarrangements)
Diversionofpressureawayfromtheuplandsthroughintensifieddistributionanddevelopmentofagriculturalareasin
thelowlands
Policyandfiscalmeasurestoencourageordirectalongtermshiftofagricultureawayfromrelianceonchemical
fertilizersandpesticides
3.4INDUSTRY
Situationer:Withoutdoubt,industrializationmustbepursued.Itisthevehiclethroughwhichweexpecttosolveproblemsof
masspovertyandunemployment.However,industrywithdrawmaterialsfromthenaturalresourcebaseandgenerates
pollution.Dependingontheoverallframeworkofthepolicytobeadopted,industrializationhasthepowereithertoenhance
ordegradetheenvironment.
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Theindustrialsectorregisteredapositivegrossvalueadded(GVA)of8.02%in1987.Growthwasprincipallyattributedto
therenewedbusinessconfidenceintheeconomyduetotheimprovedconsumerspendingandperceivedpoliticaland
economicstability.
ThegrowthintheindustrialvalueaddedwasaccountedforbyImprovedperformanceinmanufacturing(7.12)andelectricity,
gasandwatersubsectors(10.74).Astrongdomesticexpenditureprogram,stableconsumerpricesandademandfor
manufacturedexportproductsintheworldmarketenhancedthegrowthofmanufacturingindustries.Increasesinthegrowth
leveloftheelectricity,gasandwatersubsectorcanbeattributedtothehigherconsumptionofpowerandwaterby
commercialandindustrialfirms.
Theconstructionindustryrecoveredfromlastyear'spoorperformancemainlybecauseoftheavailabilityofcreditatlow
interestrateswhichfueledgovernmentandprivateinvestmentsinthesector.Theminingandquarryingsubsectorhowever,
sufferedfromtheinabilitytorespondtometalpriceincreasesinviewofIncreasedproductioncostsbasedonrisingoil
pricesandthelowgradeofmillsinmostmines.
Investmentsalsoshowedastrongturnaroundin1987.TheBoardofInvestments(BOI)approvedequityInvestmentsgrew
by165.7percentfromP3.15billionin1986toP8.36billionin1987.Thiswasbroughtaboutbythe217.7percentincrease
inFilipinoinvestmentsamountingtoP3.43billionandthe115percentgrowthinforeigninvestmentsamountingtoP3.43
billion.TheU.S.Japan,andHongkongwerethePhilippines'majorinvestorsaccountingfor55percentofthetotalforeign
investmentsfor1987.
Intermsofregionalcapitalinvestment,theNationalCapitalRegionandSouthernTagalogregistereda95percentincrease
inpaidupcapitalstockofexistingandnewdomesticstockcorporations.
Theindustrialsectorisprojectedtocontinuallygrowwiththethrusttowardsexportpromotionandselectiveimport
substitution.Theminingsectorisexpectedtorecoverasaresultofthepromotionofsmallscalemining,increased
productionofnonmetallicmineralsandexpansionofforeignandlocalmarketsformineralcommodities.Thegrowthof
domesticresourcebasedindustriesislikewiseexpectedtoenhancethegrowthofthemanufacturingsubsector.Imports
shallenjoyasteadyincreaseandwillcomeintermsofpaymentsforrawmaterialsandintermediategoods,capitalgoods
andoilrequirementsoflargescaleindustrialandothermajorinfrastructuredevelopmentprojects.However,totalimport
valueisexpectedtodecreaseduetotheutilizationofindigenousenergysourcesandtheadoptionofenergyconservation
measures.
KeyConcerns
Buildupofindustrialinfrastructureresultinginnecessaryincreasesinenergyandrawmaterialrequirementsfromthe
naturalresourcebase
Pollutionandwasteresultingfromindustrialactivities
Concentrationofindustrialfacilitiesinurbanareas
Environmentalrisksofnewindustrialtechnologies
RelocationofpollutiveheavyindustriesfromindustrialcountriestodevelopingcountrieslikethePhilippines
Currentefforts.Inordertoenhancecontinuedgrowthintheindustrialsector,thegovernmentpreparedatenyearsectoral
developmentprogram.Intheprogram,ten(10)industrysectorswereidentifiedforshortandlongtermactionplans.These
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are:agribasedindustries,forestbasedindustries,wearables,chemicals,construction,toys,gift,furnitureandhousewares,
services,miningandotherextractives,metals,engineering,electronicsandtelecommunicationindustries.
