2016

WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of

Try Yourself Questions

Electrical Engineering
Measurements

Error Analysis & Basics

T1 : Solution
(d)
2

Probable error, I =
Here,
So,

I = I1 + I2

=
=1
1
2

I =
therefore,

2
2
1 + 2
1
2

(1)2 (1)2 + (1)2 (2)2

= 2.24 A

I = 300 2.24 A

www.madeeasypublications.org

Copyright

Indicating Instruments

T1 : Solution
(0.15)
Redrawing the above circuit,
Z1

Z3

Ig

Z2

Z4

V sin t

Z1 =

1
,
j (2C1)

Z2 = 35 k
Z3 =

106
,
j 0.1

Z4 = 105 k
At balance, current through galvanometer:
Ig = 0
and

Z1 Z 4 = Z 2 Z 3

106
1
(105 K ) = (35K )
(2C1)
0.1

or,

C1 =

In F,

Copyright

105 0.1
F = 0.15 F
35 2
C1 = 0.15

www.madeeasypublications.org

Electrical Engineering Measurements

T2 : Solution
(6.11)
Measured value of resistance = 100
Resistance of voltmeter, RV = 2000
Voltage across voltmeter, V = 180 V
current through voltmeter =

180
V
=
= 0.09 A
2000
RV

Current through resistance, R

IR = 2 IV = (2 0.09)A
IR = 1.91 A

True value of resistance,

V
180
=
= 94.24
IR
1.91

% error =

100 94.24
100 = 6.11
94.24

T3 : Solution
(3.5)

Sdc =

1
1
=
= 1000 /v
Ifs
1 103

Rm = Sdcv = 1000 1 = 1000

Rs = 0.45 1000 10 1000
Rs = 3.5 k

T4 : Solution
(d)
1
(12 2 T ) + (52 T ) ; 9.2

2T
Average volts = 9.2 10 = 92 V
The MI meter will read 92 V.

Average value of rectangular current wave =

T5 : Solution
(a)
Reactance of meter coil = 2 fL = 314 0.9 = 282.6
Total impedance of meter circuit =
Resistance of meter circuit =
www.madeeasypublications.org

250
150 10 3

= 1666.67 1667

16672 (282.6)2 = 1642.87 1643

Copyright

Measurements

Current taken by meter at 200 V ac =

200
= 0.12 A
1667

Current taken by meter at 200 V dc =

200
= 0.122 A
1643

As the meter reads correctly for ac, dc voltage =

Percentage error =

0.122
200 = 203 V
0.12

203 200
= 0.015 = 1.5%
200

T6 : Solution
(0.04 - 0.06)
For the range extension of electrostatic voltmeter the capacitor is connected in series with meter and its
value is given by

Cs =

Cv
m 1

Where

m=

V 20 kV
=
= 10
v
2 kV

So,

Cs =

0.5
= 0.05 pF
10 1

Copyright

www.madeeasypublications.org

Measurement of
Power & Energy

T1 & T2 : Sol.
Total power in the circuit, P = W1 + W2 = 500 W + (100) W = 400 W
W W2

Power factor of the circuit, cos = cos tan1 1

. 3

W1 + W2
0.5 (0.1)

= cos tan1
. 3
+

0.5
(
0.1)

= cos tan1 (1.5 3) = 0.359

Load current per phase, IP =

Load impedance per phase, Zp =

P
3 VL cos
Vp
lp

400
= 1.462 A
3 440 0.359

440 / 3
= 173.76
1.462

Load resistance per phase, Rp = Zp cos = 62.38

Load reactance per phase, Xp = Zp sin = 162.18
Reading of wattmeter B will be zero when p.f. = cos = 0.5
or
= 60
Since there is no change in resistance,
Reactance in the circuit per phase,
Xp = Rp tan

Xp = 62.38 3 = 108.045
value of capacitive reactance to be introduced in each phase = Xp Xp
= 162.18 108.045
= 54.135

www.madeeasypublications.org

Copyright

Power Factor Meter,

Potentiometer, Flux Meter,
Instrumentation Transformers

T1 : Solution
(c)
Phase angle error for CT is =

Kt =

Here

180 Im cos Ie sin

degree

K t Is
1000
= 200, Is = 5 A
5

Im = 11 A
Ie = 6.5 A
= 30
So, phase angle error =

180 11cos30 6.5sin30

= 0.359

200 5

T2 : Solution
(b)
1
Secondary circuit phase angle, = tan1
= 33.69
1.5

cos = cos 33.39 = 0.835

sin = sin 33.69 = 0.555

or,

Turn ratio, Kt =

Magnetizing current, Im =

Secondary circuit burden impedance =

Ns
300
=
= 300
Np
1
Magnetising mmf 100
= 90 A
=
Np
1

(1.5)2 + (1.0)2 = 1.8

Secondary induced voltage, Es = 5 1.8 = 9 V

Primary induced voltage, Ep =
Copyright

Es
9V
=
300 300

www.madeeasypublications.org

Electrical Engineering Measurements

Loss component, Iw =

Phase angle, =
=

iron loss
1.2
=
= 40 A
Ep
(9 / 300)

180 I m cos I w sin

Kt Is

180 100 0.835 40 0.555

= 2.34

300 5

www.madeeasypublications.org

Copyright

Measurement of
R, L, C Bridges

T2 : Solution
(b)
At balance,

Z1 Z4 = Z2 Z3
3

10 10 X C

10 103 + X C

XC =

as,

and

Z = 500 103

j104 105
5

104 j 10

1
1
105
=
9 = j
j c
j 100 100 10

2 = 5 105

j103
(R + jX ) = 5
1000 j104
jR + X = 5 j5 10
R = 50

L=

5
= 50 mH
2 50

T3 : Solution
(20)
Since r is negligible and P, Q, p and q have large values, the effect of ratios arms can be neglected for the
purpose of calculation of current,

and

From (1),

Copyright

I=

R=

I=

E
Rb + R + S

...(1)

1000
P
0.001 = 0.001
.S =
1000
Q
100
20 A
5 + 0.001 + 0.001

www.madeeasypublications.org

Electrical Engineering Measurements

10

T4 : Solution
(1.57)

R3 =
C=
R1 =
R2 =

5 ,
1 mF,
160 ,
20

By using balance equation,

R2R1
R= R
3

L = R2 R1C
and quality factor = Q =
So,

L
R

20 160
= 640
5
L = 20 160 1 103 = 3.2 H

R=

Q=

2 50 3.2
= 1.57
640

www.madeeasypublications.org

Copyright

CRO, Q-meter

T1 : Solution
(1.5)
Using the equation,

volts no. of div

Vp p =

div
1

Vp p = 0.5 V 3 = 1.5 V
T2 : Solution
(125)
The period of the signal is calculate using the equation
time no. of div
T = div cycle

T = 2 s 4 = 8 s
Hence, frequency is

f=

1
1
=
= 125 kHz
8 s
T

Copyright

www.madeeasypublications.org

Digital Meter

T1 : Solution
(2.84)

V0 =

VR

(an 1 2n 1 + an 2 2n 2 + ..... + a121 + a0 20 )

28
6.5 4
=
(2 + 23 + 22 ) = 6.5
6
64
2
= 2.84 V

www.madeeasypublications.org

Copyright