I.

TITLE
Nitrogen and Ammonia
II. DATE OF EXPERIMENT
Wednesday, November 26th 2014
III.

EXPERIMENT DONE
Wednesday, November 26th 2014

IV.

PURPOSE
a) Knowing how to prepare nitrogen and ammonia gas in laboratory
b) Knowing the properties of nitrogen and its compound
c) Knowing the gas of nitrogen, ammonia, the compound

V. BASIC THEORY
1. NITROGEN
Nitrogen is a non-metallic element in the periodic table is in group VA or
group 15 and has the symbol N with atomic number 7. At room temperature in the
form of gas is colorless, odorless, tasteless and form diatomic element (N2).
Nitrogen disbursed also colorless and odorless.

Image molecular formula nitrogen and liquid nitrogen

Nitrogen is very difficult to react with other elements or compounds that is

also called nitrogen. Nitrogen is the most gas in the atmosphere is about 78%. In
addition to the atmosphere, nitrogen is also found in Mars (3%).
The chemical bond between two atoms in a molecule of nitrogen is the
strongest bond between two atoms of the same element. This makes N 2 gas is very
stable and inert. In the body tissues of living beings, some containing nitrogen, for

example in proteins and nucleic acids into one of the fundamental building blocks
of DNA and RNA.
There are two stable isotopes of nitrogen, namely: 14N and 15N. Isotopes most
is

14

N (99.634%), which is produced in stars and the rest is

15

N. In industrial

nitrogen obtained from the air liquefaction with a high enough pressure, followed
by fractional distillation or fractionation distillation. When nitrogen is heated, can
react directly with magnesium, lithium and calcium.
6Li + N2 2Li3N
3Mg + N2 Mg3N2
When mixed with oxygen and subjected to electric sparks, forming nitric
oxide (NO) then becomes dioxide (NO2). When heated under pressure with
hydrogen and the presence of a suitable catalyst will form ammonia (Haber
process).
Nitrogen compounds are widely used in industry and in the laboratory such as
nitric acid and ammonia (at most in the industry). Ammonia, NH3 is toxic nitrogen
hydride and the most important base material for chemical nitrogen and is one of
the chemicals most widely produced in the world. Ammonia is used as a base
material such as urea nitrogen fertilizers and explosives.
NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) is formed by the
decomposition of organic materials with the metal compounds. In dry conditions in
beberapat place, saltpeters (salt) is found in sufficient quantities and used as
fertilizer. Inorganic nitrogen compounds other is nitric acid (HNO 3), ammonia
(NH3) and oxides (NO, NO2, N2O4, N2O), cyanide (CN-), etc. Nitrogen cycle is one
of the important processes in nature for living organisms. Although nitrogen gas
does not react, the bacteria in the soil can fix nitrogen into a useful form (as a
fertilizer) for plants. In other words, nature has provided a method for producing
nitrogen for plant growth. Animals then eat these plants where nitrogen was
contained in their system as proteins. The cycle is complete when other bacteriabacteria convert the waste nitrogen compounds to nitrogen gas. As a major
component of proteins, nitrogen is an essential ingredient for life.
PREPARATION NITROGEN IN LABORATORY

In the laboratory, nitrogen is prepared by heating a mixture of ammonium

chloride and sodium nitrite and a little water. If ammonium nitrite heated
decomposes produce nitrogen gas. However, this reaction is very fast and may be
explosive.

For security, campukan ammonium chloride and sodium nitrite with a mass
ratio of 4: 5, and then heated with a little water. The presence of water to prevent
ammonium chloride mensublimasi when heated. Initially, the two substances
undergo double decomposition to form sodium chloride and ammonium nitrite.

Ammonium nitrite formed then decomposes into nitrogen gas and water.

Nitrogen gas formed later flowed through the water like in the picture. In this
way, the moisture will be left behind while the nitrogen gas continues upward
because of their low solubility in water.

