DI.

CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 1

‰öI∑ßô« Êö´≈
Ë
¸u∑ßœ
WOØdO±_« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 2

PREFACE W‡‡‡±bIL∞«

T o encourage people everywhere to better

understand and appreciate the principles of
government that are set forth in America’s
founding documents, the Cato Institute is pleased to
rN≠ oOI∫¢ vK´ ÊUJ± qØ w≠ ”UM∞« Y• q§« s±
ozU£Ë w≠ XMK´√ w∑∞« W±uJ∫∞« ∆œU∂L∞ qC≠√ d¥bI¢Ë
dA≤ v∞u∑¥ Ê√ u¢UØ bNF± dºO∞ t≤U≠ ,UØdO±√ fOßQ¢
publish this pocket edition of the Declaration of
Independence and the Constitution of the United
‰öI∑ßô« Êö´≈ s± Ác≥ …dOGB∞« VOπ∞« rπ• WF∂©
States of America. This preface has been prepared by .WOØdO±ô« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ¸u∑ßœË
Roger Pilon, director of Cato’s Center for ÂbÆ√ qO±“ u≥ Ë W±bIL∞« Ác≥ Êx¥ - d§Ë¸ b´«
Constitutional Studies. For more information about
the Cato Institute, please see the end of this publica- W¥¸u∑ßb∞« ‹Uß«¸bK∞ ÁeØd± d¥b± Ë u¢UØ bNFL∞
tion.

❧ ❧

3 2
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 4
In 1776, America’s Founders gathered in Philadelphia
to draft the Declaration of Independence, which dissolved
the political ties that had bound the American people to
Great Britain. A new nation was thus born, free and inde-
pendent, the United States of America. Eleven years
later, in 1787, after American patriots had won our inde-
pendence on the battlefield, many of the men who had met
earlier in Philadelphia, plus others, met there again to
draft a plan for governing the new nation, the Constitution
of the United States. In 1789, after the plan had been rat-
ified, the new government was established. Together, the
Declaration and the Constitution are America’s founding
documents.
As amended over the years, the Constitution is the
supreme law of the land, the nation’s fundamental law.
But the broad language of the Constitution is illuminated
by the principles set forth in the Declaration. To better
understand and appreciate the form of government we
have, therefore, it is important to look first to the
Declaration, where the Founders outlined their moral
vision and the government it implied.
5 4
w≠ UØdO±_ ÊuºßRL∞« qz«Ë_« …UM∂∞« lL∑§« ,1776 ÂU´ w≠
q• Íc∞« ,‰öI∑ßô« Êö´≈ …œuº± l{u∞ UOH∞œöO≠ WM¥b±
UO≤UD¥d∂° wØdO±_« VFA∞« ‹bÒOÆ w∑∞« WOßUOº∞« j°«Ëd∞«
w≥Ë ô√ WKI∑º±Ë …d• ,…b¥b§ œö° ‹b∞ÔË «cJ≥Ë .vLEF∞«
j∂C∞U°Ë ,U±U´ dA´ b•√ bF° .WOØdO±_« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
ȸUOG∞« ÊuOØdO±_« ÊuOM©u∞« oI• Ê√ bF°Ë ,1787 ÂU´ w≠
«u≤UØ s¥c∞« ‰U§d∞« s± «œb´ ÊS≠ ,WØdFL∞« ÷¸√ vK´ UM∞öI∑ß«
,s¥dî¬ v∞≈ W≠U{ùU° ,UOH∞œöO≠ ŸUL∑§« w≠ UI°Uß «uI∑∞« bÆ
Ác≥ w≠ rJ∫K∞ WDî …œuº± l{u∞ Èdî√ …d± „UM≥ «uI∑∞«
w≠Ë .…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ¸u∑ßœ …œuº± w≥Ë ô√ ,…b¥bπ∞« œö∂∞«
.…b¥bπ∞« W±uJ∫∞« XºßQ¢ ,WDª∞« Ác≥ ¸«dÆ≈ bF° ,1789 ÂU´
UÒJÅ UL≥ )¸u∑ßb∞«Ë ‰öI∑ßô« Êö´≈( sO∑IO£u∞« U∑KØ bF¢Ë
.UØdO±√ fOßQ¢
”u±UM∞« d∂∑F¥ uN≠ ,sOMº∞« d∂´ ¸u∑ßb∞« q¥bF¢ Èd§ bÆË
◊uDª∞« sJ∞Ë .W±ú∞ wßUß_« Êu≤UI∞«Ë ,œö∂∞« ÁcN∞ r≥_«
∆œU∂L∞« w≠ UI∂º± X∫Ò{ÔË bÆ X≤UØ ¸u∑ßbK∞ WC¥dF∞«
rN≠ oOI∫¢ ÷dG∞Ë .‰öI∑ßô« Êö´≈ w≠ ‹œ¸Ë w∑∞« WOßUß_«
ÚÊ√ rNL∞« s± tÒ≤√ U≤b§Ë bI≠ ,W±uJ∫∞« qJA∞ qC≠√ d¥bI¢Ë
…UM∂∞« tO≠ e§Ë√ YO• ,‰öI∑ßô« Êö´≈ h≤ w≠ ôË√ q±Q∑≤
qJ® ‰u• WO∂ÆUML∞« WOÆöî_« rN¢«¸uB¢ qz«Ë_« ÊuºßRL∞«
.W±uJ∫∞«
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 6
Addressing “a candid World,” the Founders’ immediate
aim in the Declaration was to justify their decision to
declare independence. Toward that end they set forth a
theory of legitimate government, then demonstrated how
far British rule had strayed from that ideal. But their
argument served not simply to discredit British rule; in
addition, it set the course for future American govern-
ment. Indeed, for more than two centuries the ringing
phrases of the Declaration have inspired countless mil-
lions around the world.
Appealing to all mankind, the Declaration’s seminal
passage opens with perhaps the most important line in the
document: “We hold these Truths to be self-evident.”
Grounded in reason, “self- evident” truths invoke the long
tradition of natural law, which holds that there is a “high-
er law” of right and wrong from which to derive human
law and against which to criticize that law at any time. It
is not political will, then, but moral reasoning, accessible
to all, that is the foundation of our political system.
7 6
…UM∂∞« ·b≥ ÊUØ ,nBM± b¥U∫± r∞U´ W∂©UªL∞ rNN§u¢ w≠
Êö´S° r≥¸«dÆ d¥d∂¢ u≥ Êö´ù« s± d®U∂L∞« ÊuºßRL∞«
rN∑¥dE≤ s´ «uMK´√ ,W¥UG∞« pK¢ oOI∫¢ q§√ s±Ë .‰öI∑ßô«
Èb± vK´ rN∑∞œ√ Õu{u° «u{d´ r£ ,WO´dA∞« W±uJ∫∞« w≠
pK∑∞ w∞U∏L∞« qJA∞« s´ WLØU∫∞« W¥eOKπ≤ù« WDKº∞« œUF∑°«
ÍeOKπ≤ù« rJ∫∞« ¡«eî≈ w≠ nFº¢ r∞ rN¢«d™UM± Ê≈ .W±uJ∫∞«
WOØdO±√ W±uJ∫∞ o¥dD∞« bONL¢ w≠ ‹œU≠√ q° Vº∫≠ t∫C≠Ë
Êö´ù W¥ËbL∞« ‹«¸U∂F∞« ÊS≠ ,lÆ«u∞« w≠Ë .q∂I∑ºL∞« w≠
dA∂∞« sO¥ö± sO° t∞ œËb• ô ÂUN∞≈ ¸bB± XÒK™ ‰öI∑ßô«
.ÊU±e∞« s± sO≤dÆ s± d∏Ø√ Èb± vK´ r∞UF∞« ‰u•
o¥d© Êö´ù« `∑∑H¥ ,dA∂∞« lOL§ W∂©UªL∞ tN§u¢ w≠
ÁcN° pºL∑≤ s∫≤" :w∞U∑∞« rNL∞« dDº∞U° o•ö∞« q∂I∑ºL∞«
öI´ bNA∑º¢ WON¥b∂∞« ozUI∫∞« Ê≈ "‹UON¥b∂Ø ozUI∫∞«
vK´ bØR¥ Íc∞« wFO∂D∞« Êu≤UIK∞ r¥bI∞« ”u±UM∞U° UIDM±Ë
Êu≤UI∞« tM± bL∑ºÔ¥ QDª∞«Ë »«uBK∞ vLß√ Êu≤UÆ œu§Ë
Ê–≈ .XÆË UL¥√ w≠ r¥uI∑∞«Ë bIM∞« w≠ tOK´ bL∑FÔ¥Ë ,ÍdA∂∞«
q° WOßUOº∞« …œ«¸ù« fO∞ u≥ wßUOº∞« UM±UEM∞ ”Uß_U≠
.lOLπK∞ dºO± d±√ u≥Ë ,wÆöî_« d¥d∂∑∞«
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 8
But if reason is the foundation of the Founders’ vision—
the method by which we justify our political order—liber-
ty is its aim. Thus, the cardinal moral truths are these:
that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed
by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that
among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of
Happiness—That to secure these Rights,
Governments are instituted among Men, deriving
their just Powers from the Consent of the Governed.
We are all created equal, as defined by our natural rights;
thus, no one has rights superior to those of anyone else.
Moreover, we are born with those rights, we do not get
them from government—indeed, whatever rights or pow-
ers government has come from us, from “the Consent of
the Governed.” And our rights to life, liberty, and the
pursuit of happiness imply the right to live our lives as we
wish—to pursue happiness as we think best, by our own
lights—provided only that we respect the equal rights of
others to do the same. Drawing by implication upon the
common law tradition of liberty, property, and contract—
its principles rooted in “right reason”—the Founders thus
outlined the moral foundations of a free society.
9 8
U≤œö∂∞ sOºßRL∞« …UM∂∞« W¥ƒ¸ ”Uß√ u≥ qIF∞« ÊUØ «–≈ ,ÚsJ∞Ë
w≥ W¥d∫∞« ÊS≠ ,wßUOº∞« UM±UE≤ UN° ⁄uº≤ w∑∞« WKOßu∞«Ë
-:w≥ UM≥ WOÆöî_« ozUI∫∞« ÊS≠ «cJ≥Ë .t∑¥U¨Ë Ád≥u§
rN∫M± bÆ rNI∞Uî Ê≈Ë ,s¥ËUº∑± «uIKÔî bÆ dA∂∞« lOL§ Ê≈
…UO∫∞« o• UNMO° s±Ë ,UN´«e∑≤« sJL¥ ô W∑°U£ WMOF± UÆuI•
Ác≥ ÊUL{ q§√ s± t≤≈Ë .…œUFº∞« q§√ s± wFº∞«Ë W¥d∫∞«Ë
W∞œUF∞« UN¢UDKß …bL∑º± dA∂∞« sO° ‹U±uJ∫∞« ÂUIÔ¢ ,‚uI∫∞«
.sO±uJ∫L∞« WI≠«u± s±
UMÆuI• w≠ `{«Ë u≥ ULØ s¥ËUº∑± UFOL§ UMIKÔî bI∞
b•√ Í√ ‚uI• s± d∂Ø√ ‚uI• b•_ fOK≠ p∞c∞Ë ,WOFO∂D∞«
Í√ ,‚uI∫∞« pK∑° l∑L∑≤ s∫≤Ë U≤b∞ÔË UM≤S≠ p∞– vK´ …Ëö´ .dî¬
w∑∞« WIOI∫∞« w≠ w≥ UL≤≈Ë ,W±uJ∫∞« s± UNOK´ qB∫≤ ô UM≤≈
Ê≈ .sO±uJ∫L∞« WI≠«u± s± ..UM± UN¢UDKßË UNÆuI• cîQ¢
sLC∑¢ …œUFº∞« q§√ s± wFº∞«Ë W¥d∫∞«Ë …UO∫∞« w≠ UMÆuI•
s± vFº≤ Ê√Ë ,ÔÁƒUA≤ Íc∞« qJA∞U° UM¢UO• UO∫≤ Ê√ w≠ o∫∞«
◊dA° U≤¸uB¢ w≠ qC≠_« U≥«d≤ w∑∞« WI¥dD∞U° …œUFº∞« q§√
Ê√Ë ,s¥dîx∞ W¥ËUº∑L∞« ‚uI∫∞« Âd∑∫≤ Ê√ u≥ jI≠ b•«Ë
W≠u∞QL∞« ·«d´_« s± UÆöD≤«Ë .q∏L∞U° UC¥√ r≥ «u±uI¥
s± U≥¸Ëc§ X∑∂≤ w∑∞« -bÆUF∑∞«Ë WOJKL∞«Ë W¥d∫∞« rO≥UHL∞
U≤œö∂∞ ÊuºßRL∞« …UM∂∞« l{Ë -o∫∞« oDML∞« Ë« VzUB∞« qIF∞«
.d• lL∑πL∞ WOÆöî_« fß_«
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 10
Only then did they turn to government. We institute
government, the Declaration says, to secure our rights—
our natural rights and the rights we create as we live our
lives. But the powers government may need to do that
must be derived from our consent if they are to be just.
Government is thus twice limited: by its end, which any of
us would have a right to pursue were there no government;
and by its means, which require our consent.
When it came time to draft a new constitution, the
Founders drew upon the principles they had outlined in
the Declaration. Having recently overthrown oppressive
British rule, they were not about to reimpose oppression
on themselves. Accordingly, their basic task was to devise
a government that would be strong enough to secure our
rights against domestic and foreign oppression yet not so
powerful or extensive as to be oppressive itself. Toward
that end, the document they drafted, once ratified, author-
ized government and governmental powers, then checked
and balanced those powers through a series of extraordi-
narily thoughtful measures.
11
-W±uJ∫∞« rOI≤ s∫M≠ .W±uJ∫∞« v∞≈ ¡uπK∞« sJL¥ ,jI≠ UM≥
WOFO∂D∞« ‚uI∫∞« .UMÆuI• ÊULC∞ -‰öI∑ßô« Êö´≈ Vº•
w∑∞« ‹UDKº∞« sJ∞Ë .…UO∫∞« Èdπ± d∂´ W´Ób∑∂ÔL∞« ‚uI∫∞«Ë
UM∑I≠«u± s± …bL∑º± UMÆuI• “Uπ≤ù ‹U±uJ∫∞« UN§U∑∫¢
UN¢UDKß ÊuJ¢ Ê√ ‹U±uJ∫∞« ‹œ«¸√ «–≈ ,sO±uJ∫LØ UM∞u∂ÆË
YO• UN∑¥ôË …b± ¡UN∑≤U° ôË√ :sO¢d± …bOI± W±uJ∫∞« Ê≈ .W∞œU´
UNKL´ VO∞UßQ° UO≤U£Ë ,UNzUN≤≈ v∞≈ wFº∞« w≠ o∫∞« UM± œd≠ qJ∞
.UN∞ UM∞u∂ÆË UM∑I≠«u± VKD∑¢ w∑∞«
…UM∂∞« bM∑ß« ,b¥b§ ¸u∑ßœ l{Ë XÆË ÊU• U±bM´
Êö´≈ UNMLC¢ w∑∞« ∆œU∂L∞« vK´ p∞– w≠ ÊuºßRL∞«
W¥eOKπ≤ù« WDKº∞U° «u¢ «u•U©√ bÆ «u≤UØ rN≤« UL°Ë .‰öI∑ßô«
b¥b§ wFLÆ rJ• jOKº∑∞ s¥bF∑º± «u≤uJ¥ r∞ rN≤S≠ ,WL®UG∞«
qOJA¢ X≤UØ WOßUß_« rN∑LN± ÊS≠ p∞c∞Ë .rNºH≤√ vK´
WOKî«b∞« ‹U¥bF∑∞« b{ rNÆuI• ÊULC∞ wHJ¥ UL° W¥uÆ W±uJ•
Íc∞« b∫∞« v∞≈ WO∞uL® Ë√ W¥uÆ W±uJ• XºO∞ sJ∞Ë ,WO§¸Uª∞«Ë
ÊS≠ ·bN∞« p∞– v∞≈ ÎôuÅËË .WOFLÆ …«œ√ UNºH≤ w≥ tO≠ `∂B¢
X∞Òuî UNI¥bB¢ œdπL°Ë ,UN¢œuº± «uF{Ë w∑∞« WIO£u∞«
pK¢ X≤“«ËË XF§«¸ r£ ,W°uKDL∞« ‹UO•öB∞« W±uJ∫∞«
‚uI• X´«¸ w∑∞« fO¥UIL∞« s± WKºKß d∂´ ‹UO•öB∞«
.ozU≠ qJA° r≥d´UA±Ë s¥dîü«
10
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 12
The Preamble sets forth the basic principle of the doc-
ument: “We the People,” for the purposes listed, “do
ordain and establish this Constitution.” All power, in
short, comes from the people. But as a reflection of the
principles of the Declaration, the power the people give to
government, to exercise on their behalf, is strictly limited.
Indeed, the very first sentence of Article I, following the
Preamble, implies as much: “All legislative Powers here-
in granted shall be vested in a Congress.” That the peo-
ple “herein granted” only limited legislative powers is
made clear by the enumeration of those powers in Article
1, section 8. And the point is reiterated, as if for empha-
sis, in the Tenth Amendment, the final member of the Bill
of Rights that was drafted in 1789, then added, after rati-
fication, in 1791: “The powers not delegated to the United
States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the
States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the
people.” Plainly, only certain powers were delegated or
granted by the people. Those powers were then enumer-
ated in the Constitution. The rest were reserved to the
states—or to the people, never having been granted to
either level of government.
13
s∫≤( :u≥Ë tO≠ wßUß_« √b∂L∞« sO∂¢ ¸u∑ßb∞« W∫¢U≠ Ê≈
«c≥ UM´Òd®Ë UMF{Ë ÁU≤œ√ W§¸bL∞« ÷«d¨ú∞ VFA∞«
.‹UDKº∞« ¸bB± VFA∞« Ê√ ¸UB∑îU° wMF¥ «c≥Ë .)¸u∑ßb∞«
w∑∞« WDKº∞« ÊS≠ ,¸u∑ßb∞« Êö´≈ ∆œU∂± v∞≈ «œUM∑ß« ÚsJ∞Ë
…bOI± WDKß w≥ tLßU° UN߸UL∑∞ W±uJ∫K∞ VFA∞« UN{uH¥
…œUL∞« s± v∞Ë_« WKLπ∞« sLC∑¢ ,lÆ«u∞« w≠Ë .¸UÅ qJA°
WOF¥dA∑∞« ‹UDKº∞« qØ Ê≈( :w¢Q¥ U± WO•U∑∑≠ô« bF° v∞Ë_«
dL¢R± d∂´ UNC¥uH¢ r∑¥ ·uß ¸u∑ßb∞« «c≥ w≠ W•uMLL∞«
jI≠ WIO£u∞« Ác≥ w≠ W±uJ∫∞« ÷Òu≠ VFA∞« Ê≈Ë ,)ÂU´
qBH∞« w≠ W§¸b± W∫zô w≠ W∑∂∏± …œËb∫± WOF¥dA¢ ‹UDKº°
,WDIM∞« Ác≥ ¸«dJ¢ œUF¥Ë .¸u∑ßb∞« s± v∞Ë_« …œUL∞« s± s±U∏∞«
ŸdH∞« u≥Ë d®UF∞« q¥bF∑∞« w≠ ,bOØu∑∞« ÷dG∞ ÊUØ u∞ ULØ
.1789 ÂU´ w≠ t¢œuº± XF{Ë Íc∞« ‚uI∫∞« ‚U∏O± s± dOî_«
‹UDKº∞«( …¸U∂´ 1791 ÂU´ tOK´ o¥bB∑∞« bF° t∞ XHO{√Ë
UN∂π∫¥ r∞Ë - …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« W±uJ∫∞ ¸u∑ßb∞« UN{uH¥ w∑∞«
‹U±uJ∫∞« pK∑∞ „d∑¢ - WOK∫L∞« ‹U±uJ∫∞« s´ XÆu∞« fH≤ w≠
jI≠ WMOF± ‹UDKß ÊS≠ W©Uº∂°Ë .)VFAK∞ Ë√ ,W¥bzUF∞« Vº•
‹UDKº∞« pK¢Ë .VFA∞« q∂Æ s± XÓ∫MÔ± Ë√ XÓ{ΩuÔ≠ w∑∞« w≥
UN° bNÔ´ bI≠ WOI∂∞« U±√ .¸u∑ßb∞« w≠ WLzUÆ w≠ W§¸b±
‹U¥u∑º± s± Èu∑º± Í√ v∞≈ «b°√ `MLÔ ¢ r∞Ë VFA∞« Ë√ ,‹U¥ôuK∞
.W±uJ∫∞«
12
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 14
To illustrate how enumeration limits power, consider
the General Welfare Clause of Article I, section 8. Were
the passage containing that clause to be read simply as
authorizing Congress to tax and spend for the general wel-
fare, as some read it today, Congress would have been
granted all but unlimited power and the enumeration of
other powers would have been to no purpose. Thus, the
passage must be read as permitting spending only for enu-
merated ends; and the clause restricts such spending to
the general welfare only, not to the welfare of particular
parties. Similarly, the power given Congress to regulate
“commerce among the states” could not have been a
power to regulate anything that “affects” commerce,
which in principle is everything, for that too would have
made pointless any limits imposed by enumeration.
Rather, the Commerce Clause was meant primarily to
restrain state power: to ensure the free flow of goods and
services among the states, Congress was given the power
to regulate such commerce—to make it “regular.” Those
limitations are reinforced by the Necessary and Proper
Clause, which limits the means available to Congress to
those that are “necessary” for executing enumerated pow-
ers—without such means, the enumerated powers could
not be executed—and “proper” for a government dedicat-
ed to liberty.
15
UN¥√ qÒ±Q¢ ‹UDKºK∞ WLzUI∞« Ác≥ bOOI¢ WOHOØ `O{u∑∞Ë
…œUL∞«-s±U∏∞« qBH∞« s± W±UF∞« W∫KBL∞« …dI≠ w≠ ∆¸UI∞«
…¸U∂F∞« pK¢ sLC∑¥ Íc∞« hM∞« dºH¥ YO• ,¸u∑ßb∞« s± v∞Ë_«
vK´ oHM∑ß w∑∞« Vz«dC∞« ÷dÚHO∞ ”dG≤uJK∞ i¥uH¢ t≤√ vK´
…¸U∂F∞« pK¢ √dI¥ Ê√ ÂuO∞« iF∂K∞ sJL¥ UL°¸ .W±UF∞« W∫KBL∞«
…œËb∫± dO¨ ‹UDKß ‰uî bÆ ÊUØ ”dG≤uJ∞« Ê√ vK´ ‰b¥ UL°
÷d¨ UL≤Ëœ ÊUØ WLzUÆ w≠ ‹UDKº∞« Ác≥ 븜≈ Ê«Ë )U∂¥dI¢(
ÕULº∞« wMF¥ t≤« vK´ dºH¥ Ê√ sJL¥ hM∞« Ê√ Í√ .sOF±
Ê≈ .jI≠ U≥U¥≈ WLzUI∞« w≠ W§¸bL∞« ÷«d¨_« vK´ ‚UH¢ôU°
fO∞Ë ,Vº•Ë W±UF∞« W∫KBL∞« w≠ UM≥ ‚UH≤ù« dB∫¢ …¸U∂F∞«
ÊU≠ p∞– q∏±Ë .UN¢«c° WMOF± ·«d©√ Ë√ »«e•√ W∫KBL∞
ô ‹U¥ôu∞« sO° …¸Uπ∑∞« rOEM∑∞ ”dG≤uJK∞ W•uMLL∞« WO•öB∞«
vK´ d£R¥ ¡w® Í√ ”dG≤uJ∞« rEM¥ Ê√ WO•öÅ ÊuJ¢ Ê√ sJL¥
qFπOß ÊUØ UC¥√ p∞– Êô ; ¡w® qØ ÁUMF± U± Í√ ..…¸Uπ∑∞«
WL¥b´ t∞ W•uMLL∞« ‹UDKº∞« WLzUÆ w≠ …œΩb∫L∞« ‹«bOOI∑∞«
…¸Uπ∑∞« Ÿu{uL° WÅUª∞« …¸U∂F∞« pK¢ Ê≈ lÆ«u∞« w≠Ë .ÈËbπ∞«
‰UI∑≤« ÊULC∞Ë .W∞Ëb∞« WDKß bOOI¢ ôË√ UN° bBI¥ ÊUØ
q¥uª¢ r¢ ‹U¥ôu∞« sO° d• qJA° ‹U±bª∞«Ë lzUC∂∞«
.WLE∑M± UNKF§ Í√ ..…¸Uπ∑∞« rOEM¢ WO•öÅ ”dG≤uJ∞«
dB∫¢Ë W∞Ëb∞« WDKß bOOI¢ bØR¢ ¸u∑ßb∞« w≠ …dI≠ WL£
«c≥ ÊËb° .WÅUî WLzUÆ w≠ W§¸bL∞« pK¢ w≠ jI≠ UN¢UO•öÅ
ÂuI¢ W±uJ• q∂Æ s± ‹UO•öÅ W߸ULL° `LºÔ¥ ô ,dB∫∞«
.W¥d∫∞« √b∂± vK´
14
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 16
As their many writings make clear, the Founders
intended the doctrine of enumerated powers to be our prin-
cipal defense against overweening government: if there
were no power to do something, the government could
hardly abuse that power. But they provided other defens-
es as well. Thus, in addition to dividing power between the
national and the state governments, leaving most power
with the states or with the people, they separated powers
among the three branches of the national government—
legislative, executive, and judicial—then devised a series
of checks and balances to further restrain those powers.
Within the bounds of its enumerated powers, for example,
Congress may enact legislation; but the president has a
power to veto such legislation, which Congress may then
override only by a supermajority vote. Likewise, in decid-
ing cases or controversies before them, the courts may
exercise the judicial power by reviewing the actions of the
other two branches to ensure that they do not exceed the
limits imposed by the Constitution, a power that was
extended to state actions as well after ratification of the
Civil War Amendments; but the president and Congress
determine who shall sit on the federal courts. Again, the
Bill of Rights was added in 1791, for greater caution; but
17
U≤œö∂∞ ÊuºßRL∞« …UM∂∞« UNØd¢ w∑∞« ‹U°U∑J∞« `{u¢ ¡öπ°Ë
w≠ UNOK´ ’uBML∞« …œb∫L∞« ‹UDKº∞« √b∂L° «Ëœ«¸√ rN≤«√
b{ ŸU≠b∞« w≠ UM∞ UOºOz¸ UI• √b∂L∞« «c≥ ÊuJ¥ Ê√ WLzUÆ
WDKº∞« «bª∑ß« ¡wº¢ ô W±uJ∫∞« Ê≈ .WßdDG∑L∞« ‹U±uJ∫∞«
s´ ŸU≠bK∞ Èdî√ qzUßË „UM≥ sJ∞ .‹UO•öÅ UN¥b∞ sJ¥ r∞ «–≈
WOK∫L∞« ‹U±uJ∫∞« sO° WDKº∞« rOºI¢ :p∞– ‰U∏± ,o∫∞« «c≥
Í√ ‹U¥ôuK∞ d∂Ø_« WDKº∞« i¥uH¢ l± WO∞«¸bOH∞« W±uJ∫∞«Ë
W±uJ∫K∞ Àö∏∞« ‹UDKº∞« sO° UC¥√ «uKB≠ r≥Ë ,VFAK∞
.WOzUCI∞«Ë W¥cOHM∑∞«Ë WOF¥dA∑∞« WDKº∞« w≥Ë ô√ ,WO∞«¸bOH∞«
vK´ WO≠U{≈ œuOÆ l{u∞ W≤“«uL∞«Ë oOÆb∑K∞ ‹«¡«d§≈ «ËdJ∑°« r£
sJL¥ UNOK´ ’uBML∞« t¢UDKß œËb• sL{Ë .‹UDKº∞« pK¢
iIM∞« o• ”¸UL¥ Ê√ fOzdK∞ sJ∞Ë ,U≤u≤UÆ sº¥ Ê√ ”dG≤uJK∞
«c≥ qD∂¥ Ê√ tMJL¥ ”dG≤uJ∞« Ê√ dO¨ .Êu≤UI∞« «c≥ b{
w≠ Àb∫¥ p∞– q∏±Ë .WIKDL∞« WO∂K¨_U° Áb{ ‹uÅ «–≈ iIM∞«
;”dG≤uJ∞« ÂU±√ W{ËdFL∞« ‹U´«eM∞«Ë U¥UCI∞« w≠ X∂∞«
Ë√ ‹«¸«dÆ WF§«dL° WOzUCI∞« UN∑DKß ”¸UL¢ Ê√ rØU∫LKK≠
œËb∫∞« “ËUπ∑¢ ô UN≤√ s± bØQ∑K∞ sO∑¥dî_« sO∑DKº∞« ‹«¡«d§≈
qLA∑∞ ‹b∑±« WO•öB∞« Ác≥Ë .¸u∑ßb∞« UN{dH¥ w∑∞«
w≠ ¸u∑ßb∞« ‹ö¥bF¢ o¥bB¢ bF° UC¥√ W¥ôu∞« ‹«¡«d§≈
ÂU´ s± ‹dL∑ß« w∑∞« bO∂F∞« d¥d∫¢ »d•( WOK≥_« »d∫∞«
q™ sJ∞Ë .)s∞uJM∞ ÂU≥«d°« fOzd∞« bN´ w≠ Â1865-1861
w≠ ¡UCI∞« v∞u∑¥ ·uß sÓ± Ê«¸dI¥ ”dG≤uJ∞«Ë fOzd∞«
Â1791 ÂU´ w≠ ‚uI∫∞« W∫zô XHO{√ r£ .WO∞«¸bOH∞« rØU∫L∞«
sJL¥ W∫zô „UM≥ fO∞ t≤_ sJ∞Ë ,d∂Ø√ kH∫¢ ÷d≠ q§« s±
16
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 18
because no such bill could list all of our rights, the Ninth
Amendment states: “The enumeration in the Constitution
of certain rights shall not be construed to deny or dispar-
age others retained by the people.” And of course the peo-
ple retained the power to elect their political officials,
which was a final check on overweening power.
The Declaration and the Constitution, together, address
mankind’s most basic political questions. Resting on a
firm moral foundation, they articulate the first principles
of political organization. Thus, they were meant to serve
not simply the 18th century but generations to come,
which would face those same basic questions, whatever
their particular circumstances, whatever their state of
material progress. Because the principles the Founders
articulated transcend both time and technology, they will
serve us well as we move through the 21st century, if only
we understand them correctly and apply them well.
19
븜≈ Ê≈" :vK´ hM¥ lßU∑∞« q¥bF∑∞« ÊU≠ ,UMÆuI• qØ rC¢ Ê√
¸UJ≤ù W∞ËU∫± t≤uJ° dºH¥ s∞ ·uß ¸u∑ßb∞« w≠ WMOF± ‚uI•
".UNM± ’UI∑≤ô« Ë√ VFA∞« U≥“d•√ w∑∞« Èdî_« ‚uI∫∞«
«c≥ Ê≈ .sOOßUOº∞« tOK∏L± ¸UO∑î« o∫° kH∑∫¥ UF∂© VFA∞«Ë
.WßdDG∑L∞« WDKºK∞ ULßU• ÎU∫∂Ø q∏L¥ o∫∞«
vK´ ÊU∂BM¢ )¸u∑ßb∞«Ë ‰öI∑ßô« Êö´≈( sO∑IO£u∞« öØ Ê≈
ÊUMO∂¢ UL≥Ë .ÍdA∂∞« fMπK∞ WOßUOº∞« qzUºL∞« r≥√ Wπ∞UF±
v∞≈ œUM∑ßôU° wßUOº∞« rOEM∑K∞ WOßUß_« ∆œU∂L∞« Õu{u°
‹U∂KD∑± WO∂K∑∞ UF{u¢ r∞ ULN≠ p∞c∞Ë .sO∑± wÆöî√ ”Uß√
W±œUI∞« ‰UO§_« ‹U∂KD∑± WO∂K∑∞ q° Vº∫≠ dA´ s±U∏∞« ÊdI∞«
X≤UØ ULN± ,WOßUß_« qzUºL∞« pK¢ fH≤ t§«u¢ bÆ w∑∞«
∆œU∂L∞« pK¢ ÊôË .ÍœUL∞« UN±bI¢ Èu∑º± ÊUØ ULN±Ë UN≠Ëd™
sOK±UF∞« öØ ‹“ËUπ¢ bÆ U≤œö∂∞ ÊuºßRL∞« …UM∂∞« U≥U߸√ w∑∞«
…¸uB° UM¢U∂KD∑± w∂K¢ qE∑ß UN≤S≠ ,)wLKF∞« ¸uD∑∞«Ë s±e∞«(
U≥UMLN≠ «–≈ ,s¥dAF∞«Ë ÍœU∫∞« ÊdI∞« d∂´ ÂbI∑≤ s∫≤Ë WMº•
.…bO§ …¸uB° U≥UMI∂©Ë `O∫Å qJA°
18
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 20
In the end, however, no constitution can be self-enforc-
ing. Government officials must respect their oaths to
uphold the Constitution; and we the people must be vigi-
lant in seeing that they do. The Founders drafted an
extraordinarily thoughtful plan of government, but it is up
to us, to each generation, to preserve and protect it for our-
selves and for future generations. For the Constitution
will live only if it is alive in the hearts and minds of the
American people. That, perhaps, is the most enduring
lesson of our experiment in ordered liberty.
❧ ❧
21
tºHM° cHM¥ ¸u∑ßœ „UM≥ fO∞ ¸u∑ßœ „UM≥ fO∞ ,U±U∑î
Ê√ Vπ¥ sOO±uJ∫∞« sOH™uL∞« s± sO∞ËRºL∞« Ê≈ .UOzUIK¢
s∫≤ -UMOK´Ë .¸u∑ßb∞« oO∂D¢ e¥eF¢ vK´ rNLºÆ «u±d∑∫¥
ÂUOIK∞ r≥œ«bF∑ß« Èb± VÆ«d≤Ë sOEI¥ vI∂≤ Ê√ -VFA∞«
W¥œU´ dO¨ WIO£u∞ …œuº± «uF{Ë bÆ sOºßRL∞« …UM∂∞« Ê≈ .p∞c°
WLN± sJ∞Ë ;s¥dîü« ‚uI• w´«d¥ Íc∞« oOLF∞« dJH∞U° WµOK±
vK´ lI¢ q∂I∑ºL∞« ‰UO§√ q§« s±Ë UMK§√ s± UN∑¥UL•Ë UNEH•
»uKÆ w≠ UO• q™ «–≈ jI≠ bKª¥Ë vI∂Oß ¸u∑ßb∞« Ê_ ,UMI¢U´
u≥ ”¸b∞« «c≥ ÊuJ¥ UL°¸Ë .wØdO±ô« VFA∞« ¡UM°√ ‰uI´Ë
.WLEML∞« W¥d∫∞« w≠ UM∑°dπ¢ w≠ Uîuß¸Ë U¢U∂£ d∏Ø_«
20
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 22

THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE ‰ö‡‡I∑ßô« Êö‡‡´≈

Action of Second Continental Congress, July 4, 1776 1776 )uO∞u¥( “uL¢ 4 w≠ bIFML∞« w≤U∏∞« ÂUF∞« dL¢RL∞« ¸«dÆ
The Unanimous Declaration of the thirteen united States of America
…dA´ Àö∏∞« WOØdO±ô« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« q∂Æ s± ŸUL§ùU° cª∑L∞« Êö´ù«

WHEN in the Course of human Events, it becomes

,WO≤Uº≤ù« …UO∫∞« Èdπ± ‰öî ,VFA∞ U¥¸Ëd{ `∂B¥ U±bM´
necessary for one People to dissolve the Political Bands
cª∑¥Ë ,dî¬ VFA° tD°d¢ w∑∞« WOßUOº∞« j°«Ëd∞« q∫¥ Ê√
which have connected them with another, and to assume
w∑∞« W¥bM∞«Ë ‰UBH≤ô« l{Ë - ÷¸_« »uF® WOI° q∏± - tºHM∞
among the Powers of the Earth, the separate and equal
¡«¸P° ozö∞« «d∑•ô« ÊU≠ ,UNI∞UîË WFO∂D∞« sO≤«uÆ t∞ UN∞uª¢
Station to which the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God
w∑∞« »U∂ß_« s´ VFA∞« p∞– ¡UM°√ sKF¥ Ê√ VKD∑¥ dA∂∞«
entitle them, a decent Respect to the Opinions of
.‰UBH≤ô« v∞≈ rNF≠b¢
Mankind requires that they should declare the causes
which impel them to the Separation.