ThegovernmentcontinuestopromotethedevelopmentofCottage,SmallandMediumEnterprises(CSME's)througha
packageofassistanceprogramsconsistingoffinancing,entrepreneurialdevelopment,researchandmarketing,and
technicalassistance.SupportactivitieswerealsoprovidedIntheformofprojectsontechnologytransfer,training,
productivityawarenessseminars,technicalandmanagementinformation.
ThegovernmentalsocreatedtheMicro,Cottage,SmallandMediumEnterpriseCouncil(MICSMEC)in1987tocoordinate
effortsInthesubsectorandintheagenciesinvolvedinCSMEdevelopment.Anotherefforttosustainindustrialgrowthisthe
creationof1,158People'sEconomicCouncils(PEC).
Anotherprogramimplementedwhichaimstoprovidefinancialresourcesandtechnicalexpertiseforcountryside
developmentistheAgricultural,SmallandMediumIndustriesLendingPrograms(ASMILE)alongwiththeAgoraindustrial
TechnologyTransferProgram(AINP).
Theregionaldispersalofindustriesisbeingpromotedtodistributethebenefitsofindustrializationtothecountrysideand
encourageselfreliantandproductivecommunities.ThesubcomponentsoftheprogramaretheNationalProgramfor
IndustrialEstateDevelopmentandtheLivelihoodProjects(e.g.,KKI,ICSS).
Thegovernmentalsograntedfiscalincentivestodeservingfirmstomakeupformarketdistortions.Incentivesinclude
outrighttaxexemption,taxcreditandpreferentialtaxtreatment.
KeyMeasures
Establishmentofenvironmentalgoals,policiesandstandardstoregulateindustrysectordecisionsinvolvinglocation,
pollutioncontrol,wastemanagement,occupationalhealthandsafetyofworkers,energyandrawmaterialusage,and
disposaloftoxicsubstances
Supportintermsofpolicy,research,economicinstruments/marketmechanismsforthepromotionofrecyclingor
reuseofindustrialrawmaterialandbyproducts
Ruralinfrastructuredevelopmenttopromotedispersalofindustriestothecountryside
Fiscalmeasures(e.g.taxincentives,subsidies,pricingpolicies)toencourageadoptionofpollutioncontrol
technologiesbybothlargeandsmallscaleindustries
Adoptionofthe"polluterpays"principle
VigorousenforcementoftheEnvironmentalImpactAssessment(EIA)Systeminmakingdecisionsinindustry
planning
Establishmentofatrackingsystemandcapabilitytodealwithtoxicandhazardouschemicalsandwastes
Amongtheprojectsneedingpriorityattentioninthissectorare:
ToxicChemicalsandHazardousWastesManagement
EnvironmentalCarryingCapacityProfilesofProposedGrowthCentersOutsideMetroManila
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IntensificationofSmallScalePlanningOperationfortheDevelopmentofAncillaryIndustries
DevelopmentofanInformationBaseonLandUseandFiscalPlanningforUrbanandOtherGrowthCentersinthe
Countryside
ProgramstoProvideTechnicalAssistanceontheAbatementofAirPollutiontoDENRRegionalOffices
AirandWaterQualityMonitoringNetwork
3.5ENERGY
Situationer.Aftertheenergycrisisof19731974,energydevelopmentinthePhilippinesledtothepartialreplacementofoil
byindigenoussourcessuchascoal,hydroelectricpower,geothermal,andothernonconventionalsources.Thenon
conventionalsourcesincludebagasse,agriwaste,anddendrothermal.
Thecountry'stotalenergyconsumptionin1988reached110.53millionbarreloffueloilequivalent(MMBFOE),10.3percent
higherthanthe1987consumption.Importedenergyaccountedfor62.3percentofthetotalpercentfromthelevelattainedin
1987.Theincreaseinthetotalenergyconsumptionisattributabletotheeffortstosustainthecountry'seconomicrecovery
momentum.
Indigenousenergyproductionamountedto41.70MMBFOE,accountingfor37.7percentofthetotalconsumption.Outof
totalindigenousenergyconsumption,geothermalaccounted7.6percent,hydro9.8percent,oil1.8percent,coal3.9
percent,andnonconventional14.7percent.