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF NITROGEN

Having an atomic mass = 14.0067 amu

Has the atomic number = 7

Boiling point = -1960C
Freezing point = -2100C
Have atomic radius = 0.920 A
Having a Configuration [He] 2s2 2P3
In compounds have an oxidation number -3, +5, +4, and +2.
Has the atomic volume = 17.30 mol / cm3
Has a hexagonal structure
Has a density = 1.2151 g /cm3
Has a heat capacity = 1.042 J /gK
Ionization energies have to-1 = 1402.3 kJ / mol
Have ionization energies 2nd = 2856 kJ / mol
Have ionization energies 3rd = 45 781 kJ / mol
Have electronegativity value = 3.04
Heat conductivity = 0.02598 W / Mok
Having a price enthalpy = 0.36 kJ / mol
Prices have bentalpi evaporation = 2,7928kJ / mol
Relative Density = 0.967
Molecular Weight = 28.013
Critical temperature = -147.1C
Gas Specific Gravity (@ 101.3 kPa and 15C) = 1,170 kg /m3
Solubility in water (@ 101.3 kPa and 20C) = 0.016 cm3 /cm3
In the form of gas is colorless, tasteless, odorless, and non-toxic.
Volatile
Not reactive
Is diamagnetic
Electronegative highest in the group.
SOURCES OF NITROGEN
Nitrogen gas (N2) is contained as much as 78.1% in the air. For comparison,
the atmosphere of Mars contains only 2.6% nitrogen. Of the earth's atmosphere,
nitrogen gas can be produced through the process of liquefaction (liquefaction) and
fractional distillation. Nitrogen is found in living organisms as part of biological
compounds.
NITROGEN ABUNDANCE
Nitrogen is present in nature as a free element in the form of diatomic
molecules (N2) approximately 78.09% by volume of the atmosphere. Found in
essential minerals such as (KNO3), and Chile saltpeter (NaNO3). In plants and
animals, nitrogen in the form of the protein that forms the average composition of
51% C; 25% O; 16% N; 7% H; 0.4% P; and 0.4% S.
2. AMMONIA

Ammonia is a chemical compound with the formula NH3. These compounds

are usually found in the form of a gas with a pungent odor characteristic (called
ammonia smell). Although ammonia has a significant contribution to the presence
of nutrients in the earth, ammonia itself is a caustic compound and can be harmful
to health. Occupational Safety and Health Administration of the United
PekerjaanAmerika give a 15 minute limit for contact with ammonia gas
concentration of 35 ppm in volume, or 8 hours to 25 ppm volume. Contact with
high concentration of ammonia gas can cause lung damage and even death.
Although ammonia in the US is set as non-flammable gas, ammonia is classified as
a toxic substance by inhalation, and transport of ammonia amounted to greater than
3,500 gallons (13,248 L) must be accompanied by a license.
Ammonia is used commercially called anhydrous ammonia. This term
indicates the absence of water in the material. Because ammonia boils at a
temperature of -33 C, liquid ammonia must be stored in high pressure
atautemperatur very low. However, very high evaporation heat so it can be handled
with the usual reaction tubes in the smoke hood. "Ammonia home" or ammonium
hydroxide is a solution of NH3 in water. The concentration of the solution is
measured in units of Baume. Concentrated solution of ammonia commercial
products usually have a higher concentration of 26 degrees Baume (about 30
percent by weight ammonia at 15.5C). Ammonia which is in the house usually has
a concentration of 5 to 10 percent by weight ammonia. Ammonia is generally
alkaline (pKb = 4.75), but can also act as a very weak acid (pKa = 9.25).
THE PROPERTIES OF AMMONIA
The properties of ammonia are as follows:
a. Ammonia is a colorless gas and smells very stimulating so that the gas is
easily recognized by smell.
b. Very soluble in water, which is the default state, 1 liter of water dissolved in
1180 liters of ammonia.
c. Gas is easy to melt, liquid ammonia freezes at -78oC and boils at -33oC.
THE PREPARATION OF AMMONIA

a. In medieval times, the manufacture of ammonia by heating the horns and

hooves of cattle.
b. Until the time of World War I, the manufacture of ammonia by the United
States through the cyanamide process, as follows:
At first stone quicklime (CaO) and coal (C) is heated in an electric furnace

to obtain calcium carbide (CaC2).

