Ronquillo, Wynona Mae

2015

June 22,

20138192

MWF 8:00-10:00

Water Cycle
The water cycle or hydrologic is a continuous cycle where water
evaporates, travels into the air and becomes part of a cloud,
falls down to earth as precipitation, and then evaporates
again. This repeats again and again in a never-ending
cycle. Water keeps moving and changing from a solid to a
liquid to a gas, over and over again.

Carbon Dioxide Cycle

Carbon is an element that's found all over the world and in
every living thing. Oxygen is another element that's in the air
we breathe. When carbon and oxygen bond together, they
form a colorless, odorless gas called carbon dioxide, which is a
heat-trapping greenhouse gas. Whenever we burn fossil fuels
such as coal, oil, and natural gas whether it's to drive our cars,
use electricity, or make products we are producing carbon
dioxide.

Carbon Cycle
The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is
exchanged among the biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere,
hydrosphere, and atmosphere of the Earth. Along with the nitrogen
cycle and the water cycle, the carbon cycle comprises a sequence of
events that are key to making the Earth capable of sustaining life; it
describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and
reused throughout the biosphere. The carbon cycle is the
biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the
biosphere, pedosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere, and
atmosphere of the Earth. Along with the nitrogen cycle and the water cycle, the carbon cycle
comprises a sequence of events that are key to making the Earth capable of sustaining life, it
describes the movement of carbon as it is recycled and reused throughout the biosphere.

Oxygen Cycle
The oxygen cycle is the cycle that helps move oxygen
through the three main regions of the Earth, the Atmosphere,
the Biosphere, and the Lithosphere. The Atmosphere is of
course the region of gases that lies above the Earths surface
and it is one of the largest reservoirs of free oxygen on earth.
The Biosphere is the sum of all the Earths ecosystems. This
also has some free oxygen produced from photosynthesis
and other life processes. The largest reservoir of oxygen is

the lithosphere. Most of this oxygen is not on its own or free moving but part of chemical
compounds such as silicates and oxides.

Sulfur Cycle
The sulfur cycle is the collection of
processes by which sulfur moves to and
from minerals (including the waterways)
and living systems. Such biogeochemical
cycles are important in geology because
they affect many minerals. Biogeochemical
cycles are also important for life because
sulfur is an essential element, being a
constituent of many proteins and cofactors.

Phosphorus Cycle
The
that
the

phosphorus cycle is the biogeochemical cycle

describes the movement of phosphorus through
lithosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Unlike many other biogeochemical
cycles, the atmosphere does not play a
significant role in the movement of
phosphorus, because phosphorus and
phosphorus-based compounds are usually solids
at the typical ranges of temperature and pressure
found on Earth. The production of phosphine gas
occurs only in specialized, local conditions.

On the land, phosphorus (chemical

symbol, P) gradually becomes less available to
plants over thousands of years, because it is slowly lost in runoff. Low concentration of P in soils
reduces plant growth, and slows soil microbial growth - as shown in studies of soil microbial
biomass. Soil microorganisms act as both sinks and sources of available P in the biogeochemical
cycle. Locally, transformations of P are chemical, biological and microbiological: the major longterm transfers in the global cycle, however, are driven by tectonic movements in geologic time

The Law Thermodynamics

Thermodynamic Laws that Explain Systems
A thermodynamic system is one that interacts and exchanges energy with the area around it. The exchange and transfer need to
happen in at least two ways. At least one way must be the transfer of heat. If the thermodynamic system is "in equilibrium," it can't
change its state or status without interacting with its environment. Simply put, if you're in equilibrium, you're a "happy system," just
minding your own business. You can't really do anything. If you do, you have to interact with the world around you.

1. First Law - The first law of thermodynamics is a little simpler. The first law states that when heat is added to a system, some of that
energy stays in the system and some leaves the system. The energy that leaves does work on the area around it. Energy that

stays in the system creates an increase in the internal energy of the system. In English: you have a pot of water at room
temperature. You add some heat to the system. First, the temperature and energy of the water increases. Second, the system
releases some energy and it works on the environment (maybe heating the air around the water, making the air rise).
Example: A gas in a system has constant pressure. The surroundings around the system lose 62 J of heat and does 474 J of
work onto the system. What is the internal energy of the system?
SOLUTION: To find internal energy, U, we must consider the relationship between the system and the surroundings. Since
the First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy is not created nor destroyed we know that anything lost by the
surroundings is gained by the system. The surrounding area loses heat and does work onto the system. Therefore, q and w
are positive in the equation U=q+w because the system gains heat and gets work done on itself.
U = (62J) + (474J); U = 536J

2.

Second Law - The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that the state of entropy of the entire universe, as an isolated system,
will always increase over time. The second law also states that the changes in the entropy in the universe can never be negative.
Derivation and Explanation
To understand why entropy increases and decreases, it is important to recognize that two changes in entropy have to considered
at all times. The entropy change of the surroundings and the entropy change of the system itself. Given the entropy change of the
universe is equivalent to the sums of the changes in entropy of the system and surroundings:
Suniv=Ssys+Ssurr=qsysT+qsurrT(1)
In an isothermal reversible expansion, the heat q absorbed by the system from the surroundings is
qrev=nRTlnV2V1(2)
Since the heat absorbed by the system is the amount lost by the surroundings, qsys=qsurr.Therefore, for a truly reversible
process, the entropy change is
Suniv=nRTlnV2V1T+nRTlnV2V1T=0(3)
If the process is irreversible however, the entropy change is
Suniv=nRTlnV2V1T>0(4)
If we put the two equations for Sunivtogether for both types of processes, we are left with the second law of thermodynamics,
Suniv=Ssys+Ssurr0(5)

where Suniv equals zero for a truly reversible process and is greater than zero for an irreversible process. In reality, however,
truly reversible processes never happen (or will take an infinitely long time to happen), so it is safe to say all thermodynamic processes
we encounter everyday are irreversible in the direction they occur.
Example
Lets start with an easy reaction: 2H2(g)+O2(g)2H2O(g)
The enthalpy, H, for this reaction is -241.82 kJ, and the entropy, S, of this reaction is -233.7 J/K. If the temperature is at 25
C, then there is enough information to calculate the standard free energy change, G. The first step is to convert the temperature to
Kelvin, so add 273.15 to 25 and the temperature is at 298.15 K. Next plug H, S, and the temperature into the G=HTS.
G= -241.8 kJ + (298.15 K)(-233.7 J/K)
= -241.8 kJ + -69.68 kJ (Don't forget to convert Joules to Kilojoules)
= -311.5 kJ

Reference
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Physical_Chemistry/Thermodynamics/Laws_of_Thermodynamics/Second_Law_of_Thermodynamics

http://wikipedia//
Meriams Webster Dictionary