23 22
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 24
WE hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men
are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator
with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life,
Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness—That to secure
these Rights, Governments are instituted among Men,
deriving their just Powers from the Consent of the
Governed, that whenever any Form of Government
becomes destructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the
People to alter or to abolish it, and to institute new
Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles, and
organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem
most likely to effect their Safety and Happiness. Prudence,
indeed, will dictate that Governments long established
should not be changed for light and transient Causes; and
accordingly all Experience hath shewn, that Mankind are
more disposed to suffer, while Evils are sufferable, than to
right themselves by abolishing the Forms to which they are
accustomed. But when a long Train of Abuses and
Usurpations, pursuing invariably the same Object, evinces
a Design to reduce them under absolute Despotism, it is
their Right, it is their Duty, to throw off such Government,
and to provide new Guards for their future Security. Such
has been the patient Sufferance of these Colonies; and
such is now the Necessity which constrains them to alter
their former Systems of Government. The History of the
25
«uIKî dA∂∞« lOL§ Ê≈ :WON¥b∂∞« ozUI∫∞« ÁcN° s±R≤ s∫≤Ë
sJL¥ ô W∑°U£ WMOF± UÆuI• rN∫M± bÆ rNI∞Uî Ê≈Ë ,s¥ËUº∑±
q§√ s± wFº∞«Ë W¥d∫∞«Ë …UO∫∞« o• :UNMO° s±Ë ,UN´«e∑≤«
sO° ‹U±uJ∫∞« ÂUIÔ¢ ‚uI∫∞« Ác≥ ÊUL{ q§√ s± t≤«Ë .…œUFº∞«
U±bM´ t≤≈Ë ,sO±uJ∫L∞« WI≠«u± s± UN¢UDKß …bL∑º± dA∂∞«
ÊS≠ ‹U¥UG∞« Ác≥ Âb≥ v∞≈ ‹U±uJ∫∞« ‰UJ®√ s± qJ® Í√ ÍœR¥
W±uJ• fßR¥Ë W±uJ∫∞« Ác≥ qD∂¥ Ë√ dOG¥ Ê√ VFA∞« o• s±
…¸uB° UN¢UDKß ULEM±Ë ∆œU∂± vK´ U≥b´«uÆ ULOI± …b¥b§
tM±√ oOI∫¢ vK´ ôUL∑•« d∏Ø_« W±uJ∫∞« Ëb∂¢ UNKFπ¢
‹U±uJ∫∞« d]OGÔ¢ ô ÊU° wCI¢ WLJ∫∞« Ê≈ lÆ«u∞«Ë .t¢œUFßË
WN≠U¢ »U∂ß_ q¥u© XÆË UNKOJA¢ vK´ vC± w∑∞« Wªß«d∞«
v∞≈ dA∂∞« qO± ÊQ° ‹dN™√ »¸Uπ∑∞« lOL§ ÊS≠ «cJ≥Ë .…d°U´
s± d∂Ø√ - ∆ËUºL∞« ‰UL∑•« ÊUJ±ùU° «œU± - …U≤UFL∞« qL∫¢
.UNOK´ «ËœU∑´« w∑∞« mOB∞« ¡UG∞S° rNºH≤√ `O∫B¢ v∞≈ rNKO±
w∑∞« ‹U¥b∫∑∞«Ë ∆ËUºL∞« s± WK¥u© WKºKß X∂∏¢ U±bM´ sJ∞Ë
ŸUCîù jDª± œu§Ë ,·bN∞« fH≤ ¡«¸Ë ¸«dL∑ßU° vFº¢
rJ• s± hKª∑∞« rN∂§«ËË rNI• s± ÊS≠ ,oKDL∞« rJ∫K∞ ”UM∞«
«cJ≥ .rNK∂I∑º± sO±Q¢ q§√ s± œb§ …ULÔ∫° ÊUO¢ù«Ë «cNØ
…¸ËdC∞« XII∫¢ «cJ≥Ë ,…d°UB∞« UM¢«dLF∑º± …U≤UF± X≤UØ
pK± a¥¸U¢ Ê≈ .WI°Uº∞« WO±uJ∫∞« UNLE≤ dOOG∑° UN±eK¢ w∑∞«
24
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 26
present King of Great-Britain is a History of repeated
Injuries and Usurpations, all having in direct Object the
Establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States.
To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid World.
HE has refused his Assent to Laws, the most whole-
some and necessary for the public Good.
HE has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of
immediate and pressing Importance, unless suspended in
their Operation till his Assent should be obtained; and
when so suspended, he has utterly neglected to attend to
them.
HE has refused to pass other Laws for the
Accommodation of large Districts of People, unless those
People would relinquish the Right of Representation in
the Legislature, a Right inestimable to them, and formi-
dable to Tyrants only.
HE has called together Legislative Bodies at Places
unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the Depository
of their public Records, for the sole Purpose of fatiguing
them into Compliance with his Measures.
HE has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly,
for opposing with manly Firmness his Invasions on the
Rights of the People.
27
‹U¥bF∑∞«Ë r∞UEL∞U° q≠U• qπß w∞U∫∞« vLEF∞« UO≤UD¥d°
ÕdÅ W±UÆ≈ w≥Ë ô≈ ,…d®U∂± W¥U¨ v∞≈ WOKØ W≠œUN∞« …¸dJ∑L∞«
ÕdD≤ U≤u´œ p∞– ‹U∂£ùË .‹U¥ôu∞« Ác≥ ‚u≠ oKDL∞« ÊUOGD∞«
:t¥e≤ b¥U∫± r∞U´ ÂU±√ ozUI∫∞«
Î…bzU≠ d∏Ø_« sO≤«uI∞« vK´ o¥bB∑∞« pKL∞« i≠¸ bI∞
‹«– sO≤«uÆ sß s± t¢ôË lM± bI∞ .¸uNLπ∞« W∫KBL∞ Î…¸Ëd{Ë
‰uB∫∞« sO• v∞≈ UN° qLF∞« «uIKF¥ r∞ U± W∫K±Ë W¥¸u≠ WOL≥√
ôUL≥≈ UNO∞≈ ‹UH∑∞ô« qL≥√ oOKF∑∞« bF° sJ∞Ë ,t∑I≠«u± vK´
‹U§U• WO∂K¢ v∞≈ ·bN¢ Èdî√ sO≤«uÆ ¸«dÆ≈ i≠¸ ULØ .U±U¢
w≠ w°UOM∞« qO∏L∑∞« o• s´ UN≤UJß qª∑¥ r∞ U± …dO∂Ø o©UM±
ô≈ nOª¥ ôË r≥bM´ sL∏° ¸bI¥ ô o• u≥Ë ,WOF¥dA∑∞« WµON∞«
dO¨ sØU±√ w≠ ŸUL∑§ö∞ WOF¥dA¢ ‹UµO≥ U´œ bI∞ .ÊUOGD∞«
p∞–Ë rN¢öπß kH• eØ«d± s´ …bOF°Ë W∫¥d± dO¨Ë W≠u∞Q±
s± Ácª∑¥ U± vK´ ÊuI≠«u¥ YO∫° rNÆU≥¸≈ u≥ bO•Ë ÷dG∞
Âe∫° UN∑{¸UFL∞ WO°UOM∞« f∞UπL∞« q• ¸dØ bÆË .‹«¡«d§≈
.”UM∞« ‚uI• vK´ t¢U¥bF¢ W∞u§¸Ë
26
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 28
HE has refused for a long Time, after such
Dissolutions, to cause others to be elected; whereby the
Legislative Powers, incapable of Annihilation, have
returned to the People at large for their exercise; the State
remaining in the mean time exposed to all the Dangers of
Invasion from without, and Convulsions within.
HE has endeavoured to prevent the Population of
these States; for that Purpose obstructing the Laws for
Naturalization of Foreigners; refusing to pass others to
encourage their Migrations hither, and raising the
Conditions of new Appropriations of Lands.
HE has obstructed the Administration of Justice, by
refusing his Assent to Laws for establishing Judiciary
Powers.
HE has made Judges dependent on his Will alone, for
the Tenure of their Offices, and the Amount and Payment
of their Salaries.
HE has erected a Multitude of new Offices, and sent
hither Swarms of Officers to harrass our People, and eat
out their Substance.
HE has kept among us, in Times of Peace, Standing
Armies, without the consent of our Legislatures.
HE has affected to render the Military independent of
and superior to the Civil Power.
29
»Uª∑≤U° ÕULº∞« VK© WK¥u© …bL∞Ë Ác≥ q∫∞« ‹UOKL´ bF°Ë
sJL¥ ô w∑∞« - WOF¥dA∑∞« ‹UDKº∞« ‹œU´ YO• ,Èdî√ f∞Uπ±
t¢U´UDI° VFA∞« q∂Æ s± ”¸UL∑∞ -UNI∫±Ë UN¢¸œUB±
¸UDî√ qJ∞ W{dF± XÆu∞« fH≤ w≠ W∞Ëb∞« XK™ ULMO° ,WFß«u∞«
.qî«b∞« s± ‹U°«dD{ô«Ë øUª∞« s± ËeG∞«
p∞– oOI∫∑∞Ë ,‹U¥ôu∞« Ác≥ ÊUJß uL≤ WKÆd´ v∞≈ vFß ULØ
sO≤«uÆ sß i≠¸Ë ,V≤U§_« fOMπ¢ sO≤«uÆ WKÆd´ v∞≈ Qπ∞
W±“ö∞« ◊ËdA∞« œb®Ë ,œö∂∞« Ác≥ v∞≈ rN¢dπ≥ lOπA∑∞ Èdî√
‰bF∞« …¸«œ≈ qÆd´ bI∞ …b¥bπ∞« w{«¸_« ‹UOJK± …“UO∫∞
‹UDKº∞« fOßQ∑° WÅUª∞« sO≤«uI∞« vK´ WI≠«uL∞« tC≠d°
.WOzUCI∞«
q§√ s± jI≠ u≥ t∑µOA± vK´ ÊËbL∑F¥ …UCI∞« qF§Ë
.rN∂¢«Ë¸Ë WOHO™u∞« rN∑±bî …b± b¥b∫¢
v∞≈ q߸√Ë ,WO±uJ∫∞« dz«Ëb∞« s± «dO∂Ø «œb´ QA≤√ p∞cØ
rNÆuI• rN∑K¢Ë ”UM∞« o¥UC∑∞ sOH™uL∞« s± U°«dß√ œö∂∞« Ác≥
,WLz«œ U®uO§ rKº∞« s±“ w≠ UMO≤«dN™ sO° vI°√ ULØ ,rN¢«Ëd£Ë
W¥dJºF∞« WDKº∞« qFπ¥ Ê√ ¸U∑î« bÆË .UMO´ÒdA± WI≠«u± ÊËœ
.W∂¢d± UNM± vK´√Ë q° ,WO≤bL∞« WDKº∞« s´ WKI∑º±
28
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 30
HE has combined with others to subject us to a
Jurisdiction foreign to our Constitution, and unacknowl-
edged by our Laws; giving his Assent to their Acts of pre-
tended Legislation:
FOR quartering large Bodies of Armed Troops among
us:
FOR protecting them, by a mock Trial, from
Punishment for any Murders which they should commit
on the Inhabitants of these States:
FOR cutting off our Trade with all Parts of the World:
FOR imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
FOR depriving us, in many Cases, of the Benefits of
Trial by Jury:
FOR transporting us beyond Seas to be tried for pre-
tended Offences:
FOR abolishing the free System of English Laws in a
neighbouring Province, establishing therein an arbitrary
Government, and enlarging its Boundaries, so as to render
it at once an Example and fit Instrument for introducing
the same absolute Rule into these Colonies:
FOR taking away our Charters, abolishing our most
valuable Laws, and altering fundamentally the Forms of
our Governments:
FOR suspending our own Legislatures, and declaring
themselves invested with Power to legislate for us in all
Cases whatsoever.
31
s´ W∂¥d¨ WOzUCÆ WDKº∞ UM´UCî≈ vK´ s¥dî¬ l± oH¢«Ë
UN¢«¡«d§≈ vK´ t∑I≠«u± vD´√Ë ,UMO≤«uÆ UN° ·d∑F¢ ôË U≤¸u∑ßœ
:WO∞U∑∞« ÷«d¨ú∞ p∞–Ë ,WHz«e∞« WOF¥dA∑∞«
sO° W∫KºL∞« W¥dJºF∞« ‹UFDI∞« s± …dO∂Ø œ«b´√ ¡«u¥≈ *
.UMO≤«dN™
s± -WHz«“ W¥¸uÅ ‹ULØU∫± d∂´ -dJºF∞« ¡ôR≥ W¥UL• *
.UM¢U¥ôË ÊUJß o∫° UN≤u≠d∑I¥ bÆ q∑Æ rz«d§ W¥√ vK´ W°uIF∞«
.r∞UF∞« ¡U∫≤√ lOL§ l± W¥¸Uπ∑∞« UM¢UÆö´ lDÆ *
.UM∑I≠«u± ÊËœ UMOK´ Vz«dC∞« ÷d≠ *
WµO≥ ÂU±√ w{UI∑∞« U¥«e± s± -…dO∏Ø ‹ôU• w≠- UM≤U±d• *
.WLJ∫L∞« w≠ sOHK∫±
rN¢ s´ UM∑LØU∫L∞ ¸U∫∂∞« d∂´ œö∂∞« øUî v∞≈ UMKI≤ *
.W±u´e±
,…¸ËUπ± WF©UI± w≠ W¥eOKπ≤ù« sO≤«uIK∞ d∫∞« ÂUEM∞« ¡UG∞≈ *
,ö∏± UNKFπ∞ U≥œËb• lOßu¢Ë ,UNO≠ Íœ«b∂∑ß« rJ• W±UÆ≈Ë
Ác≥ v∞≈ oKDL∞« rJ∫∞« fH≤ ‰Uîœù WLzö± WKOßËË
.‹«dLF∑ºL∞«
‹«dOOG¢ ¡«d§≈Ë ,UMMO≤«uÆ sL£√ ¡UG∞≈Ë UMFz«d® r¥d∫¢ *
.UM¢U±uJ• ‰UJ®√ w≠ W¥d≥u§
Í√( rN≤« s´ Êö´ù«Ë ,WOF¥dA∑∞« UM¢UµO≥ oOKF¢ *
UM∞ ‹UF¥dA∑∞« l{Ë WO•öB° Êu{uH± )eOKπ≤ù« ÊËdLF∑ºL∞«
.X≤UØ ULN± ‰«u•_« lOL§ w≠
30
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 32
HE has abdicated Government here, by declaring us
out of his Protection and waging War against us.
HE has plundered our Seas, ravaged our Coasts,
burnt our Towns, and destroyed the Lives of our People.
HE is, at this Time, transporting large Armies of for-
eign Mercenaries to compleat the Works of Death,
Desolation, and Tyranny, already begun with circum-
stances of Cruelty and Perfidy, scarcely paralleled in the
most barbarous Ages, and totally unworthy the Head of a
civilized Nation.
HE has constrained our fellow Citizens taken Captive
on the high Seas to bear Arms against their Country, to
become the Executioners of their Friends and Brethren, or
to fall themselves by their Hands.
HE has excited domestic Insurrections amongst us,
and has endeavoured to bring on the Inhabitants of our
Frontiers, the merciless Indian Savages, whose known
Rule of Warfare, is an undistinguished Destruction, of all
Ages, Sexes and Conditions.
IN every stage of these Oppressions we have
Petitioned for Redress in the most humble Terms: Our
repeated Petitions have been answered only by repeated
Injury. A Prince, whose Character is thus marked by every
act which may define a Tyrant, is unfit to be the Ruler of
a free People.
33
‚UD≤ øUî UM≤Q° sK´√ ÊU° ,UM≥ rJ∫∞« s´ pKL∞« ‰“UM¢ *
.»d∫∞« UMOK´ s®Ë t∑¥UL•
…UO• dO±b¢Ë UM≤b± ‚«d•≈Ë UMK•«uß V¥dª¢Ë ,U≤¸U∫° VN≤ *
.UM∂F® œ«d≠√
V≤U§_« WÆe¢dL∞« s± …¸«d§ ‘uO§ qIM° Êü« ÂuI¥ u≥Ë *
l± ‹√b° Ê√ o∂ß w∑∞« ÊUOGD∞«Ë dO±b∑∞«Ë ‹uL∞« ‹ULN± ÂUL¢ù
¸uBF∞« b®√ w≠ UN∞ dOE≤ b§Ë ULKÆ ¸bG∞«Ë …uºI∞« s± ·Ëd™
.W≤bL∑± W∞Ëœ ”√d° «b°√ p∞– oOK¥ ôË ,a¥¸U∑∞« w≠ W¥d°d°
qL• vK´ ¸U∫∂∞« ÷d´ w≠ «ËdßÔ√ s¥c∞« UMOM©«u± ÁdØ√Ë *
rNzUÆbÅ_ s¥œö§ «u∫∂B¥ Ê√ vK´Ë r≥œö° b{ Õöº∞«
.…uîô«Ë ¡UÆbÅ_« ¡ôR≥ Íb¥√ vK´ «uK∑I¥ Ê√ Ë√ ,rN≤«uî≈Ë
¡«bF∑ß« v∞≈ vFßË ,UMMO° WOKî«b∞« ‹U°«dD{ô« ¸U£√Ë *
œuMN∞« pµ∞Ë√ ,U≤œËb• ÊUJß b{ …UºI∞« œuMN∞« sOA•u∑L∞«
ÊËœ ¡UCI∞« vK´ r≥bM´ ·ËdFL∞« »d∫∞« Êu≤UÆ ÂuI¥ s¥c∞«
lOL§ X∫¢Ë sOºMπ∞« s±Ë ¸UL´ô« lOL§ s± ”UM∞« vK´ eOOL¢
.·ËdE∞«
‰bF∞« UMºL∑∞« Ác≥ œUND{ô« ‰UL´√ s± WK•d± qØ w≠
vK´ œd∞« sJ¥ rK≠ ,U´uCî ‹«¸U∂F∞« d∏ØQ° ·UB≤ù«Ë
ÔtÔIÔKÔî rº∑¥ UJK± Ê≈ .¸dJ∑L∞« rKE∞« Èuß …¸dJ∑L∞« UM¢UßUL∑∞«
VFA∞ ULØU• ÊuJ¥ Ê√ `KB¥ ô …UGD∞« eOL¢ w∑∞« ‹UHB∞« qJ°
.d•
32
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 34
NOR have we been wanting in Attentions to our
British Brethren. We have warned them from Time to
Time of Attempts by their Legislature to extend an unwar-
rantable Jurisdiction over us. We have reminded them of
the Circumstances of our Emigration and Settlement here.
We have appealed to their native Justice and
Magnanimity, and we have conjured them by the Ties of
our common Kindred to disavow these Usurpations,
which, would inevitably interrupt our Connections and
Correspondence. They too have been deaf to the Voice of
Justice and of Consanguinity. We must, therefore, acqui-
esce in the Necessity, which denounces our Separation,
and hold them, as we hold the rest of Mankind, Enemies
in War, in Peace, Friends.
35
.sOO≤UD¥d∂∞« UM≤«uî≈ v∞≈ U≤¸UE≤Q° t§u∑∞« «b°√ qHG≤ r∞ UM≤≈
rN∑DKß ‹ôËU∫± s± WMOH∞«Ë WMOH∞« sO° r≥U≤¸c• bI≠
r≥U≤dØ–Ë .UMKLAO∞ ¸d∂± dO¨ wzUCÆ ÊUDKß jº° WOF¥dA∑∞«
qOÅ_« rN≠UB≤≈ U≤b®U≤Ë .UM≥ UM≤UDO∑ß«Ë UM¢dπ≥ ·ËdE°
s± «uKBM∑¥ Ê√ v°dI∞« j°«Ëd° r≥UMHK∫∑ß«Ë ,rN∑±UN®Ë
lDÆ v∞≈ ÍœR∑ß UL∑• UN≤_ Ác≥ ÍbF∑∞«Ë »UB∑¨ô« ‹«¡«d§≈
«ËdOF¥ r∞ - rNJK± q∏± - UC¥√ rNMJ∞Ë .UMMO° qÅ«u∑∞«Ë j°«Ëd∞«
ÊU´–ù« UMOK´ p∞c∞Ë .Âb∞« dÅ«Ë√Ë W∞«bF∞« ‹uB∞ WO¨UÅ U≤–√
- r≥d∂∑F≤Ë ,UM∞UBH≤« Êö´≈ UOL߸ wKL¢ w∑∞« …¸ËdC∞« ÂUJ•_
sJ∞Ë »d∫∞« XÆË w≠ ¡«b´√ -dA∂∞« WOI° l± qFH≤ ULK∏±
.rKº∞« s±“ w≠ ¡UÆbÅ√
34
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 36
We, therefore, the Representatives of the united
States of America, in General Congress, Assembled,
appealing to the Supreme Judge of the World for the
Rectitude of our Intentions, do, in the Name, and by
Authority of the good People of these Colonies, solemnly
Publish and Declare, That these United Colonies are, and
of Right ought to be, Free and Independent States;
that they are absolved from all Allegiance to the British
Crown, and that all political Connection between them
and the State of Great-Britain, is and ought to be totally
dissolved; and that as Free and Independent States, they
have full Power to levy War, conclude Peace, contract
Alliances, establish Commerce, and to do all other Acts
and Things which Independent States may of right do. —
And for the support of this Declaration, with a firm
Reliance on the Protection of divine Providence, we
mutually pledge to each other our Lives, our Fortunes,
and our sacred Honor.
37
WOØdO±ô« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ VFA∞« »«u≤ s∫M≠ ,p∞c∞
ÁcN∞ vLß_« rØU∫∞« )tK∞«( bNA≤ ,ÂUF∞« dL¢RL∞« w≠ sOFL∑πL∞«
‹«dLF∑ºL∞« Ác≥ VF® rßU° sKFM≠ ,U≤U¥«u≤ W∫Å vK´ UO≤b∞«
Ác≥ Ê√ ‰ö§S° sKF≤Ë l¥c≤Ë ,tM± i¥uH∑°Ë VOD∞«
…d• ‹U¥ôË ÊuJ¢ Ê√ V§«u∞«Ë o∫∞« s± ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹«dLF∑ºL∞«
qØ Ê«Ë w≤UD¥d∂∞« ÃU∑K∞ ¡ôË qØ s± q• w≠ UN≤√Ë ;WKI∑º±
bÆ vLEF∞« UO≤UD¥d° W∞Ëœ sO°Ë UNMO° WOßUOº∞« j°«Ëd∞«
…d• ‹U¥ôuØ UN≤√Ë ,ÊuJ¥ Ê√ Vπ¥ ÊUØ ULØ UOzUN≤ XLBH≤«
bI´Ë rKº∞« ¸«dÆ≈Ë »d∫∞« s® w≠ o∫∞« q±UØ UN∞ WKI∑º±Ë
Èdî_« ‰UL´_« lOLπ° ÂUOI∞«Ë …¸Uπ∑∞« W߸UL±Ë ‹UH∞U∫∑∞«
,Êö´ù« «cN∞ Ϋe¥eF¢Ë .UN° ÂUOI∞« WKI∑ºL∞« ‰ËbK∞ o∫¥ w∑∞«
‰c∂° bNF∑≤ UM≤S≠ WON∞ù« W¥UMF∞« W¥UL• vK´ “U∫∞« œUL∑´ôU°Ë
.”bIL∞« UM≠d®Ë UM∞«u±√Ë UM•«Ë¸√
36
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 38