CaO (s) + 3 C (s) CaC2 (s) + CO (g)
Then, calcium carbide flowed nitrogen gas (N2) to form calcium

cyanamide (CaCN2).
CaC2 (s) + N2 (g) CaCN2 (s) + C (s)
Finally, calcium cyanamide flowing water vapor to produce ammonia.
CaCN2 (s) + 3H2O (g) CaCO3 (s) + 2NH3 (g)
c. Since World War I to the present.
The Haber-Bosch process
Between 1908 until 1913, Fritz Haber (1868-1934) of Germany succeeded
in synthesizing ammonia directly from the elements, namely of nitrogen gas and
hydrogen gas. Then the process of ammonia formation is enhanced by his
compatriot, Karl Bosch (1874-1940) with a high-pressure method so that the
manufacture of ammonia is known as the Haber-Bosch process. This process is
urgent because the cyanamide process Haber-Bosch process is the manufacture
of ammonia cheaper. In the Haber-Bosch process, the raw material in the form
of N2 and H2.

N2 obtained from the fractional distillation of liquid air

H2 is obtained from natural gas (methane) which flowed along the water
vapor with nickel catalyst at high temperature and high pressure.

CH4 (g) + H2O (g) CO (g) + 3H2 (g)

CO (g) + H2O (g) CO2 (g) + H2 (g)
Manufacture of ammonia by the Haber-Bosch process is an exothermic
equilibrium reaction which takes place at a temperature of about 400-600oC and
a pressure of about 200-600 atm.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g) H = -92 KJ
In the laboratory

In the laboratory, NH3 can be derived from:

Nitride plus water

Mg3N2 (s) + 6 H2O (l) 3Mg (OH) 2 (aq) + 2 NH3 (g)

Ammonium chloride + strong base

NH4Cl (s) + NaOH (aq) NaCl (aq) + H2O (l) + NH3 (g)
2NH4Cl (s) + Ca (OH) 2 (aq) CaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2NH3(g)

VI.

TOOLS AND MATERIALS

Tools
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

Tools
Erlenmeyer flask 100mL
Flute flask
Measuring glass 100mL
Separation funnel
Tripod and kassa
Statif and clamp
Bunsen burner
Test tube
Drop pipette
Measuring glass 250mL
Vessel
Stirrer
Balance
Rubber

Amount
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
3
10
1
1
1
1
2

Materials

Amount

Materials
No

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17

VII.

A piece of wood
NaNO3 crystal
NH4Cl crystal
Concentrated HCl solution
Ca(OH)2
Amylum solution
KI solution
Concentrated ammonia solution
H2S gas(from HCl and pirit)
Concentrated H2SO4 solution
H2SO4 solution
FeSO4 solution
Concentrated HNO3 solution
HCl solution
PP indicator
NH4OH
Sulfur flower

PROCEDURE

Hydrogen Experiment
1.

A few pieces of calcium

- Entered into porcelain cup
White powder
-Flush with disttilled water
-Observed
-Checked with litmus paper
White solution
Small spoon of magnesium powder

-Entered into porcelain cup containing aquadest

Red litmus paper turns blue
-Heated
a flame
Theover
powder
does not dissolve
2.

-Checked by PP
-Observed
Slightly soluble water

Pink solution

1M, 0.1M
0.2M
0.1M
2M, 0.1M

3.

0,02 gram of zinc powder

-Entered into test tubes containing wet and dry cotton

-EnteredGray
dry cotton
powder
-Closed the test tube with a rubber cap
-Heated
-Tested flame
Formed gas bubbles
Some zinc metal
4.
-Entered in tube side
piped
Arise
burst
-Hose conected to a container measuring cup placed upside down in the water
-Added 4M solution of hydrochloric acid sufficiently
-Closed with a rubber cover
-Tested flame
The solution was gray, arise bubble

Arise burst
5.