The19881992MediumTermEnergyPlanoutlinedthesector'spolicythrustsasfollows:
Promotionofenergyselfreliance
Rationalizationofenergypricestoreflectthetruecostofproductionanddistribution
Encouragementofenergyconservationmeasurestopromoteefficiency
Participationoftheprivatesectorinenergyprojects
Maintenanceofenvironmentalandsafetymeasuresforenergyprojects
KeyConcerns
NeedforgrowthInenergysuppliesandpowergeneratingfacilitiestopromoteandsustaineconomicdevelopment
Potentialadverseimpactsoflargescaleenergyresourcesdevelopment
Wastefulenergyutilizationduetooldandinefficientgeneratingfacilitiesanddistributionsystem
Reducedlifespansofhydroelectricsystemsduetorapidsiltationanddegradationofwatersheds
Thegrowingshortagesoffuelwoodinruralareasduetodeforestation
Severalforeignexchangedifficultiesasaresultofpayingforimportedoil
Energytechnologieshavethepotentialtoperturbcriticalenvironmentalprocessesaswellasthreatenhumanhealth
Noenergytechnologiesarcfreeofenvironmentalrisk
CurrentEfforts:Toassurethecountryofastablesupplyofenergy,thefollowingactivitiesarebeingundertaken:
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Oilexplorationanddrillingbothonshoreandoffshorearecontinuouslypursued.Atotalofsevenwellsweredrilledin
1988.TheoildiscoveryatNorthMasinloc,andGalocincreasedthenumberofoilproducingfieldstosix,bringingthe
totalproductionto2.18millionbarrelsor6.9percentfromthe1987productionlevel.
Coalexplorationwasintensifiedwiththelaunchingofthesmallscalecoalminingprogram.Thecoalminingindustry
produced1.29millionmetrictonsin1988.
Geothermaldevelopmentactivitieshaveintensifiedin1988,withtheadoptionofanewpowerprogramrecognizing
thatgeothermalsteamcouldbeamajorpowersource.Todate,thereare197wellsthatareproducinganestimated
powerpotentialof1,228megawatts.
Inthenonconventionalsector,studiesandpromotionalactivitiesthatcoverawiderangeofpotentialindigenous
energysourcesarebeingundertaken.
KeyMeasuresNeeded
Environmentalaspectsshouldbeintegratedintoenergypoliciesbothattheformulationandimplementationstage
Promotionofenergyconservationmeasureswhichhavepositiveenvironmentaleffects
Acceleratethedevelopmentandexploitationofnewandexistingenergysources,takingintoconsideration
environmentalrequirementsandprecautionstominimizeadverseenvironmentalimpacts
Activesupportintermsofresearchandfiscalmeasures(e.g.taxincentives)forthedevelopmentandintegrationof
nonconventionalrenewableenergysystems(biomassenergy,wind,solar,minihydro)
Clarificationofenergydevelopmentalternatives(e.g.,coalversusgeothermal)toinformthepubliconthenecessary
tradeoffsinvolved(economic,social,andenvironmental)
Energypricingschemethatincludespaymentforenvironmentaldamagesorenvironmentalrehabilitationcosts
directlyattributabletoenergydevelopment
FOOTNOTES
____________________________________________________________________________
1. Salas,Rafael,M.ReflectiononPopulation,PergamonPress,NewYork,1984.p.63.
2. Factoran,FulgencioJr.Population,ResourcesandthePhilippineFuture:AnEcologicalPerspective,PaperpresentedatthcFirstRafael
M.SalasForum,24October,1989
3. Roque,CelsoR.ThePresentandFutureStateofthePhilippineEnvironment,KalikasanPress,QuezonCity,1989
4. lbid.
5. Cruz,WilfredoHerminioA.andConway,ZenaidaT.TheOnSiteandDownstreamCostsofSoilErosionintheMagatand
PantabanganWatersheds,JournalofPhilippineDevelopment,Vol.XIV,No.2,Phil.InstituteforDevelopmentStudies,1987,p.88.
6. Porter,GarethwithGanapin,DelfinJr.Resources,PopulationandthePhilippines'Future,WRIPaperNo.4,WorldResources
Institute,1988.p.38.
7. Ganapin,DelfinJr.OpeningRemarksoftheDirector,EnvironmentalManagementBureau,SeminarWorkshopontheDevelopmentof
anEnvironmentalEducationStrategy,forSustainableDevelopmentinthePhilippines,SuloHotel,OuezonCity,23October1989.
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