John Hancock. Fran.s Lewis. .f¥u∞ fOº≤«d≠ .„uJ≤U≥ Êu§

Samuel Chase. Lewis Morris. .f¥¸u± f¥u∞ .fOA¢ qOzuLÅ
Wm. Paca. Richd. Stockton. .Êu∑Øu∑ß œ¸UA∑¥¸ .UØU° ÂUOK¥Ë
Tho. Stone.
s
Jno Witherspoon. .Êu∂ßd∏¥Ë Êu§ .Êu∑ß ”U±u£
Charles Carroll of Carrollton. Fra.s Hopkinson. .ÊuºMOJ°u≥ fOº≤«d≠ .Êu∑∞¸UØ ·Ë√ ‰Ë¸UØ e∞¸UA¢
George Wythe. John Hart. .‹¸U≥ Êu§ .Y¥«Ë øu§
Richard Henry Lee Abra Clark. .„¸öØ ÂU≥«d°√ .w∞ ÍdM≥ œ¸UA∑¥¸
Th Jefferson. Josiah Bartlett. .XOK¢¸U° UO®u§ .ÊußdHO§ ”U±u£
Benja Harrison. Wm. Whipple. .q∂¥Ë ÂUOK¥Ë .Êuº¥¸U≥ sO±UπM°
Tho.s Nelson jr. Saml Adams e±«œ¬ qOzuLÅ .s°ù« sºKO≤ ”U±u£
Francis Lightfoot Lee. John Adams. .e±«œ¬ Êu§ .w∞ ‹u≠ X¥ô eOº≤«d≠
Carter Braxton. Robt Treat Paine. .ÚsO° X¥d¢ ‹d°Ë¸ .Êu∑ºØ«d° d¢¸UØ
Rob Morris.
t
Elbridge Gerry. .ÍdO¨ Ãœd∂∞≈ .f¥¸u± ‹d°Ë¸
Benjamin Rush. Step Hopkins. .eMJ°u≥ ÚVO∑ß .‘˸ sO±UπM°
Benj.a Franklin. William Ellery. .ÍdO∞≈ ÂUOK¥Ë .sOKJ≤«d≠ sO±UπM°
John Morton. Roger Sherman. .ÊU±dO® d§Ë¸ .Êu¢¸u± Êu§
Geo Clymer. Saml Huntington. .Êu∑GM∑M≥ qOzuLÅ .dL¥öØ Ã¸u§
Jas Smith. Wm Williams. .e±UOK¥Ë ÂUOK¥Ë .YOLß fLO§
Geo. Taylor. Oliver Wolcott. .‹uJ∞Ë dHO∞Ë√ .¸uK¥U¢ øu§
James Wilson. Matthew Thornton. .Êu∑≤¸u£ uO£U± .ÊuºK¥Ë fLO§
Geo. Ross. Wm Hooper. .d°u≥ ÂUOK¥Ë .”˸ øu§
Caesar Rodney. Joseph Hewes. .f¥uO≥ n¥“u§ .w≤œË¸ ¸«eOß
Geo Read. John Penn. .ÚsO° Êu§ .Úb¥¸ øu§
Tho M: Kean. Edward Rutledge. .ÃbOK¢Ë¸ œ¸«Ëœ≈ .sOØ Â√ ”U±u£
Wm Floyd. Thos Heyward Jun.r .s°ô« œ¸«uO≥ ”U±u£ .b¥uK≠ ÂUOK¥Ë
Phil. Livingston. Thomas Lynch Jun.r .s°ô« g∑MO∞ ”U±u£ .Êe∑ºGMHO∞ UOH∞œöO≠
Arthur Middleton. Lyman Hall. .‰u≥ ÊUL¥ô .Êu∑∞bO± d£¸¬
Button Gwinnett. Geo Walton. .Êu∑∞«Ë øu§ .XOM¥u§ Êu¢u°