A few drops of solution H2O2 4,5%

-Entered into test tube
-Added 1mL KI
Yellow
-Added
solution
a little starch solution
-Observed

The solution changed purple

6.

Potassium Chlorate

-Inserted into the test tube as high as 0,5 cm from the bottom of the tube
-Added a little powder manganese
White powder
-Heated
powder
and black
-Collected gas byWhite
moving
into water
-Tested with sticks glow
Black powder melts, gases arising

Fire the greater

VIII. DATA OF EXPERIMENT

No.

PROCEDURE
Hydrogen Experiment
A few pieces of calcium
- Entered into porcelain cup
White powder
-Flush with disttilled water
-Observed
-Checked with litmus paper
White solution

RESULT
Before :
Calcium: white powder
Litmus paper: red
After :
Added aquadest: the
powder doesnt
dissolve
Red litmus paper
become blue
Arise H2 gas

1
Red litmus paper turns blue

CONCLUSION

REACTION
Ca(s) + 2H2O(l)

Calcium

Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

produces hydrogen gas and its

metal

basic solution

added

water

Before :
Magnesium powder:
grey
PP indicator: colorless

Mg(s) + 2H2O(l)

Magnesium
metal
added water
Small
spoon of
magnesium
powder
hydrogen gas and its
Mg(OH)2(aq) + H2(g) -Enteredproduces
into porcelain cup containing aqua
basic solution
-Heated
a flame
Theover
powder
does not dissolve

After :

-Checked by PP
-Observed
Slightly soluble water

Added aquadest:

magnesium doesn;t
dissolve
Heated: arise H2 gas
Added PP indicator:

0,02 gram of zinc powder

solution become pink

Before :

Zinc powder: grey

-Entered into test tubes containing wet and dry cotton
Cotton: white
-Entered dry
cotton
Gray
powder
-Closed the test tube with a rubber cap
-Heated
3

After heated: grey and

-Tested flame

Tested the flame: arise

Formed gas bubbles

After :

arise H2 gas
burst and the
volumeof gas is 67

Arise burst

mL

Pink solution
Zn(s) + 2H2O(g)

Heating Zn powder that are on

Zn(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

the

wet

hydrogen

cotton

produces

Before :
Zn powder: grey
HCl 4M: colorless
After :
Added HCl: doesnt

Some zinc metal

The reaction between metallic
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) ZnCl2(aq)
piped
with HCl produces hydrogen
+ H2(g) -Entered in tube sideZn
-Hose conected to a container measuring cup placed up
gas with a volume is 10 mL
-Added 4M solution of hydrochloric acid sufficiently
-Closed with a rubber cover
-Tested flame
The solution was gray, arise bubble

dissolve, grey
solution and arise H2
gas

Arise burst

Tested flame: arise

burst and the volume

A few drops of solution H2O2 4,5%

-Entered into test tube
-Added 1mL KI
5

Yellow
solution
-Added
a little starch solution
-Observed

of gas is 10 mL
Before:
H2O2 solution: colorless
Ki: yellow solution
Starch/amylum:
colorless
After:
H2O2+KI: colorless
Added amylum: purple

The solution changed purple

solution

2KI(aq) + H2O2(aq)

The reaction between Ki with

2KOH(aq) + I2(aq) + H2(g)

H2O2 produces hydrogen gas and

occur oxidation where I- I2

Potassium Chlorate

Before:
Potassium chorate:

-Inserted into the test tube as high as 0,5 cm from the bottom
of the tube
colorless
Magnesium powder:
-Added a little powder manganese
White powder
black

2KClO3(s) + 2MnO2(s)

The reaction between KClO3

KCl(aq) + 4O2(g) +

with MnO2 produces oxygen gas

2KClO4(aq)

with a volume >100mL.