39 38
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 40
THE CONSTITUTION
OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
We the People of the United States, in Order to
form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure
domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence,
promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of
Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and
establish this Constitution for the United States of
America.
Article. I.
Section. 1. All legislative Powers herein granted
shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which
shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.
Section. 2. The House of Representatives shall be
composed of Members chosen every second Year by the
People of the several States, and the Electors in each State
shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the
most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.
41
WOØdO±ô« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ¸u∑ßœ
d∏Ø√ œU∫¢« ¡UA≤≈ w≠ UM± W∂¨¸ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« VF® s∫≤
rF≤ sO±Q¢Ë ÂUF∞« dOª∞« e¥eF¢Ë ,W∞«bF∞« W±UÆ≈ w≠Ë ,ÎôULØ
¸u∑ßb∞« «c≥ lC≤Ë rßd≤ ,W±œUI∞« UM∞UO§_Ë UM∞ W¥d∫∞«
.WOØdO±ô« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞
v∞Ë_« …œUL∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
wF¥dA∑∞« ŸdH∞«
”dG≤uJ° UM≥ W•uMLL∞« WOF¥dA∑∞« ‹UDKº∞« lOL§ ◊UM¢
.»«uMK∞ fKπ±Ë ŒuOAK∞ fKπ± s± n∞Q∑¥ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
»«uM∞« fKπ±
s± sO∑Mß qØ Ê˸U∑ªÔ¥ ¡UC´√ s± »«uM∞« fKπ± n∞Q∑¥ - 1
sO∂îUM∞« w≠ d≠u∑¢ Ê√ Vπ¥Ë ,‹U¥ôu∞« nK∑ª± w≠ VFA∞« q∂Æ
w∂îU≤ w≠ U≥d≠u¢ V§u∑¥ w∑∞« ‹ö≥RL∞« fH≤ W¥ôË qØ w≠
.«œb´ ,W¥ôu∞« pK¢ w≠ WOF¥dA∑∞« WµON∞« wºKπ± d∏Ø√ ¡UC´√
40
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 42
No Person shall be a Representative who shall not
have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been
seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall
not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which
he shall be chosen.
[Representatives and direct Taxes shall be appor-
tioned among the several States which may be included
within this Union, according to their respective Numbers,
which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number
of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a
Term of Years, and excluding Indians not taxed, three fifths
of all other Persons.]1 The actual Enumeration shall be
made within three Years after the first Meeting of the
Congress of the United States, and within every subse-
quent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by
Law direct. The number of Representatives shall not
exceed one for every thirty Thousand, but each State shall
have at Least one Representative; and until such enumer-
ation shall be made, the State of New Hampshire shall be
entitled to chuse three, Massachusetts eight, Rhode-Island
and Providence Plantations one, Connecticut five, New-
York six, New Jersey four, Pennsylvania eight, Delaware
one, Maryland six, Virginia ten, North Carolina five, South
Carolina five, and Georgia three.
Changed by section 2 of the Fourteenth Amendment.
1
43
Wº±Uª∞« sß mK° bÆ sJ¥ r∞ U± U∂zU≤ hª® Í√ `∂B¥ ô - 2
wM©«u± s± u≥Ë ‹«uMß l∂ß tOK´ XC± sJ¢ r∞ U±Ë s¥dAF∞«Ë
W¥ôu∞« ÊUJß s± t°Uª∑≤« Èb∞ sJ¥ r∞ U±Ë ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
.UNO≠ Á¸UO∑î« r∑¥ w∑∞«
nK∑ª± sO° …d®U∂L∞« Vz«dC∞«Ë »«uM∞« œb´ Ÿ“u¥ - 3
qØ ÊUJß œb´ W∂ºM° œU∫¢ô« «c≥ UNLC¥ bÆ w∑∞«( ‹U¥ôu∞«
ÊUJº∞« œb´ ŸuLπ± v∞≈ ·UC¥ Ê√ œb∫¥ Íc∞« œbF∞« u≥Ë UNM±
s± œbF∞ W±bª∞U° ÊuD∂¢dL∞« pµ∞Ë√ rNO≠ sL° ,¸«d•_«
Ídπ¥Ë .Vz«dC∞« s± sOOHFL∞« œuMN∞« ¡UM∏∑ßU°Ë ,sOMº∞«
œUIF≤« bF° ‹«uMß Àö£ ÊuC¨ w≠ ÊUJºK∞ wKFH∞« ¡UB•ù«
ÊuC¨ w≠ p∞– bF°Ë ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ”dG≤uJ∞ ŸUL∑§« ‰Ë√
U≥œb∫¥ w∑∞« WOHOJ∞U° p∞–Ë ,WI•ô ‹«uMß …dA´ …d∑≠ qØ
sO£ö£ qJ∞ b•«Ë VzU≤ s´ »«uM∞« œb´ b¥e¥ ô√ Vπ¥Ë .Êu≤UI∞«
vK´ b•«Ë VzU≤ W¥ôË qJ∞ ÊuJ¥ Ê√ Vπ¥ sJ∞Ë ,WLº≤ n∞√
dOA∂±U≥ uO≤ W¥ôu∞ ÊuJ¥ ¡UB•ù« «c≥ q∏± r∑¥ Ê√ v∞≈Ë .qÆ_«
,WO≤UL£ f∑ßu®Uº± W¥ôËË ,»«u≤ W£ö£ »Uª∑≤« w≠ o∫∞«
W¥ôËË ,b•«Ë fMAO∑≤ö° f≤bO≠Ëd°Ë b≤ö¥¬ œË¸ W¥ôËË
Í“d§ uO≤ W¥ôËË ,W∑ß „¸u¥ uO≤ W¥ôËË ,WºLî XJO∑O≤uØ
W¥ôËË ,b•«Ë d¥Ëö¥œ W¥ôËË ,WO≤UL£ UO≤UHKOºM° W¥ôËË ,WF°¸√
UMO∞˸UØ À¸u≤ W¥ôËË ,…dA´ UOMO§d≠ W¥ôËË ,W∑ß b≤ö¥¸U±
.W£ö£ UO§¸u§ W¥ôËË ,WºLî UMO∞˸UØ ÀËUß W¥ôËË ,WºLî
.dA´ l°«d∞« q¥bF∑∞« s± 2 …dIH∞« V§uL° ÁdOOG¢ r¢ 1
42
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 44
When vacancies happen in the Representation from
any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue
Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.
The House of Representatives shall chuse their
Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power
of Impeachment.
Section. 3. The Senate of the United States shall be
composed of two Senators from each State, [chosen by the
Legislature thereof,]2 for six Years; and each Senator shall
have one Vote.
Immediately after they shall be assembled in
Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as
equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the
Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the
Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the
Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the
Expiration of the sixth Year, so that one third may be cho-
sen every second Year; [and if Vacancies happen by
Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the
Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make
temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the
Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.]3
Changed by the Seventeenth Amendment.
2 .dA´ l°Uº∞« q¥bF∑∞« V§uL° ÁdOOG¢ r¢ 2
Changed by the Seventeenth Amendment.
3 .dA´ l°Uº∞« q¥bF∑∞« V§uL° ÁdOOG¢ r¢ 3
45
Í√ w≠ »«uM∞« b´UI± s± d∏Ø√ Ë√ bFI± dGA¥ U±bM´ - 4
¡qL∞ ‹U°Uª∑≤« ¡«d§≈ v∞≈ UNO≠ W¥cOHM∑∞« WDKº∞« u´b¢ ,W¥ôË
.…d¨UA∞« b´UIL∞« Ë√ bFIL∞« «c≥
«cN∞ ÊuJ¢Ë ,tO∞ËRº± dzUßË tºOz¸ »«uM∞« fKπ± ¸U∑ª¥ - 5
.w°UOM∞« ÂUN¢ô« tO§u¢ WDKß Áb•Ë fKπL∞«
W∏∞U∏∞« …dIH∞«
ŒuOA∞« fKπ±
U≥¸U∑ª¢( W¥ôË qØ s´ sOªO® s± »«uM∞« fKπ± n∞Q∑¥ - 1
qJ∞ ÊuJ¥Ë .‹«uMß Xß …bL∞ )W¥ôu∞« pK¢ w≠ WOF¥dA∑∞« WµON∞«
.b•«Ë ‹uÅ aO®
WπO∑≤ …d®U∂± ŒuOA∞« fKπ± ¡UC´√ ŸUL∑§« VI´ - 2
¸bÆ W¥ËUº∑± ‹Uµ≠ Àö£ v∞≈ rNLOºI¢ r∑¥ ,‰Ë_« »Uª∑≤ô«
WMº∞« ¡UN∑≤« bM´ v∞Ë_« WµH∞« ŒuO® b´UI± dGA¢Ë .ŸUD∑ºL∞«
,WF°«d∞« WMº∞« ¡UN∑≤« bM´ WO≤U∏∞« WµH∞« ŒuO® b´UI±Ë ,WO≤U∏∞«
YO∫° ,WßœUº∞« WMº∞« ¡UN∑≤« bM´ W∏∞U∏∞« WµH∞« ŒuO® b´UI±Ë
d∏Ø« Ë√ bFI± dG® «–≈Ë( .sO∑Mß qØ …d± YK∏∞« ¸UO∑î« sJL¥
W¥ôu∞ WOF¥dA∑∞« WµON∞« WKD´ ‰öî ,U≥«uß Ë√ W∞UI∑ßô« V∂º°
‹UMOOF¢ Ídπ¢ Ê√ W¥ôu∞« pK¢ w≠ W¥cOHM∑∞« WDKºK∞ “U§ ,U±
Íc∞« wF¥dA∑∞« fKπLK∞ w∞U∑∞« ŸUL∑§ô« bIF¥ UL∏¥¸ W∑ÆR±
.)…d¨UA∞« b´UIL∞« ¡qL° czbM´ ÂuI¥
44
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 46
No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have
attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a
Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when
elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall
be chosen.
The Vice President of the United States shall be
President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless
they be equally divided.
The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also
a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice
President, or when he shall exercise the Office of
President of the United States.
The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all
Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall
be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the
United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And
no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of
two thirds of the Members present.
47
sJ¥ r∞ U± ŒuOA∞« fKπ± w≠ ΫuC´ hª® Í√ `∂B¥ ô - 3
‹«uMß lº¢ tOK´ XC± sJ¢ r∞ U±Ë dLF∞« s± sO£ö∏∞« mK° bÆ
s± t°Uª∑≤« Èb∞ sJ¥ r∞ U±Ë ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« wM©«u± s± u≥Ë
.UNM´ Á¸UO∑î« r∑¥ w∑∞« W¥ôu∞« ÊUJß
fKπ± fOz¸ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« fOz¸ VzU≤ ÊuJ¥ - 4
.‹«uÅ_« ‰œUF∑¢ r∞ U± t¢uB° w∞b¥ ô tMJ∞Ë ,ŒuOA∞«
UºOz¸ ¸U∑ª¥ ULØ s¥dîü« tO∞ËRº± ŒuOA∞« fKπ± ¸U∑ª¥ - 5
‹U¥ôu∞« fOz¸ ÂUN± tO∞u¢ bM´ Ë√ fOzd∞« VzU≤ »UO¨ w≠ U∑ÆR±
.…b∫∑L∞«
lOL§ w≠ WLØU∫L∞« ¡«d§≈ WDKß Áb•Ë ŒuOA∞« fKπL∞ - 6
«cN∞ ŒuOA∞« fKπ± bIFM¥ U±bM´Ë .w°UOM∞« ÂUN¢ô« U¥UCÆ
U±bM´Ë .¸«dÆùU° Êu∞b¥ Ë√ sOLO∞« tzUC´√ lOL§ rºI¥ ÷dG∞«
fOz¸ ”√d∑¥ ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« fOz¸ WLØU∫L∞« ‰ËUM∑¢
WI≠«u± ÊËb° hª® Í√ Ê«b¥ ôË .‹UºKπ∞« UOKF∞« WLJ∫L∞«
.s¥d{U∫∞« ¡UC´_« w∏K£
46
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 48
Judgment in Cases of Impeachment shall not extend
further than to removal from Office, and disqualification
to hold and enjoy any Office of honor, Trust or Profit under
the United States: but the Party convicted shall neverthe-
less be liable and subject to Indictment, Trial, Judgment
and Punishment, according to Law.
Section. 4. The Times, Places and Manner of hold-
ing Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be
prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but
the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such
Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.
The Congress shall assemble at least once in every
Year, and such Meeting shall be [on the first Monday in
December,]4 unless they shall by Law appoint a different
Day.
4
Changed by section 2 of the Twentieth Amendment.
49
‰eF∞« b• ÊUL∞d∂∞« ÂUN¢ô« ‹ôU• w≠ ÂUJ•_« ÈbF∑¢ ô - 7
Ë√ w≠d® VBM± w∞u∑∞ WOK≥_« Âb´ d¥dI¢Ë ,VBML∞« s±
.t° l∑L∑∞«Ë ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« Èb∞ ÔU∫°¸ ¸b¥ Ë√ WI£ wC∑I¥
ÂUN¢ö∞ Ôö°UÆË W{d´ p∞– l± vI∂¥ Ê«bL∞« hªA∞« sJ∞Ë
.Êu≤UIK∞ UI≠Ë t∑∂ÆUF±Ë tOK´ rJ∫∞«Ë WLØU∫L∞«Ë
WF°«d∞« …dIH∞«
”dG≤uJ∞« rOEM¢
»«uM∞«Ë ŒuOA∞« ‹U°Uª∑≤« WI¥d©Ë sØU±√Ë bO´«u±- 1
,”dG≤uJK∞ sJL¥ sJ∞Ë ,WOF¥dA∑∞« UN∑µO≥ W¥ôË qØ w≠ U≥œb∫¢
Ë√ WLE≤_« Ác≥ q∏± tO≠ œb∫¥ U≤u≤UÆ sº¥ Ê√ ,XÆË Í√ w≠
).ŒuOA∞« ¸UO∑î« dz«Ëb° oKF∑¥ U± w≠ ô≈( ,UN∞bF¥
b´u± ÊuJ¥Ë( ,ÂU´ qØ qÆ_« vK´ …d± ”dG≤uJ∞« lL∑π¥ - 2
U± )d∂Lº¥œ / ‰Ë_« Êu≤UØ dN® s± sOM£« Âu¥ ‰Ë√ ŸUL∑§ô« «c≥
.dî¬ Ô«b´u± ,Êu≤UI° ,”dG≤uJ∞« œb∫¥ r∞
.s¥dAF∞« q¥bF∑∞« s± w≤U∏∞« qBH∞« V§uL° ÁdOOG¢ r¢ 4
48
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 50
Section. 5. Each House shall be the Judge of the
Elections, Returns and Qualifications of its own Members,
and a Majority of each shall constitute a Quorum to do
Business; but a smaller Number may adjourn from day to
day, and may be authorized to compel the Attendance of
absent Members, in such Manner, and under such
Penalties as each House may provide.
Each House may determine the Rules of its
Proceedings, punish its Members for disorderly Behaviour,
and, with the Concurrence of two thirds, expel a Member.
Each House shall keep a Journal of its Proceedings,
and from time to time publish the same, excepting such
Parts as may in their Judgment require Secrecy; and the
Yeas and Nays of the Members of either House on any
question shall, at the Desire of one fifth of those Present,
be entered on the Journal.
Neither House, during the Session of Congress, shall,
without the Consent of the other, adjourn for more than
three days, nor to any other Place than that in which the
two Houses shall be sitting.
51
Wº±Uª∞« …dIH∞«
,tzUC´√ ‹U°Uª∑≤« w≠ rJ∫∞« u≥ sOºKπL∞« s± qØ - 1
sOºKπL∞« s± qØ w≠ WO∂K¨_« qJA¢Ë .rN¢ö≥R±Ë UNπzU∑≤Ë
Ê√ dGÅ√ œbF∞ sJL¥ tMJ∞Ë ,t∞UL´Q° t±UOI∞ w≤u≤UI∞« »UBM∞«
sOºKπL∞« s± qØ ‰uª¥ bÆË ,Âu¥ v∞≈ Âu¥ s± ‹UºKπ∞« q§R¥
w∑∞« WI¥dD∞U° ‰uB∫∞« vK´ sO∂OG∑L∞« ¡UC´_« ¸U∂§≈ WDKß
.UN{d≠ wµ¢d¥ w∑∞« ‹U°uIF∞« vC∑IL°Ë U≥«d¥
wKî«b∞« t±UE≤ sO≤«uÆ lC¥ Ê√ sOºKπL∞« s± qJ∞ sJL¥ - 2
tMJL¥ ULØ ,w±UEM∞« dO¨ rNØuKß vK´ Á¡UC´√ VÆUF¥ Ê√Ë
.¡UC´_« b•√ œd© sO∏K∏∞« WI≠«uL°
s± U≥dAM¥ t¢UºKπ∞ d{U∫L° sOºKπL∞« s± qØ kH∑∫¥ - 3
rØ ,W¥dº∞« ÂeK∑º¢ UN≤√ Èd¥ w∑∞« ¡«e§_« ¡UM∏∑ßU° ,dîü sO•
w≠ i≠d∞« Ë√ WI≠«uL∞U° sOºKπL∞« s± Í√ ¡UC´√ X¥uB¢ Ê√
p∞– w≠ V¨¸ «–≈ d{U∫L∞« w≠ q]πºÔ¥ Ê√ wG∂M¥ ,W∞Qº± Í√
.s¥d{U∫∞« ¡UC´_« œb´ fLÔî
,”dG≤uJ∞« …¸Ëœ œUIF≤« ¡UM£√ ,sOºKπL∞« s± Í_ “uπ¥ ô - 4
.dîü« fKπL∞« WI≠«u± ÊËœ ÂU¥√ W£ö£ s± d∏Ø_ t¢UºK§ l≠¸
ÊUJL∞« ·öî ÊUJ± Í√ v∞≈ t¢UºK§ qI≤ ULNM± Í_ “uπ¥ ô ULØ
.ÊUºKπL∞« tO≠ rµ∑K¥ Íc∞«
50
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 52
Section. 6. The Senators and Representatives shall
receive a Compensation for their Services, to be ascer-
tained by Law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United
States. They shall in all Cases, except Treason, Felony
and Breach of the Peace, be privileged from Arrest during
their Attendance at the Session of their respective
Houses, and in going to and returning from the same; and
for any Speech or Debate in either House, they shall not
be questioned in any other Place.
No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time
for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office
under the Authority of the United States, which shall have
been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been
encreased during such time; and no Person holding any
Office under the United States, shall be a Member of
either House during his Continuance in Office.
Section. 7. All Bills for raising Revenue shall orig-
inate in the House of Representatives; but the Senate may
propose or concur with Amendments as on other Bills.
53
WßœUº∞« …dIH∞«
Áœb∫¥ ôb° rN¢U±bî ¡UI∞ »«uM∞«Ë ŒuOA∞« v{UI∑¥ - 1
lOL§ w≠ rN∞Ë .…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« W≤«eî s± l≠b¥Ë ,Êu≤UI∞«
,s±_U° ‰öîù«Ë ‹U¥UMπ∞«Ë W≤UOª∞« ‹ôU• «b´ U± ,‹ôU∫∞«
‹UºK§ r≥¸uC• ¡UM£√ rN∞UI∑´« Âb´ “UO∑±U° «uF∑L∑¥ Ê√
Í√Ë ,tM± rN¢œu´Ë fKπL∞« p∞– v∞≈ rN°U≥– w≠Ë ,rNºKπ±
Êu∞Qº¥ ô sOºKπL∞« s± Í√ w≠ Ídπ¢ WAÆUM± Ë√ vIK¥ »UDî
.dî¬ ÊUJ± Í√ w≠ UNM´
w∑∞« …d∑H∞« ‰öî ,sOF¥ Ê√ VzU≤ Ë√ aO® Í_ “uπ¥ ô - 2
‹U¥ôu∞« WDKº∞ l{Uî w≤b± VBM± Í√ w≠ ,UN∞ Vª∑≤«
‰öî ‹b¥“ bÆ t¢UC¥uF¢ ÊuJ¢ Ë√ ,TA≤√ bÆ ÊuJ¥ ,…b∫∑L∞«
l{Uî VBM± Í√ qGA¥ hª® Í_ “uπ¥ ô ULØ ,…d∑H∞« pK¢
sOºKπL∞« s± Í√ w≠ ΫuC´ ÊuJ¥ Ê√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ÊUDKº∞
.t∂BM± w≠ Á¸«dL∑ß« ¡UM£√
WF°Uº∞« …dIH∞«
w≠ ÕdD¢ qîœ qOB∫∑° WÅUª∞« sO≤«uI∞« l¥¸UA± lOL§ - 1
vK´ o≠«u¥ Ë√ Õd∑I¥ Ê√ ŒuOA∞« fKπL∞ sJ∞Ë ,»«uM∞« fKπ±
.Èdî_« sO≤«uI∞« l¥¸UA± w≠ ULØ ,‹ö¥bF¢
52
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 54
Every Bill which shall have passed the House of
Representatives and the Senate, shall, before it becomes a
Law, be presented to the President of the United States; If
he approve he shall sign it, but if not he shall return it, with
his Objections to that House in which it shall have origi-
nated, who shall enter the Objections at large on their
Journal, and proceed to reconsider it. If after such
Reconsideration two thirds of that House shall agree to
pass the Bill, it shall be sent, together with the Objections,
to the other House, by which it shall likewise be reconsid-
ered, and if approved by two thirds of that House, it shall
become a Law. But in all such Cases the Votes of both
Houses shall be determined by yeas and Nays, and the
Names of the Persons voting for and against the Bill shall
be entered on the Journal of each House respectively. If
any Bill shall not be returned by the President within ten
Days (Sundays excepted) after it shall have been present-
ed to him, the Same shall be a Law, in like Manner as if he
had signed it, unless the Congress by their Adjournment
prevent its Return, in which Case it shall not be a Law.
55
fKπ±Ë »«uM∞« fKπ± WI≠«u± ‰UM¥ Êu≤UÆ ŸËdA± qØ - 2
‹U¥ôu∞« fOz¸ v∞≈ ÂbI¥ Ê√ ,U≤u≤UÆ `∂B¥ Ê√ q∂Æ ,Vπ¥ ŒuOA∞«
V§u¢ tOK´ o≠«u¥ r∞ «–≈ sJ∞Ë ,tFÒÆË tOK´ o≠«Ë «–S≠ ,…b∫∑L∞«
.tO≠ ÕdÔ© Íc∞« fKπL∞« v∞≈ t¢U{«d∑´U° U≤ËdI± t¢œU´≈ tOK´
,Ád{U∫± w≠ UNKLπL° ‹U{«d∑´ô« q㧝 Ê√ fKπL∞« vK´Ë
p∞– ¡UC´√ o≠«Ë «–S≠ ,ŸËdAL∞« ”¸œ …œU´≈ d®U∂¥ r£
q߸√ ,Êu≤UI∞« ŸËdA± ¸«dÆ≈ vK´ ”¸b∞« …œU´≈ bF° ,fKπL∞«
,p∞cØ t߸œ œUF¥ YO• dîü« fKπL∞« v∞≈ ‹U{«d∑´ô« l±
w≠ sJ∞Ë .U≤u≤UÆ `∂Å√ fKπL∞« p∞– ¡UC´√ U∏K£ ÁdÆ√ «–S≠
¡UC´√ ‹«uÅ√ œb∫¢ Ê√ Vπ¥ ‹ôU∫∞« Ác≥ q∏± lOL§
vK´ WI≠«uL∞U° sO¢uBL∞« ¡ULß√ øb¢Ë ,ô Ë√ rFM° sOºKπL∞«
.…b• vK´ sOºKπL∞« s± qØ d{U∫± w≠ t∑{¸UF±Ë ŸËdAL∞«
ÂU¥√ …dA´ ÊuC¨ w≠ Êu≤UÆ ŸËdA± Í√ fOzd∞« bF¥ r∞ «–≈Ë
Êu≤UI∞« ŸËdA± `∂Å√ ,t∞ tL¥bI¢ s± )b•_« ÂU¥√ UNM± vM∏∑º¢(
tF≠¸ V∂º° ,”dG≤uJ∞« q∫¥ r∞ U± tFÆË t≤√ u∞ ULØ U≤u≤UÆ „«–
ô W∞U∫∞« Ác≥ q∏± w≠Ë .tO∞≈ ŸËdAL∞« …œU´≈ ÊËœ ,t¢UºKπ∞
.ÎU≤u≤UÆ ŸËdAL∞« `∂B¥
54
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 56
Every Order, Resolution, or Vote to which the
Concurrence of the Senate and House of Representatives
may be necessary (except on a question of Adjournment)
shall be presented to the President of the United States;
and before the Same shall take Effect, shall be approved
by him, or being disapproved by him, shall be repassed by
two thirds of the Senate and House of Representatives,
according to the Rules and Limitations prescribed in the
Case of a Bill.
Section. 8. The Congress shall have Power To lay
and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the
Debts and provide for the common Defence and general
Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and
Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and
among the several States, and with the Indian tribes;
To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and
uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout
the United States;
To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of for-
eign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
57
ŒuOA∞« fKπ± WI≠«u± ÂeK∑º¥ X¥uB¢ Ë√ ¸«dÆ Ë√ d±√ qØ - 3
tL¥bI¢ wG∂M¥ )‹UºKπ∞« l≠¸ Ÿu{u± ¡UM∏∑ßU°( »«uM∞« fKπ±Ë
‰UM¥ Ê√ Vπ¥ ,Ϋc≠U≤ `∂B¥ Ê√ q∂ÆË .…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« fOzd∞
w∏K£ q∂Æ s± Á¸«dÆ≈ …œU´≈ sOF∑¢ ,tOK´ o≠«u¥ r∞ «–≈ Ë√ ,t∑I≠«u±
…œb∫L∞« œuOI∞«Ë b´«uIK∞ ÎUI≠Ë »«uM∞«Ë ŒuOA∞« fKπ± ¡UC´√
.Êu≤UI∞« ŸËdA± W∞U• w≠
WM±U∏∞« …dIH∞«
”dG≤uJK∞ W•uMLL∞« ‹UDKº∞«
:WDKß ”dG≤uJK∞ ÊuJ¢
UN∑¥U∂§Ë ”uJL∞«Ë bz«uF∞«Ë Âußd∞«Ë Vz«dC∞« ÷d≠ - 1
ÂUF∞« dOª∞«Ë ,„d∑AL∞« ŸU≠b∞« q∂ß dO≠u¢Ë ,Êu¥b∞« l≠b∞
bz«uF∞«Ë Âußd∞« lOL§ ÊuJ¢ Ê√ Vπ¥ UL≤≈ ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞
.…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ¡U∫≤√ lOL§ w≠ …b•u± ”uJL∞«Ë
.…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« »Uº∫∞ ‰«u±_« W≤«b∑ß« - 2
,‹U¥ôu∞« nK∑ª± sO°Ë ,WO∂M§_« ‰Ëb∞« l± …¸Uπ∑∞« rOEM¢ - 3
.œuMN∞« qzU∂Æ l±Ë
ÊQA° …b•u± sO≤«uÆË ,fMπ∑K∞ b•u± ÂUE≤ l{Ë - 4
.…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ¡U∫≤√ lOL§ w≠ ‹Ußö≠ù« Ÿu{u±
‹öLF∞« WLOÆË UN∑LOÆ rOEM¢Ë ,WKLF∞« l∂©Ë pß - 5
.fO¥UIL∞«Ë s¥“«uL∞« dO¥UF± b¥b∫¢Ë ,WO∂M§_«
56
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To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the
Securities and current Coin of the United States;
To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts,
by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the
exclusive Right to their respective Writings and
Discoveries;
To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
To define and punish Piracies and Felonies commit-
ted on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of
Nations;
To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal,
and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of
Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two
Years;
To provide and maintain a Navy;
To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of
the land and naval Forces;
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the
Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel
Invasions;
59
‹U¥ôu∞« ‹«bMß d¥Ëe¢ vK´ W∂ÆUFLK∞ ÂUJ•√ l{Ë - 6
.UN∑KL´Ë WO∞UL∞« …b∫∑L∞«
.b¥d∂K∞ ‚d©Ë V¢UJ± ¡UA≤≈ - 7
œbL∞ kH∫¥ ÊQ° …bOHL∞« ÊuMH∞«Ë ÂuKF∞« ÂbI¢ e¥eF¢ - 8
rN¢U°U∑Ø w≠ oKDL∞« o∫∞« sO´d∑ªL∞«Ë sOH∞RLK∞ …œb∫±
.rN¢U≠UA∑Ø«Ë
.UOKF∞« WLJ∫L∞« s± W§¸œ v≤œ√ rØU∫± ¡UA≤≈ - 9
w≠ VJ¢d¢ w∑∞« ‹U¥UMπ∞«Ë ,WMÅdI∞« ‰UL´√ n¥dF¢ - 10
,w∞Ëb∞« Êu≤UI∞« b{ WN§uL∞« rz«dπ∞«Ë ,d∫∂∞« ÷d´
.UNOK´ W∂ÆUFL∞«Ë
vK´ ¡öO∑ßô«Ë ¡«b∑´ô« œd° i¥uH∑∞«Ë ,»d∫∞« Êö´≈ - 11
rzUM¨ vK´ ¡öO∑ßôU° oKF∑¢ b´«uÆ l{ËË ,lzUC∂∞«Ë sHº∞«
.d∫∂∞«Ë d∂∞« w≠
‹«œUL∑´ô« sJ∞Ë ,UN¢UIH≤ sO±Q¢Ë ‘uOπ∞« ¡UA≤≈ - 12
vK´ b¥e¢ …d∑H∞ ÊuJ¢ ô√ Vπ¥ ÷dG∞« p∞c∞ WBBªL∞« WO∞UL∞«
.sO∑Mß
.UN° qHJ∑∞«Ë W¥d∫° …uÆ s¥uJ¢ - 13
.W¥d∫∂∞«Ë W¥d∂∞« ‹«uI∞« rOEM¢Ë …¸«œù b´«uÆ l{Ë - 14
,œU∫¢ô« sO≤«uÆ cOHM¢ v∞≈ UOAOKL∞« …u´b∞ ÂUJ•√ l{Ë - 15
.ËeG∞« bÅË œdL∑∞« lLÆË
58
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 60
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining,
the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be
employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to
the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers,
and the Authority of training the Militia according to the
discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases what-
soever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles
square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the
Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the
Government of the United States, and to exercise like
Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the
Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the
Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards and
other needful Buildings;—And
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and prop-
er for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and
all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the
Government of the United States, or in any Department or
Officer thereof.
61
…¸«œ≈Ë ,UOAOKL∞« V¥¸b¢Ë `OKº¢Ë rOEM∑∞ ÂUJ•√ l{Ë - 16
,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« W±bî w≠ WK±U´ ÊuJ¢ bÆ w∑∞« UN±UºÆ√
WDKßË ,◊U∂C∞« sOOF¢ o∫° ,Áb• vK´ qØ ,‹U¥ôuK∞ ÎUEH∑∫±
.”dG≤uJ∞« tFC¥ Íc∞« ÂUEMK∞ ÎUI≠Ë UOAOKL∞« V¥¸b¢
w≠ X≤UØ U¥√ U¥UCI∞« lOL§ w≠ l¥dA∑∞« o∫° ¸U∏µ∑ßô« - 17
,`∂B¢ bÆ )WF°d± ‰UO±√ …dA´ vK´ UN∑•Uº± b¥e¢ ô( WF©UI±
ΫdI± ,”dG≤uJ∞« WI≠«u±Ë UNM´ WMOF± ‹U¥ôË ‰“UM¢ qFH°
lOL§ vK´ WK£UL± WDKß W߸UL±Ë ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« W±uJ∫∞
WMzUJ∞« W¥ôuK∞ WOF¥dA∑∞« WµON∞« WI≠«uL° Èd∑AÔ¢ w∑∞« sØU±_«
÷«u•√Ë ‹U≤Ußd¢Ë …dOî– Ê“Uª±Ë ÊuB• W±UÆ≈ ÷dG∞ ,UNO≠
.W±“ô Èdî√ ÊU∂±Ë sHß
wJ∞ W∂ßUM±Ë W¥¸Ëd{ ÊuJ¢ w∑∞« sO≤«uI∞« lOL§ sß - 18
ÔlOL§Ë dØc∞« ÔWI°Uº∞« Ô‹UDKº∞« cOHM∑∞« Ól{u± Ól{uÔ¢
‹U¥ôu∞« W±uJ∫° ¸u∑ßb∞« «c≥ UNDOM¥ w∑∞« Èdî_« ‹UDKº∞«
.UN∞ l°U¢ n™u± Ë√ ,…¸«œ≈ W¥Q° Ë√ …b∫∑L∞«
60
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Section. 9. The Migration or Importation of such
Persons as any of the States now existing shall think prop-
er to admit, shall not be prohibited by the Congress prior
to the Year one thousand eight hundred and eight, but a
Tax or duty may be imposed on such Importation, not
exceeding ten dollars for each Person.
The Privilege of the Writ of Habeas Corpus shall not
be suspended, unless when in Cases of Rebellion or
Invasion the public Safety may require it.
No Bill of Attainder or ex post facto Law shall be
passed.
No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid,
unless in Proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein
before directed to be taken.5
No Tax or Duty shall be laid on Articles exported
from any State.
No Preference shall be given by any Regulation of
Commerce or Revenue to the Ports of one State over those
of another: nor shall Vessels bound to, or from, one State,
be obliged to enter, clear, or pay Duties in another.
See the Sixteenth Amendment.
5
63
WFßU∑∞« …dIH∞«
‹U¥ôu∞« vK´ …¸uE∫L∞« ‹UDKº∞«
Í√ bI∑F¢ s¥c∞« ,’Uª®_« pµ∞Ë√ «bI∑ß« Ë√ …dπ≥ Ê≈ - 1
“uπ¥ ô ,rN∞uîœ VßUML∞« s± Ê√ UO∞U• …œu§uL∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« s±
sJ∞Ë ,WO≤UL£Ë tzUL≤UL£Ë n∞√ ÂU´ q∂Æ UL≥dE∫¥ Ê√ ”dG≤uJK∞
ô «bI∑ßô« «c≥ q∏± vK´ ,r߸ Ë√ ,W∂¥d{ ÷d≠ sJL¥
.hª® qØ s´ ‹«¸ôËœ …dA´ ULNM± Í√ “ËUπ∑¥
“uπ¥ ô ¡UCI∞« ÂU±√ ¸UC∫∑ß« d±√ ¸«bB∑ß« “UO∑±« Ê≈ - 2
‹ôU• w≠ p∞– W±UF∞« W±öº∞« w´b∑º¢ U±bM´ ô≈ oKF¥ Ê√
.ËeG∞« Ë√ ÊUOBF∞«
«b´ùU° »UIF∞«Ë W≤«œùU° wCI¥ Êu≤UÆ ¸«bÅ≈ “uπ¥ ô - 3
¸«bÅ≈ “uπ¥ ô ULØ ,WLØU∫± ÊËœ ‚uI∫∞« W≠UØ s± b¥dπ∑∞« Ë√
.wF§¸ ‰uFH± Í– wz«e§ Êu≤UÆ
…d®U∂± Vz«d{ W¥√ Ë√ œ«d≠√( Vz«d{ ÷d≠ “uπ¥ ô - 4
o∂ß Íc∞« œ«bF∑∞« Ë√ ¡UB•ù« l± W∂ßUM∑± sJ¢ r∞ U± ,)Èdî√
.tz«d§≈ »u§Ë vK´ hM∞«
W¥√ U≥¸bB¢ lKß vK´ Âu߸ Ë√ Vz«d{ ÷d≠ “uπ¥ ô - 5
.W¥ôË
WÅUî Èdî√ Ë√ W¥¸Uπ¢ WLE≤√ W¥√ WOKC≠√ `M± “uπ¥ ô - 6
“uπ¥ ô ULØ ,Èdî√ W¥ôË T≤«u± vK´ U± W¥ôË T≤«uL∞ ‹«bzUF∞U°
‰uîœ vK´ ;UNM± W±œUI∞« Ë√ U± v∞≈ WN§u∑L∞« sHº∞« ¸U∂§≈
.UNO≠ Âu߸ l≠œ Ë√ UN∑∞uL• m¥dH¢ Ë√ Èdî√ W¥ôË
.dA´ ”œUº∞« q¥bF∑∞« dE≤« 5
62
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No Money shall be drawn from the Treasury, but in
Consequence of Appropriations made by Law; and a regu-
lar Statement and Account of the Receipts and
Expenditures of all public Money shall be published from
time to time.
No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United
States: And no Person holding any Office of Profit or Trust
under them, shall, without the Consent of the Congress,
accept of any present, Emolument, Office, or Title, of any
kind whatever, from any King, Prince, or foreign State.
Section. 10. No State shall enter into any Treaty,
Alliance, or Confederation; grant Letters of Marque and
Reprisal; coin Money; emit Bills of Credit; make any Thing
but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts;
pass any Bill of Attainder, ex post facto Law, or Law
impairing the Obligation of Contracts, or grant any Title of
Nobility.
65
‹«œUL∑´ô ÎUF∂¢ ô≈ WM¥eª∞« s± ‰«u±√ V∫º¢ Ê√ “uπ¥ ô - 7
‹«œ«d¥S° W¥¸Ëœ ‹U≤UO° ,dîü sO• s± dAM¢Ë ,Êu≤UI∞« U≥œb∫¥
.UN°Uº∫°Ë W±UF∞« ‰«u±_« lOL§ ‹UIH≤Ë
ôË .·dA∞« »UI∞√ s± VI∞ Í√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« `ML¢ ô - 8
WI£ wC∑I¥ Ë√ U∫°¸ ¸b¥ U∂BM± UN¥b∞ qGA¥ hª® Í_ “uπ¥
Ë√ VBM± Ë√ d§√ Ë√ W¥b≥ W¥√ ,”dG≤uJ∞« WI≠«u± ÊËœ q∂I¥ Ê√
.WO∂M§√ W∞Ëœ Ë√ dO±√ Ë√ pK± Í√ s± ,ÊUØ Ÿu≤ Í√ s± VI∞
…d®UF∞« …dIH∞«
:‹U¥ôu∞« vK´ …¸uE∫L∞« ‹UDKº∞«
w≠ qîb¢ Ê√ Ë√ ,…b≥UF± W¥√ bIF¢ Ê√ W¥ôË W¥_ “uπ¥ ô - 1
vK´ ¡öO∑ßô«Ë ¡«b∑´ô« œd° ÷uHÔ¢ Ë√ ,œU∫¢« Ë√ nK• Í√
Ë√ ,WO±uJ• ‹«bMß ¸bB¢ Ë√ WKL´ pº¢ Ë√ lzUC∂∞«Ë sHº∞«
¡U≠u∞ WKOßË WOCH∞«Ë WO∂≥c∞« WKLF∞« ·öî T® Í√ bL∑F¢
Í√ Ë√ ,wF§¸ ‰uFH± Í– wz«e§ Êu≤UÆ Í√ ¸bB¢ Ë√ ,Êu¥b∞«
s± VI∞ Í√ `ML¢ Ë√ ,œuIF∞« ‹U±«e∑∞« …uÆ s± hIM¥ Êu≤UÆ
.·dA∞« »UI∞√
64
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 66
No State shall, without the Consent of the Congress,
lay any Imposts or Duties on Imports or Exports, except
what may be absolutely necessary for executing its inspec-
tion Laws: and the net Produce of all Duties and Imposts,
laid by any State on Imports or Exports, shall be for the Use
of the Treasury of the United States; and all such Laws
shall be subject to the Revision and Controul of the
Congress.
No State shall, without the Consent of Congress, lay
any Duty of Tonnage, keep Troops, or Ships of War in time
of Peace, enter into any Agreement or Compact with
another State, or with a foreign Power, or engage in War,
unless actually invaded, or in such imminent Danger as
will not admit of delay.
Article. II.
Section. 1. The executive Power shall be vested in a
President of the United States of America. He shall hold
his Office during the Term of four Years, and, together with
the Vice President, chosen for the same Term, be elected,
as follows
67
W¥√ ÷dH¢ Ê√ ,”dG≤uJ∞« WI≠«u± ÊËœ ,W¥ôË W¥_ “uπ¥ ô - 2
UNM± ÊUØ U± ô≈ ‹«¸œUB∞« Ë√ ‹«œ¸«u∞« vK´ bz«u´ Ë√ Âu߸
WÅUª∞« UNMO≤«uÆ cOHM∑° UN±UOI∞ ÈuBÆ …¸Ëd{ U¥¸Ëd{
w∑∞« bz«uF∞«Ë Âußd∞« lOL§ ‹«œ«d¥≈ w≠UÅ ÊuJ¥Ë .gO∑H∑∞U°
W≤«eî WFHML∞ ‹«¸œUB∞« Ë√ ‹«œ¸«u∞« vK´ W¥ôË W¥√ UN{dH¢
WF{Uî ÊuJ¢ sO≤«uI∞« Ác≥ ‰U∏±√ lOL§Ë .…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
.”dG≤uJ∞« ·«d®≈Ë WF§«dL∞
W¥√ ÷dH¢ Ê√ ,”dG≤uJ∞« WI≠«u± ÊËœ ,W¥ôË W¥_ “uπ¥ ô - 3
sHß Ë√ W¥dJº´ ‹«uI° kH∑∫¢ Ë√ ,sHº∞« W∞uL• vK´ Âu߸
W¥ôË l± ‚U∏O± Ë√ ‚UH¢« Í√ bIF¢ Ë√ ,rKº∞« XÆË w≠ WO°d•
,ÎöF≠ X¥eÔ¨ «–≈ ô≈ »d• w≠ p∂∑A¢ Ë√ ,WO∂M§√ W∞Ëœ Ë√ Èdî√
.dOîQ∑∞U° `Lº¥ ô r≥«œ dDî „UM≥ ÊUØ «–≈ Ë√
WO≤U∏∞« …œUL∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
ÍcOHM∑∞« ŸdH∞«
…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« fOzd° W¥cOHM∑∞« WDKº∞« ◊UMÔ¢ - 1
r∑¥Ë ,‹«uMß l°¸√ …b± t∂BM± fOzd∞« qGA¥Ë WOØdO±_«
u∫M∞« vK´ ,…bL∞« fHM∞ ¸U∑ª¥ Íc∞« ,fOzd∞« VzU≤ l± t°Uª∑≤«
:w∞U∑∞«
66
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 68
Each State shall appoint, in such Manner as the
Legislature thereof may direct, a Number of Electors,
equal to the whole Number of Senators and
Representatives to which the State may be entitled in the
Congress: but no Senator or Representative, or Person
holding an Office of Trust or Profit under the United States,
shall be appointed an Elector.
[The Electors shall meet in their respective States,
and vote by Ballot for two Persons, of whom one at least
shall not be an Inhabitant of the same State with them-
selves. And they shall make a List of all the Persons voted
for, and of the Number of Votes for each; which List they
shall sign and certify, and transmit sealed to the Seat of the
Government of the United States, directed to the President
of the Senate. The President of the Senate shall, in the
Presence of the Senate and House of Representatives,
open all the Certificates, and the Votes shall then be
counted. The Person having the greatest Number of Votes
shall be the President, if such Number be a Majority of the
whole Number of Electors appointed; and if there be more
than one who have such Majority, and have an equal
Number of Votes, then the House of Representatives shall
immediately chuse by Ballot one of them for President;
and if no Person have a Majority, then from the five high-
est on the List the said House shall in like Manner chuse
69
,WOF¥dA∑∞« UN∑µO≥ U≥œb∫¢ w∑∞« WOHOJ∞U° ,W¥ôË qØ sOF¢ - 2
s¥c∞« »«uM∞«Ë ŒuOA∞« œb´ ŸuLπL∞ ÎU¥ËUº± sO∂îUM∞« s± Ϋœb´
uC´ Í_ “uπ¥ ô tMJ∞Ë .”dG≤uJ∞« w≠ U≥uK∏L¥ Ê√ W¥ôuK∞ o∫¥
qGA¥ hª® Í_ Ë√ ,»«uM∞« fKπ± w≠ Ë√ ŒuOA∞« fKπ± w≠
sOF¥ Ê√ ,ÎU∫°¸ ¸b¥ Ë√ WI£ wC∑I¥ ÎU∂BM± …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« Èb∞
.U∂îU≤
Ÿ«d∑ÆôU° Êu¢uB¥Ë t∑¥ôË w≠ rNM± qØ Êu∂îUM∞« lL∑π¥( - 3
ÊUJß dO¨ s± qÆ_« vK´ UL≥b•√ ÊuJ¥ ,sOBªA∞ Ídº∞«
s¥c∞« ’Uª®_« lOL§ ¡ULßQ° W∫zô ÊuFC¥Ë .UNºH≤ W¥ôu∞«
ÊuFÆu¥Ë ,rNM± qØ UN∞U≤ w∑∞« ‹«uÅ_« œbF°Ë ,rN∞ Ÿd∑Æ«
dI± v∞≈ W±u∑ª± UN≤uKO∫¥Ë UN∑∫Å vK´ ÊuÆœUB¥Ë W∫zö∞«
.ŒuOA∞« fKπ± fOz¸ v∞≈ WN§u± ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« W±uJ•
ŒuOA∞« wºKπ± ¡UC´√ ¸uC∫° ,ŒuOA∞« fKπ± fOz¸ ÂuI¥Ë
.‹«uÅ_« vB∫¢ r£ `z«uK∞« n¥¸UE± lOL§ iH° ,»«uM∞«Ë
,fOzd∞« u≥ `∂B¥ ‹«uÅ_« s± œb´ d∂Ø√ ‰UM¥ Íc∞« hªA∞«Ë
«–≈Ë .sOMOFL∞« sO∂îUM∞« œb´ ŸuLπ± W¥d∏Ø√ œbF∞« «c≥ ÊUØ «–≈
w∑∞« ‹«uÅ_« œb´ ÊUØË ,W¥d∏Ø_« Ác≥ q∏± hª® s± d∏Ø√ ‰U≤
o¥d© s´ Ϋ¸u≠ »«uM∞« fKπ± ÂuI¥ U≥bM´ ,U¥ËUº∑± U≥u∞U≤
Í√ qB∫¥ r∞ «–≈Ë .ÎUºOz¸ rNM± b•«Ë ¸UO∑îU° Ídº∞« Ÿ«d∑Æô«
WOHOJ∞U° ,»«uM∞« fKπ± ÂuI¥ U≥bM´ ,W¥d∏Ø√ vK´ hª®
s± œb´ d∂ØQ° s¥ezUH∞« WºLª∞« sO° s± fOzd∞« ¸UO∑îU° ,UNMO´
.W∫zö∞« w≠ ‹«uÅ_«
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the President. But in chusing the President, the Votes
shall be taken by States, the Representation from each
State having one Vote; A quorum for this Purpose shall
consist of a Member or Members from two thirds of the
States, and a Majority of all the States shall be necessary
to a Choice. In every Case, after the Choice of the
President, the Person having the greatest Number of Votes
of the Electors shall be the Vice President. But if there
should remain two or more who have equal Votes, the
Senate shall chuse from them by Ballot the Vice
President.]6
The Congress may determine the Time of chusing the
Electors, and the Day on which they shall give their Votes;
which Day shall be the same throughout the United States.
No Person except a natural born Citizen, or a Citizen
of the United States, at the time of the Adoption of this
Constitution, shall be eligible to the Office of President;
neither shall any person be eligible to that Office who shall
not have attained to the Age of thirty five Years, and been
fourteen Years a Resident within the United States.
6
Changed by the Twelfth Amendment.
71
”Uß√ vK´ ‹«uÅ_« Vº∫¢ ,fOzd∞« ¸UO∑î« bM´ sJ∞Ë
qJA∑¥Ë ,b•«Ë ‹uÅ W¥ôË qØ wK∏LL∞ ÊuJ¥ YO∫° ‹U¥ôu∞«
,‹U¥ôu∞« w∏K£ s± ¡UC´√ Ë√ uC´ s± ÷dG∞« «cN∞ »UBM∞«
qØ w≠Ë .¸UO∑îô« r∑O∞ W¥¸Ëd{ ‹U¥ôu∞« lOL§ W¥d∏Ø√ ÊuJ¢Ë
d∂Ø√ vK´ ezU∫∞« hªA∞« `∂B¥ ,fOzd∞« ¸UO∑î« bF° ,W∞U•
Ë√ ÊUBª® wI° «–≈Ë .fOzd∞« VzU≤ sO∂îUM∞« ‹«uÅ√ s± œb´
ŒuOA∞« fKπ± vK´ sOF¢ ,‹«uÅ_« s± ËUº∑± œb´ ULN¥b∞ d∏Ø√
VzU≤ Ídº∞« Ÿ«d∑ÆôU° rNMO° s± Ë√ ULNMO° s± ¸U∑ª¥ Ê√
.)fOzd∞«
ÂuO∞«Ë sO∂îUM∞« ¸UO∑î« b´u± œb∫¥ Ê√ ”dG≤uJK∞ “uπ¥ - 4
w≠ Ϋb•«Ë ÊuJ¥ Ê√ Vπ¥ Âu¥ u≥Ë ,rN¢«uÅQ° tO≠ Êu∞b¥ Íc∞«
.…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ¡U∫≤√ lOL§
s± ÊuJ¥ s± Ë√ …œôu∞U° s©«uL∞« Èuß hª® Í√ ÊuJ¥ ô - 5
Îö≥R± ¸u∑ßb∞« «c≥ ¸«dÆ≈ XÆË …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« wM©«u±
hª® Í√ VBML∞« p∞c∞ ö≥R± ÊuJ¥ ô ULØ ,fOzd∞« VBML∞
‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ ÎULOI± sJ¥ r∞Ë sO£ö∏∞«Ë Wº±Uª∞« sß mK∂¥ r∞
.ÎU±U´ dA´ WF°¸√ …b± …b∫∑L∞«
.dA´ w≤U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞« V§uL° ÁdOOG¢ r¢ 6
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[In Case of the Removal of the President from Office,
or of his Death, Resignation, or Inability to discharge the
Powers and Duties of the said Office, the Same shall
devolve on the Vice President, and the Congress may by
Law provide for the Case of Removal, Death, Resignation
or Inability, both of the President and Vice President,
declaring what Officer shall then act as President, and
such Officer shall act accordingly, until the Disability be
removed, or a President shall be elected.]7
The President shall, at stated Times, receive for his
Services, a Compensation, which shall neither be
increased nor diminished during the Period for which he
shall have been elected, and he shall not receive within
that Period any other Emolument from the United States,
or any of them.
Before he enter on the Execution of his Office, he
shall take the following Oath or Affirmation:— “I do
solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the
Office of President of the United States, and will to the best
of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the
Constitution of the United States.”
7
Changed by the Twenty-Fifth Amendment.
73
,t∑∞UI∑ß« Ë√ ,t¢U≠Ë Ë√ ,t∂BM± s± fOzd∞« ‰e´ ‰U• w≠ - 6
‰ËR¥ ,¸uØcL∞« VBML∞« ÂUN±Ë ‹UDKº° ÂUOI∞« s´ Áeπ´ Ë√
Êu≤UÆ œb∫¥ Ê√ ”dG≤uJK∞ sJL¥Ë ,fOzd∞« VzU≤ v∞≈ VBML∞«
VzU≤Ë fOzd∞« eπ´ Ë√ W∞UI∑ß« Ë√ …U≠Ë Ë√ ‰e´ ‹ôU• ÂUJ•√
p∞– bM´ v∞u∑¥ Íc∞« ‰ËRºL∞« u≥ s± UMKF± ULNOKØ fOzd∞«
WßUzd∞« ÂUNL° ÎULzUÆ ‰ËRºL∞« p∞– q∏± vI∂¥Ë .WßUzd∞« ÂUN±
.fOz¸ »Uª∑≤« r∑¥ Ë√ eπF∞« W∞U• ‰Ëe¢ Ê√ v∞≈
s´ ÎUC¥uF¢ ,…œb∫± bO´«u± w≠ ,fOzd∞« v{UI∑¥ - 7
ôË ,UN∞ Vª∑MÔ¥ w∑∞« …d∑H∞« ‰öî hIM¥ ôË œ«œe¥ ô t¢U±bî
s± Èdî√ ‹U∂¢d± W¥√ …d∑H∞« pK¢ ‰öî vIK∑¥ Ê√ t∞ “uπ¥
.UNM± W¥ôË W¥√ s± Ë√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
Ê√ t∂BM± ÂUN± cOHM¢ w≠ ŸdA¥ Ê√ q∂Æ fOzd∞« vK´ - 8
ÂUNL° ’öîS° ÂuÆQß wM≤Q° ÎU±“U§ rºÆ√" :w∞U∑∞« rºI∞« ÍœR¥
w≠ U± vBÆ√ ‰c°Qß wM≤Q°Ë …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« fOz¸ VBM±
".…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ¸u∑ßœ s´ l≠«œ√Ë wL•√Ë ÊuÅ_ wFßË
.s¥dAF∞«Ë f±Uª∞« q¥bF∑∞« V§uL° ÁdOOG¢ r¢ 7
72
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Section. 2. The President shall be Commander in
Chief of the Army and Navy of the United States, and of the
Militia of the several States, when called into the actual
Service of the United States; he may require the Opinion,
in writing, of the principal Officer in each of the executive
Departments, upon any Subject relating to the Duties of
their respective Offices, and he shall have Power to grant
Reprieves and Pardons for Offenses against the United
States, except in Cases of Impeachment.
He shall have Power, by and with the Advice and
Consent of the Senate, to make Treaties, provided two
thirds of the Senators present concur; and he shall nomi-
nate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the
Senate, shall appoint Ambassadors, other public Ministers
and Consuls, Judges of the supreme Court, and all other
Officers of the United States, whose Appointments are not
herein otherwise provided for, and which shall be estab-
lished by Law: but the Congress may by Law vest the
Appointment of such inferior Officers, as they think prop-
er, in the President alone, in the Courts of Law, or in the
Heads of Departments.
75
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
‹U¥ôu∞« W¥d∫°Ë gOπ∞ vK´√ ΫbzUÆ fOzd∞« ÊuJ¥ - 1
v∞≈ v´b¢ U±bM´ ‹U¥ôu∞« nK∑ª± ‹UOAOKL∞Ë ,…b∫∑L∞«
Í√d∞« VKD¥ Ê√ t∞Ë .…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« Èb∞ WOKFH∞« W±bª∞«
‰u• W¥cOHM∑∞« ‹«¸«“u∞« s± qØ w≠ wºOzd∞« n™uLK∞ wDª∞«
WDKß t∞ ÊuJ¢ ULØ ,rNM± qØ …¸«“Ë ÂUNL° oKF∑¥ Ÿu{u± Í√
b{ VJ¢d¢ rz«d§ s´ uHF∞« `M±Ë ,ÂUJ•_« cOHM¢ ¡U§¸≈
.w°UOM∞« ÂUN¢ô« ‹ôU• w≠ «b´ U± ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
bIF∞ ,t∑I≠«u±Ë ŒuOA∞« fKπ± …¸uAL° ,WDKº∞« t∞ ÊuJ¢ - 2
fKπL∞« ¡UC´√ œb´ U∏K£ UNOK´ o≠«u¥ Ê√ ◊d® ,‹«b≥UF±
ŒuOA∞« fKπ± …¸uAL°Ë ,`®d¥ Ê√ t∞ ULØ ,s¥d{U∫∞«
qÅUMÆË s¥dî¬ sO{uH± ¡«¸“ËË ¡«dHß sOF¥ Ê√ t∑I≠«u±Ë
…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« wH™u± dzUßË UOKF∞« WLJ∫LK∞ …UCÆË
r∑Oß w∑∞«Ë rN¢UMOOF¢ ÂUJ•√ vK´ UM≥ hM¥ ô s¥c∞« s¥dîü«
WDß«u° jOM¥ Ê√ ”dG≤uJK∞ sJL¥ tMJ∞Ë .Êu≤UI° UN£«b∫∑ß«
,W∂¢¸ v≤œ_« sOH™uL∞« ¡ôR≥ q∏± sOOF¢ ÍQ¢d¥ UL∂º• ,Êu≤UÆ
.‹«¸«“u∞U° Ë√ ,rØU∫L∞U° Ë√ ,Áb•Ë fOzd∞U°
74
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 76
The President shall have Power to fill up all
Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the
Senate, by granting Commissions which shall expire at the
End of their next Session.
Section. 3. He shall from time to time give to the
Congress Information of the State of the Union, and rec-
ommend to their Consideration such Measures as he shall
judge necessary and expedient; he may, on extraordinary
Occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them, and in
Case of Disagreement between them, with Respect to the
Time of Adjournment, he may adjourn them to such Time
as he shall think proper; he shall receive Ambassadors and
other public Ministers; he shall take Care that the Laws be
faithfully executed, and shall Commission all the Officers
of the United States.
Section. 4. The President, Vice President and all
civil Officers of the United States, shall be removed from
Office on Impeachment for, and Conviction of, Treason,
Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.
77
bÆ w∑∞« …d¨UA∞« VÅUML∞« lOL§ ¡q± WDKß fOzdK∞ - 3
`M± o¥d© s´ p∞–Ë ,ŒuOA∞« fKπ± WKD´ ¡UM£√ Àb∫¢
.fKπLK∞ WO∞U∑∞« …¸Ëb∞« W¥UNM° UNK§« wN∑M¥ ‹UC¥uH¢
W∏∞U∏∞« …dIH∞«
‰U• s´ ‹U±uKFL° dîü XÆË s± ”dG≤uJ∞« fOzd∞« œËe¥
w∑∞« ‹«¡«d§ô« pK∑° ‹UOÅu¢ Wß«¸bK∞ t∞ ÂbI¥Ë ,œU∫¢ô«
u´b¥ Ê√ WOzUM∏∑ß« ·Ëd™ w≠ t∞Ë .WLzö±Ë W¥¸Ëd{ UN≤√ bI∑F¥
ÀËb• ‰U• w≠Ë .œUIF≤ô« v∞≈ ,ULNM± U¥√ Ë√ ,sOºKπL∞« öØ
Ê√ tK≠ ,‹UºKπ∞« ¡U§¸≈ b´u± v∞≈ W∂ºM∞U° ULNMO° ·öî
q∂I∑º¥ Ê√ tOK´Ë .ÎULzö± Á«d¥ Íc∞« b´uL∞« v∞≈ UNµ§d¥
ÒÊ√ w´«d¥ ÚÊ√ tOK´ ULØ ,s¥dîü« sO{uHL∞« ¡«¸“u∞«Ë ¡«dHº∞«
wH™u± lOL§ tHOKJ∑° qLA¥ Ê√Ë ’öîS° sO≤«uI∞« cHM¢
.…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
WF°«d∞« …dIH∞«
‹U¥ôu∞« wH™u± lOL§Ë fOzd∞« VzU≤Ë fOzd∞« ‰eF¥
ÂUN¢« rN∞ t§Ë «–≈ rN∂ÅUM± s± sOO≤bL∞« sOOLßd∞« …b∫∑L∞«
,Èdî√ …dODî `M§ Ë√ rz«d§ W¥√ Ë√ …u®d∞« Ë√ W≤UOª∞U° w°UO≤
.rN∑∞« «c≥ q∏L° «uM¥œ√Ë
76
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 78
Article. III.
Section. 1. The judicial Power of the United States,
shall be vested in one supreme Court, and in such inferi-
or Courts as the Congress may from time to time ordain
and establish. The Judges, both of the supreme and infe-
rior Courts, shall hold their Offices during good
Behaviour, and shall, at stated Times, receive for their
Services, a Compensation, which shall not be diminished
during their Continuance in Office.
Section. 2. The judicial Power shall extend to all
Cases, in Law and Equity, arising under this Constitution,
the Laws of the United States, and Treaties made, or
which shall be made, under their Authority;—to all Cases
affecting Ambassadors, other public Ministers and
Consuls;—to all Cases of admiralty and maritime
Jurisdiction;—to Controversies to which the United States
shall be a Party;—to Controversies between two or more
States;—[between a State and Citizens of another State;—
]8 between Citizens of different States,—between Citizens
of the same State claiming Lands under Grants of differ-
ent States, [and between a State, or the Citizens thereof,
and foreign States, Citizens or Subjects.]9
Changed by the Eleventh Amendment.
8
Changed by the Eleventh Amendment.
9
79
W∏∞U∏∞« …œUL∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
wzUCI∞« ŸdH∞«
UOK´ WLJ∫L° …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ WOzUCI∞« WDKº∞« ◊UM¢
tµAM¥ UL°Ë ”dG≤uJ∞« wµ¢d¥ ULØ W§¸œ v≤œ√ rØU∫L°Ë …b•«Ë
W§¸œ v≤œ_« WLJ∫L∞« s± qØ …UCÆ vI∂¥Ë .dîü sO• s±
w≠ ,Êu{UI∑¥Ë ,„uKº∞« wMº• «u±«œ U± rN∂ÅUM± sOK¨U®
¡UM£√ UNÅUI≤≈ “uπ¥ ô ‹UC¥uF¢ ,rN¢U±bî ¡UI∞ ,…œb∫± ‹UÆË√
.rN∂ÅUM± w≠ r≥¸«dL∑ß«
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
Êu≤UI∞U° WIKF∑L∞« U¥UCI∞« lOL§ WOzUCI∞« WDKº∞« qLA¢ - 1
‹U¥ôu∞« sO≤«uÆË ¸u∑ßb∞« «c≥ ÂUJ•√ q™ w≠ QAM¢ w∑∞« ‰bF∞«Ë
V§uL° bIF∑ß w∑∞« Ë√ …œuIFL∞« ‹«b≥UFL∞«Ë …b∫∑L∞«
¡«dHº∞« ‰ËUM∑¢ w∑∞« U¥UCI∞« lOL§ qLA¢ ULØ .UN∑DKß
WKî«b∞« U¥UCI∞« lOL§Ë qÅUMI∞«Ë s¥dîü« sO{uHL∞« ¡«¸“u∞«Ë
‹U´“UML∞«Ë W¥d∫∂∞« W•öL∞«Ë W¥d∫∂∞« Õöß ’UB∑î« w≠
Èb•≈ sO°Ë( ,‹U¥ôu∞« s± d∏Ø√ Ë√ sO∑M£« sO° QAM¢ w∑∞«
WHK∑ª± ‹U¥ôË wM©«u± sO°Ë ,)Èdî√ W¥ôË wM©«u±Ë ‹U¥ôu∞«
V§uL° ÷«¸√ WOJK± Êu´b¥ sL± W¥ôu∞« fH≤ wM©«u± sO°Ë
Ë√ WO∂M§√ ‰ËœË UNOM©«u± Ë√ W¥ôË sO°Ë ,WHK∑ª± ‹U¥ôË s± `M±
.)V≤U§√ U¥U´¸
.dA´ ÍœU∫∞« q¥bF∑∞« V§uL° ÁdOOG¢ r¢ 8
.dA´ ÍœU∫∞« q¥bF∑∞« V§uL° ÁdOOG¢ r¢ 9
78
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 80
In all Cases affecting Ambassadors, other public
Ministers and Consuls, and those in which a State shall be
Party, the supreme Court shall have original Jurisdiction.
In all the other Cases before mentioned, the supreme Court
shall have appellate Jurisdiction, both as to Law and Fact,
with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the
Congress shall make.
The Trial of all Crimes, except in Cases of
Impeachment; shall be by Jury; and such Trial shall be
held in the State where the said Crimes shall have been
committed; but when not committed within any State, the
Trial shall be at such Place or Places as the Congress may
by Law have directed.
Section. 3. Treason against the United States, shall
consist only in levying War against them, or in adhering to
their Enemies, giving them Aid and Comfort. No Person
shall be convicted of Treason unless on the Testimony of
two Witnesses to the same overt Act, or on Confession in
open Court.
81
lOL§ w≠ ÎUßUß√ dEM∞« WO•öÅ UOKF∞« WLJ∫LK∞ ÊuJ¢ - 2
s¥dîü« sO{uHL∞« ¡«¸“u∞«Ë ¡«dHº∞« ‰ËUM∑¢ w∑∞« U¥UCI∞«
,ÎUH≤¬ …¸uØcL∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« Èb•≈ UNO≠ ÊuJ¢ w∑∞« pK¢Ë ,qÅUMI∞«Ë
w∑O•U≤ s± ,ÎU≠UMµ∑ß« UNO≠ dEM∞« WO•öÅ UOKF∞« WLJ∫LK∞ ÊuJ¢
UNFC¥ w∑∞« WLE≤_«Ë ‹«¡UM∏∑ßô« …U´«d± l± ,Êu≤UI∞«Ë lzUÆu∞«
.”dG≤uJ∞«
ÂUN¢ô« U¥UCÆ «b´ U± ,rz«dπ∞« lOL§ w≠ ‹ULØU∫L∞« r∑¢ - 3
w≠ ‹ULØU∫L∞« Ác≥ q∏± Ídπ¢Ë .sOHK∫± WµO≥ ÂU±√ ,w°UOM∞«
ô U±bM´ sJ∞Ë .X≠d∑Æ« bÆ rz«dπ∞« pK¢ ÊuJ¢ YO• W¥ôu∞«
w≠ WLØU∫L∞« Ídπ¢ ,W¥ôË W¥√ œËb• qî«œ rz«dπ∞« pK¢ ·d∑I¢
.Êu≤UI° ”dG≤uJ∞« U≥œb∫¥ w∑∞« sØU±_« Ë√ ÊUJL∞«
W∏∞U∏∞« …dIH∞«
sA° ô≈ ÊuJ¢ ô …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« o∫° W≤UOª∞« WL¥d§ - 1
ÊuF∞« r¥bI¢Ë UNz«b´√ v∞≈ ÂULC≤ôU° Ë√ ,UNOK´ »d•
v∞≈ ΫœUM∑ß« ô≈ W≤UOª∞« WLN∑° b•√ Ê«b¥ ôË .rN∞ …b´UºL∞«Ë
,WOM∞« `{«u∞« qLF∞« fH≤ ŸuÆË vK´ Ê«bNA¥ s¥b≥U® …œUN®
.WOMK´ WLJ∫± w≠ ·«d∑´« v∞≈ ΫœUM∑ß« Ë√
80
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 82
The Congress shall have Power to declare the
Punishment of Treason, but no Attainder of Treason shall
work Corruption of Blood, or Forfeiture except during the
Life of the Person attainted.
Article. IV.
Section. 1. Full Faith and Credit shall be given in
each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicial
Proceedings of every other State; And the Congress may by
general Laws prescribe the Manner in which such Acts,
Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effect
thereof.
Section. 2. The Citizens of each State shall be enti-
tled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the sev-
eral States.
A Person charged in any State with Treason, Felony,
or other Crime, who shall flee from Justice, and be found
in another State, shall on Demand of the executive
Authority of the State from which he fled, be delivered up,
to be removed to the State having Jurisdiction of the Crime.
83
ô sJ∞Ë .W≤UOª∞« WL¥d§ W°uI´ b¥b∫¢ WDKß ”dG≤uJK∞ - 2
s± Áb¥dπ¢ Ë√ rN∑L∞« »¸UÆ√ Ë√ qº≤ s± ’UB∑Æô« “uπ¥
.t¢UO• ¡UM£√ ô≈ t¢UJK∑L±Ë t∞«u±√ …¸œUB± Ë√ WO≤bL∞« tÆuI•
WF°«d∞« …œUL∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
iF∂° UNCF° ‹U¥ôu∞« WÆö´
qØ sO≤«uI° ÎUBKª±Ë Îö±UØ Î«œ«b∑´« b∑F¢Ë W¥ôË qØ Âd∑∫¢
“uπ¥Ë WOzUCI∞« UN¢«¡«d§≈Ë WOLßd∞« UN¢öπßË Èdî√ W¥ôË
UNO≠ r∑¥ w∑∞« WOHOJ∞« b´«uÆ W±U´ sO≤«uI° œb∫¥ Ê√ ”dG≤uJK∞
.p∞– ZzU∑≤Ë ‹«¡«d§ù«Ë ‹öπº∞«Ë sO≤«uI∞« Ác≥ q∏± ‹U∂£≈
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
‹«“UO∑±ô« lOLπ° l∑L∑∞« o• W¥ôË qØ wM©«uL∞ - 1
.‹U¥ôu∞« nK∑ª± w≠ ÊuM©«uL∞« UN° l∑L∑¥ w∑∞« ‹U≤UB∫∞«Ë
W¥UM§ »UJ¢¸U° Ë√ W≤UOª∞U° W¥ôË W¥√ w≠ rN∑L∞« hªA∞« - 2
w≠ tOK´ d∏F¥Ë ,W∞«bF∞« t§Ë s± dH¥ Íc∞« ,Èdî√ WL¥d§ W¥√ Ë√
W¥ôuK∞ W¥cOHM∑∞« WDKº∞« VK© vK´ ¡UM° ,rKº¥ ,Èdî√ W¥ôË
dEM∞« WO•öÅ UN∞ w∑∞« W¥ôu∞« v∞≈ qIMO∞ ,UNM± d≠ w∑∞«
.t∑L¥d§ w≠
82
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[No Person held to Service or Labour in one State,
under the Laws thereof, escaping into another, shall, in
Consequence of any Law or Regulation therein, be dis-
charged from such Service or Labour, but shall be deliv-
ered up on Claim of the Party to whom such Service or
Labour may be due.]10
Section. 3. New States may be admitted by the
Congress into this Union; but no new State shall be formed
or erected within the Jurisdiction of any other State; nor
any State be formed by the Junction of two or more States,
or Parts of States, without the Consent of the Legislatures
of the States concerned as well as of the Congress.
The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and
make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the
Territory or other Property belonging to the United States;
and nothing in this Constitution shall be so construed as
to Prejudice any Claims of the United States, or of any
particular State.
Section. 4. The United States shall guarantee to
every State in this Union a Republican Form of
Government, and shall protect each of them against
Invasion; and on Application of the Legislature, or of the
Executive (when the Legislature cannot be convened)
against domestic Violence.
Changed by the Thirteenth Amendment.
10
85
‹U¥ôu∞« Èb•≈ w≠ qLF∞« Ë√ W±bª∞U° ÂeK± hª® Í√( - 3
s± vHF¥ Ê√ “uπ¥ ô ,Èdî√ W¥ôË v∞≈ dH¥Ë ,UNMO≤«uI∞ ÎUI∂©
¡«d§≈ Ë√ Êu≤UÆ Í√ V§uL° qLF∞« p∞– Ë√ W±bª∞« pK¢ q∏± W¥œQ¢
ÍœR¢ w∑∞« WNπ∞« VK© bM´ tLOKº¢ V§u∑¥ q° ,W¥ôu∞« Ác≥ Èb∞
).UN∑∫KBL∞ ‰UG®_«Ë ‹U±bª∞« Ác≥
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
‹U¥ôu∞U° WO∞«¸bH∞« W±uJ∫∞« WÆö´
.œU∫¢ô« v∞≈ …b¥b§ ‹U¥ôË qîbÔ¥ Ê√ ”dG≤uJK∞ sJL¥ - 1
W¥√ œËb• qî«œ …b¥b§ W¥ôË W¥√ W±UÆ≈ Ë√ ¡UA≤≈ “uπ¥ ô sJ∞Ë
ÃU±b≤« o¥d© s´ W¥ôË W¥√ ¡UA≤≈ “uπ¥ ô ULØ ,Èdî√ W¥ôË
WOF¥dA∑∞« ‹UµON∞« WI≠«u± ÊËœ ‹U¥ôË ¡«e§√ Ë√ d∏Ø√ Ë√ sO∑¥ôË
.”dG≤uJ∞« WI≠«u± s´ ÎöC≠ WOMFL∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞
b´«uI∞« lOL§ l{u° ·dB∑∞« WDKß ”dG≤uJK∞ ÊuJ¢ - 2
…bzU´ Èdî√ ‹UJK∑L± Ë√ ÷«¸Q° WÅUª∞« W±“ö∞« WLE≤_«Ë
u∫≤ vK´ ¸u∑ßb∞« «c≥ w≠ h≤ Í√ dºH¥ ôË .…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞
.WMOF± W¥ôË W¥_ Ë√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞ ‚uI• W¥Q° dC¥
WF°«d∞« …dIH∞«
W±uJ• œU∫¢ô« «c≥ w≠ W¥ôË qJ∞ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« sLC¢
,UNOL∫¢ ULØ ,ËeG∞« s± UNM± öØ wL∫¢Ë ͸uNL§ ÂUE≤ ‹«–
‰U• w≠( W¥cOHM∑∞« WDKº∞« Ë√ ,WOF¥dA∑∞« WµON∞« VK© vK´ ¡UM°
.WOKî«b∞« nMF∞« ‰UL´√ s± )WOF¥dA∑∞« WµON∞« œUIF≤« ¸cF¢
.dA´ Y∞U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞« V§uL° ÁdOOG¢ r¢ 10
84
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Article. V.
The Congress, whenever two thirds of both Houses
shall deem it necessary, shall propose Amendments to this
Constitution, or, on the Application of the Legislatures of
two thirds of the several States, shall call a Convention for
proposing Amendments, which, in either Case, shall be
valid to all Intents and Purposes, as Part of this
Constitution, when ratified by the Legislatures of three
fourths of the several States, or by Conventions in three
fourths thereof, as the one or the other Mode of Ratification
may be proposed by the Congress; Provided that no
Amendment which may be made prior to the Year One
thousand eight hundred and eight shall in any Manner
affect the first and fourth Clauses in the Ninth Section of
the first Article; and that no State, without its Consent,
shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate.
87
Wº±Uª∞« …œUL∞«
¸u∑ßb∞« q¥bF¢
…¸Ëd{ sOºKπL∞« ¡UC´√ w∏K£ È√¸ ULKØ ,”dG≤uJ∞« Õd∑I¥
‹UµON∞« VK© vK´ ¡UM° ,u´b¥ Ë√ ,¸u∑ßb∞« «cN∞ ‹ö¥bF¢ ,p∞c∞
Õ«d∑Æô dL¢R± bI´ v∞≈ ,‹U¥ôu∞« nK∑ª± w∏K∏∞ WOF¥dA∑∞«
lOL§ YO• s± WO≤u≤UÆ sO∑∞U∫∞« U∑KØ w≠ `∂B¢ ,‹ö¥bF¢
‚œUB¢ U±bM´ ,¸u∑ßb∞« «c≥ s± ¡eπØ ,‹U¥UG∞«Ë bÅUIL∞«
Ë√ ,‹U¥ôu∞« nK∑ª± ŸU°¸√ W£ö∏∞ WOF¥dA∑∞« ‹UµON∞« UNOK´
w≠ bIF¢ ‹«dL¢R± Ë√ ,‹U¥ôu∞« ŸU°¸√ W£ö£ w≠ bIF¢ ‹«dL¢R±
UN•d∑I¥ w∑∞« WÆœUBL∞« WKOßË X≤UØ U¥√ ‹U¥ôu∞« ŸU°¸√ W£ö£
dI¥Ë r∑¥ q¥bF¢ Í√ d£R¥ ô√( ◊d® ,sO¢U≥ sO° s± ”dG≤uJ∞«
vK´ X≤UØ …¸uÅ W¥√ w≠ 1808 WO≤UL£Ë WµL≤UL£Ë n∞√ WMß q∂Æ
,v∞Ë_« …œUL∞« s± WFßU∑∞« …dIH∞« s± WF°«d∞«Ë v∞Ë_« sO¢¸U∂F∞«
‹«uÅ_« ÍËUº¢ o• s± ,U≥U{¸ ÊËœ ,W¥ôË W¥√ Âd∫¢ ô√ )Ë
.ŒuOA∞« fKπ± w≠
86
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 88