KMnO4(s) + 2H2O2(aq) K+

The

(aq) + Mn2-(aq) + 3O2(aq) +

permanganate

After:

-Heated

powder
and black
-Collected gas byWhite
moving
into water
-Tested with sticks glow

Heated: gas arise with

volume >100 mL
Tested with sticks glow:
fire the greater

Black powder melts, gases arising

0,5 gram of permanganate

6
-Entered in test tube an connected to the piped side container
-Added drops by drop 4,5% hydrogen peroxide (with caution)
Fire theblack
greater
powcer
-The tube purplewas closed
with
a rubber cover
-Left about 10 minutes for the gas to accumulate
-Tested with sticks glow
-Compare with the experimental gas volume 1
purple solution, gas arising

Before:
Permanganate: purple-

Greater flame

reaction
with

between
hydrogen

black powder
H2O2: colorless
After:
Permanganate +
H2O2: purplish black
solution, O2 gas arise
and the volume is 10
mL
Tested flame: greater
flame

3H2O(l)

peroxide produces oxygen gas

with a little volume.

IX.

ANALYSIS
Experiment I
The experiment is covertly designed to make nitrogen gas in the laboratory .As
many as 0.3 grams NaNO 2 dissolved in 10 mls of aquades .In a separating funnel put 0.3
grams NH4Cl aquades in 10 mls . Next instrument composed such a picture .

Flasks heated above the burner spiritus, after nearly boiling tap on separating
funnel is opened so that a solution of NH 4Cl out and mixed with NaNO2 form nitrogen gas
and a solution of NaCl and H2O according equation:
NaNO2(aq) + NH4Cl(aq) NaCl(aq) + N2(g) + H2O(l)
The establishment of proven by the emergence of gas bubbles then sent through a
tube into a measuring glass filled to the water full of reverse , as time passes gas that
forms flowing through a tube and entering into reverse a measuring glass filled to the
brim water .The more gas that forms will be pressing the water in glass measurement for
out so that a measuring glass filled by gas that forms .The volume of gas that forms is
mls of 146 .Next gas that forms in a test with a burning wood , and fire extinguished
.This shows that gas that forms are gaseous nitrogen having the character of extinguish
the fire .

Experimen II
The second experiment aims to create NO gas in the laboratory. A total of 2.5 g
NaNO2 dissolved in 2.5 mls of water. Then NaNO2 solution was divided into two and put

into a test tube. In the first tube was added 1 M H 2SO4 and the resulting solution was
colorless and white steam.
2NaNO2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + HNO2(aq)
While the tube 2 solution was diluted 4 times to further reduce the concentration of
NaNO2 solution of KI and starch plus colorless solution after solution of H 2SO4 plus
purple. H2SO4 fun ctions as an oxidant that will oxidize NaNO 2 be NO. While the function
of the addition of KI and starch is an indicator that NaNO 2 been oxidized to NO, because
H2SO4 will also oxidize KI be I2. At the time of I2 formed the NO gas has also been
established. Starch is an indicator I2 if I2 is formed then the purple solution.
2NaNO2(aq) + 2KI(aq) + 2H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l) + 2NO(g) +I2(aq)
H

O
H
OH

OH

O
H
OH

OH

amilum

+ nI2

*O

CH 2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

CH2OH

O
H
OH

OH

H
I

O
H
OH

OH

H
I
O

* O
n

Kompleks iod-amilum

Experiment III
In this experiment aims to create a complex compound of the element nitrogen.
The first solution of dilute HNO3 plus concentrated H2SO4 as much through the tube wall
then raised steam and hot, which indicates an exothermic reaction while the vapor formed
is NO gas. Furthermore, the added 0.2 mls of 0.2 M FeSO4 solution became yellow and
formed a ring rolled. Function H2SO4 is oxidator that oxidize HNO3 be NO and oxidizing
Fe2+ being Fe3+. Rolled rings are complex [Fe(NO)]2+ is the reaction between Fe2+ with NO.
2NO3- + H2SO4(aq) + Fe2+(aq) 2NO(g) + 4SO42- + 6Fe3+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
Fe2+(aq) + NO(g) [Fe(NO)]2+(aq)