WßœUº∞« …œUL∞«
Article. VI.
WO±uI∞« Êu¥b∞«
q∂Æ UNOK´ oH∑L∞« ‹U©U∂¢¸ô«Ë …œuIFL∞« Êu¥b∞« lOL§ - 1
All Debts contracted and Engagements entered into,
ÎUI∂© …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ÂU±√ WO≤u≤UÆ ÊuJ¢ ¸u∑ßb∞« «c≥ ¸«dÆ≈
before the Adoption of this Constitution, shall be as valid
.œU∫¢ö∞ ÎUI∂© WO≤u≤UÆ w≥ ULØ ¸u∑ßb∞« «cN∞
against the United States under this Constitution, as under
WO±uI∞« W±uJ∫∞« uLß
the Confederation.
ÎUF∂¢ ¸bB¢ w∑∞« …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« sO≤«uÆË ,¸u∑ßb∞« «c≥ - 2
This Constitution, and the Laws of the United States
WDKß X∫¢ bIF¢ w∑∞« Ë√ …œuIFL∞« ‹«b≥UFL∞« lOL§Ë ,t∞
which shall be made in Pursuance thereof; and all
…UCI∞« ÊuJ¥Ë .œö∂K∞ vK´_« Êu≤UI∞« ÊuJ¢ ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
Treaties made, or which shall be made, under the
Ë√ ¸u∑ßœ w≠ h≤ ÍQ° b∑F¥ ôË ,t° sO±eK± ‹U¥ôu∞« lOL§ w≠
Authority of the United States, shall be the supreme Law
.p∞c∞ ÎUH∞Uª± ÊuJ¥ W¥ôË W¥√ sO≤«uÆ
of the Land; and the Judges in every State shall be bound
¡UC´√Ë ,ÎUH≤¬ rNO∞≈ ¸UAL∞« »«uM∞«Ë ŒuOA∞« ÊuJ¥ - 3
thereby, any Thing in the Constitution or Laws of any State
sOH™uL∞« lOL§Ë ,‹U¥ôu∞« nK∑ªL∞ WOF¥dA∑∞« f∞UπL∞«
to the Contrary notwithstanding.
nK∑ªL∞Ë …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞ sOF°U∑∞« sOOzUCI∞«Ë sO¥cOHM∑∞«
The Senators and Representatives before mentioned,
.¸u∑ßb∞« «c≥ bO¥Q∑° ¸«dÆ≈ Ë√ rºÆ V§uL° sO±eK± ,‹U¥ôu∞«
and the Members of the several State Legislatures, and all
Í√ w∞u∑∞ q≥RLØ wM¥œ ÊU∫∑±« ◊«d∑®« Ϋb°√ “uπ¥ ô sJ∞Ë
executive and judicial Officers, both of the United States
.…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ W±U´ WO∞ËRº± Ë√ wL߸ VBM±
and of the several States, shall be bound by Oath or
Affirmation, to support this Constitution; but no religious
Test shall ever be required as a Qualification to any Office
or public Trust under the United States.