Experiment IV
This experiment was to prove that the ammonia can react with sulfur. As many as 1
mL NH4OH then irrigated with gas H2S solution remains colorless.
NH4OH(aq) + H2S(g) (NH4)2S(aq) + H2O(l)
Furthermore, the solution coupled with sulfur flowers and filtered, a yellow
precipitate formed, the function of the addition of sulfur flowers is to add namesake that
S2- ions thus lowering the solubility of (NH4)2S.
(NH4)2S(aq) + S(s) (NH4)2S(s)

After that, coupled with dilute HCl, the precipitate dissolved. The function of HCl
is to increase the solubility.
(NH4)2S(s) + HCl(l) 2NH4Cl(aq) + H2S(g)
Experiment V
In this experiment aims to create and test the presence of ammonia gas. Solution
NH4OH 4M coupled with the tip of a small spoon of Ca(OH) 2 and then heated. When
heated in ammonia gas formation was tested with red litmus paper wetted tube that is
placed in the mouth, red litmus turned blue which indicates is basic ammonia gas.
Function moistened litmus paper is as litmus paper can not react ith gas if dry, H 2O will
react with NH3 gas that can change color to blue litmus paper red. After the spatula that
has been dipped in concentrated HCl and the resulting insert the tube into the white mist
which is NH4Cl.
NH4Cl(aq) + Ca(OH)2(s) NH3(g) + 2H2O(l) + CaCl2(aq)
NH3(g) + HCl(aq) NH4Cl(aq)
Experiment VI
In this experiment aims to create and test the presence of ammonia gas. Put of 5
mls of concentrated ammonium hydroxide into Erlenmeyer flask 100 mls and then in the
lid and connected by a hose. Furthermore heated, when heated hose connected with an
empty test tube and then tested with a spatula dipped in concentrated HCl, white mist
arises, this indicates that the gas formed is correct NH3 gas.

Then the hose is connected to the tube containing water which has the added PP,
water previously turned into a pink color that indicates the solution is base.

NH4OH(aq) NH3(g) + H2O(l)

NH3(g) + HCl(aq) NH4Cl(aq)
NH3(g) + H2O (l) NH4OH(aq)

X.CONCLUSION
From the experimental results we can conclude that
1. Nitrogen gas laboratory can be prepared by reacting a solution of NaNO2 with
NH4Cl solution through a process of heating and ammonia gas in the laboratory
can be made by heating the concentrated NH4OH.
2. The nature of the nitrogen gas is a colorless gas, odorless, flammable and non-toxic
absolute.
3. Nitrogen gas can be identified with the extinguished embers, ammonium gas can
be identified by the smell of urine that sting and the addition pp which produces a
pink solution, and moistened spatula HCl will produce white white mist, and can
change the color of litmus red to blue .

REFERENCES

Habsyi, Nunna. 2012. Senyawa Amonia.

http://nunaahabsyi.blogspot.com/2012/12/senyawa-amonia-nh3_9.html. Accessed
on 28 November 2014.
Rizky, Muhammad. 2012. Unsur dan Senyawa Nitrogen.
http://muhammadrizky17.wordpress.com/2012/03/23/unsur-dan-senyawaannitroge/. Accessed on 28 November 2014.
Seran, Emel. 2012. Nitrogen, Asam Nitrat, dan preparasi Nitrogen dalam Laboratorium.
http://wanibesak.wordpress.com/2012/01/07/nitrogen-asam-nitrat-dan-preparasinitrogen-dalam-laboratorium/. Accessed on 28 November 2014.
Tim Penyusun. 2014. Penuntun Praktikum Kimia Anorganik II Unsur-Unsur Golongan
Utama. Surabaya: Jurusan Kimia UNESA.
Usman, Zaini. 2012. Amonia. http://zainiusman6.blogspot.com/. Accessed on 28
November 2014.
Vogel. 1985. Buku Teks Analisis Anorganik Kualitatif Makro dan Semimakro, Jakarta :
PT. Kalman Media Pusaka.

ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. Describe the manufacture of nitrogen and ammonia in the lab!
Nitrogen gas is made by heating the azide compounds, such as sodium azide (NaN3) and
barium azide (Ba(N3)2). Heating produces nitrogen gas and sodium metal:
2NaN3 2Na + 3N2
Moreover, it can also be obtained from the slowly heating a solution of ammonium nitrite
(NH4NO2)
NH4NO2 2H2O + N2
Ammonium nitrite is used, prepared by reacting sodium nitrite and ammonium chloride:
NaNO2 + NaCl + NH4ClNH4NO2
Ammonia is made by reacting ammonium chloride with a strong base (alkaline oxide).
NH4Cl + NaOH NH3 + NaCl + H2O
2NH4Cl + CaO + H2O2 NH3 + CaCl
The gas produced can be determined by testing using litmus paper. Alkaline ammonium gas
that will change the color of litmus paper from red to blue.
2. Explain the chemical properties of nitrogen!
In the form of gas is colorless, tasteless, odorless, tasteless, and nontoxic.
Volatile, non-reactive. Is diamagnetic, electronegative highest in the class.
Most common diatomic nonmetal.
Has five electrons in its outer shell, so that the trivalent in most compounds.
3. Write the equation for all the experiments above!
The first experiment
NaNO2 (aq) + NH4Cl (aq) NaCl (aq) + N2 (g) + 2 H2O (aq)
The second experiment
The first tube:
NaNO2 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + 2 HNO2 H2 (g) + 2NO2 (g) brown
The second tube:
2NO2- (aq) + 4H + (aq) + 2I- H2O (aq) + I2 (aq) + NO (g)
2NaNO2 (aq) + 2KI + (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) Na2SO4 (aq) + I2 (aq) + NO (g)

The third experiment

HNO3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) + FeSO4 (aq) 2NO (g) + 3Fe2(SO4)3 (aq) + 4H2O (aq)
FeSO4 (aq) + NO (g) [Fe (NO)]SO4 (aq)
The fourth experiment
FeS (s) + 2HCl (aq) FeCl2 (aq) + H 2 (g)
NH4OH (aq) + H2 (g) (NH4)2S (aq) + H2O (l)
(NH4)2S (aq) + H2O (l) + S (s) (NH4)2S (aq) + H2O (l) + S (s)
(NH4)2S (aq) + HCl (aq) NH3 (g) + H2 (g) + H2O (aq)
The fifth experiment
2NH4Cl (aq) + Ca(OH)2 (s) 2NH3 (g) + 2H2O (aq) + CaCl2 (S) (white precipitate)
NH3 (g) + HCl (aq) NH4Cl
The sixth experiment
NH4OH (aq) NH3 (g) + H2O (aq)
NH3 (g) + PP + aquadest pink solution
NH3 (g) + HCl (aq) NH4Cl
4. Mention ammonium usability!
Ammonium have some benefit in human life, among others:
Salts (usually in the form of NH4NO3 or NH4SO4) is widely used in industry as raw

material of nitrogen fertilizer.

Ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) used in dry battery (cell Leclanche).
Diammonium phosphate ((NH4)2HPO4) and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate

(NH4H2PO4) is used in fertilizers, fire-resistant coating on wood, paper and garments.

NH4ClO4 used as an oxidizing agent in the solid fuel rocket.

ATTACHMENT
First experiment

Second experiment

NaNO2 +

Preparation nitrogen gas

Test tube 1: added H2SO4

Test tube 2: added aquadest

Third experiment
Test tube 2: Added
KI & amylum

Dilute HNO3 + conc.

H2SO4
Fourth experiment

Test tube 2: Added

H2SO4

Added FeSO4

Fifth experiment

Added HCl

NH4Cl + Ca(OH)2 +
heated

Put spatula that

dipped in conc. HCl

Sixth experiment

Preparation amonia gas

Gas + aquadest + PP
indicator