89 88
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 90

WF°Uº∞« …œUL∞«
Article. VII.
¸u∑ßb∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞«
«c≥ W±UÆù WO≠UØ ‹U¥ôË lº¢ ‹«dL¢R± WÆœUB± ÊuJ¢
The Ratification of the Conventions of nine States,
.ÁdI¢ w∑∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« sO° ¸u∑ßb∞«
shall be sufficient for the Establishment of this
‹U¥ôuK∞ WO´UL§ù« WI≠«uL∞U° ¸u∑ßb∞« «c≥ l{Ë r¢
Constitution between the States so ratifying the Same.
ÂU´ s± d∂L∑∂ß / ‰uK¥√ s± dA´ l°Uº∞« ÂuO∞« «c≥ …d{U∫∞«
done in Convention by the Unanimous Consent of the
…dA´ WO≤U∏∞« WMº∞« w≠Ë œöOLK∞ sO≤UL£Ë WF∂ßË WzULF∂ßË n∞√
States present the Seventeenth Day of September in the
…œUN® UM≥ U≤¡ULß√ UM§¸œ√ bÆË .…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ‰öI∑ßô
Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and Eighty
.p∞– vK´
seven and of the Independence of the United States of
America the Twelfth In Witness whereof We have hereun-
sDM®«Ë øu§
to subscribed our Names,
UOMO§d≠ W¥ôË s´ VzUM∞«Ë fOzd∞«
G.o Washington—Presid.t
and deputy from Virginia
d¥Ëö¥œ
b¥¸ øu§
s°ô« œ¸u≠b° mMO≤U¨
New Hampshire John Langdon
ÊuºMJ¥œ Êu§
Nicholas Gilman
XOßU° œ¸UA∑¥¸
ÂËd° uØU§
Massachusetts Nathaniel Gorham
b≤ö¥¸U±
Rufus King
ÍdM≥ „U± fLO§
dHOMO§ ”U±u¢ XM¥Uß ·Ë« Ê«œ
Connecticut Wm. Saml. Johnson
‰Ë¸UØ ‰UO≤«œ
Roger Sherman
UOMO§d≠
¸ö° Êu§
New York Alexander Hamilton
s°ô« Êuº¥œU± fLO§

91 90
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 92

New Jersey Wil: Livingston UMO∞˸UØ À¸u≤

David Brearley X≤Ëö° rO∞Ë
Wm. Paterson X¥U∂ß f°Ëœ œ¸UA∑¥¸
Jona: Dayton ÊuºLO∞Ë uO≥
UMO∞˸UØ ÀËUß
Pennsylvania B Franklin ÃbOK¢«¸ .Ã
Thomas Mifflin wMJMO° À¸«uº¢uØ e∞¸UA¢
Robt Morris wMJMO° e∞¸UA¢
Geo. Clymer dK¢U° ”dO°
Thos. FitzSimons UO§¸u§
Jared Ingersoll uO≠ rO∞Ë
James Wilson s¥Ëb∞U° ÂU≥«d°«
Gouv Morris dOA∂±U≥uO≤
ÊËbG≤ô Êu§
Delaware Geo: Read ÊULKO§ ”ôuJO≤
Gunning Bedford jun f∑ßuA¢UßU±
John Dickinson ÂU≥¸u¨ qO≤U£U≤
Richard Bassett mMOØ f≠˸
Jaco: Broom XJO∑O≤uØ
Êuº≤u§ q¥u±Uß rO∞Ë
Maryland James McHenry s±dO® d§Ë¸
Dan of St Thos. Jenifer „¸u¥uO≤
Danl Carroll Êu∑KO±U≥ ¸bMºJ∞«
Í“d§ uO≤
Virginia John Blair—
James Madison Jr.

93 92
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 94

North Carolina Wm. Blount X≤Ëö° ÂUOK¥Ë UMO∞˸UØ À¸u≤

Richd. Dobbs Spaight ÚXO∂ß f°Ëœ œ¸UA∑¥¸
Hu Williamson Êuº±UOK¥Ë uO≥
South Carolina J. Rutledge ÃbOK¢Ë¸ tO§ UMO∞˸UØ ÀËUß
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney wMJMO° À¸Ëe¢uØ e∞¸UA¢
Charles Pinckney dK∑° ”dO°
Pierce Butler
uO≠ ÂUOK¥Ë UO§¸u§
Georgia William Few s¥Ëb∞U° d°¬
Abr Baldwin
ÊuºØU§ ÂUOK¥Ë dO¢dJß o¥bB¢
Attest William Jackson Secretary

❧ ❧

95 94
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 96

In Convention Monday
September 17th 1787.
sOM£ô« Âu¥ dL¢RL∞« w≠
1787 d∂L∑∂ß 17
ÊËd{U∫∞«
Present ‹U¥ôu∞«
The States of s± Êu∑K±U≥ bOº∞« ,XJO¢UMØ ,f∑ßu®Uº± ,dOA±U≥uO≤
,UOMO§d≠ ,b≤ö¥¸U± ,d¥Ëö¥œ ,UO≤UHKºM° ,Í“dO§uO≤ ,„¸u¥uO≤
New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Mr. .UO§¸u§Ë UMO∞˸UØ ÀËUß ,UMO∞˸UØ À¸u≤
Hamilton from New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South
Carolina and Georgia.

The first ten Amendments (the Bill of Rights) were ratified effective December
12
W¥¸Uß `∂B∑∞ )‚uI∫∞« W∫zô( v∞Ë_« …dAF∞« ‹ö¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 12
15, 1791. .1791 )d∂Lº¥œ( ‰Ë_« Êu≤UØ 15 s± ¡Ô«b∑°« ‰uFHL∞«
97 96
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 98
Resolved,
That the preceeding Constitution be laid before the
United States in Congress assembled, and that it is the
Opinion of this Convention, that it should afterwards be
submitted to a Convention of Delegates, chosen in each
State by the People thereof, under the Recommendation of
its Legislature, for their Assent and Ratification; and that
each Convention assenting to, and ratifying the Same,
should give Notice thereof to the United States in Congress
assembled. Resolved, That it is the Opinion of this
Convention, that as soon as the Conventions of nine States
shall have ratified this Constitution, the United States in
Congress assembled should fix a Day on which Electors
should be appointed by the States which shall have ratified
the same, and a Day on which the Electors should assem-
ble to vote for the President, and the Time and Place for
commencing Proceedings under this Constitution.
99
,¸ÒdI¢
”dG≤uJ∞« w≠ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« vK´ n≤ü« ¸u∑ßb∞« ÕdDÔ¥ Ê√
l≠dÔ¥ Ê√ bF° U± w≠ wG∂M¥ t≤√ È√¸ dL¢RL∞« «c≥ Ê√Ë ,lL∑πL∞«
q∂Æ s± W¥ôË qØ w≠ r≥¸UO∑î« r∑¥ ,sO°ËbMLK∞ dL¢R± v∞≈
q§√ s± wF¥dA∑∞« UNºKπ± s± WOÅu¢ V§uL° ,UNO≠ VFA∞«
vK´ ‚œUB¥Ë o≠«u¥ dL¢R± qØ Ê√Ë ,tOK´ WÆœUBL∞«Ë WI≠«uL∞«
lL∑πL∞« ”dG≤uJ∞« w≠ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« jO∫¥ WIO£u∞« fH≤
r∑¢ Ê√ U± t≤√ dL¢RL∞« «c≥ Í√¸ w≠ t≤√ ,¸ÒdI¢Ë .p∞c° ULK´
œÒb∫¢ Ê√ ,‹U¥ôË lº¢ w≠ ‹«dL¢R± q∂Æ s± tOK´ WÆœUBL∞«
sOOF¢ tO≠ r∑¥ U±u¥ lL∑πL∞« ”dG≤uJ∞« w≠ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
XÆœUÅ w∑∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« q∂Æ s± w°Uª∑≤ô« fKπL∞« ¡UC´√
w°Uª∑≤ô« fKπL∞« ¡UC´√ tO≠ lL∑π¥ Âu¥ w≠Ë ,tOK´
‹ôË«bL∞« ¡b° ÊUJ±Ë ÊU±“ vK´Ë fOzd∞« `∞UB∞ X¥uB∑K∞
.¸u∑ßb∞« «c≥ V§uL°
98
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 100
That after such Publication the Electors should be
appointed, and the Senators and Representatives elected:
That the Electors should meet on the Day fixed for the
Election of the President, and should transmit their Votes
certified, signed, sealed and directed, as the Constitution
requires, to the Secretary of the United States in Congress
assembled, that the Senators and Representatives should
convene at the Time and Place assigned; that the Senators
should appoint a President of the Senate, for the sole
Purpose of receiving, opening and counting the Votes for
President; and, that after he shall be chosen, the Congress,
together with the President, should, without Delay, proceed
to execute this Constitution.
By the unanimous Order of the Convention
G.o WASHINGTON—Presid.t
W. JACKSON Secretary.
❧ ❧
101
fKπL∞« ¡UC´√ sOOF¢ wG∂M¥ ,¸u∑ßb∞« «c≥ dA≤ bF° t≤√Ë
Ê√Ë :»«uM∞«Ë ŒuOA∞« fKπ± ¡UC´√ »Uª∑≤«Ë ,w°Uª∑≤ô«
»Uª∑≤ô ¸ÒdIL∞« ÂuO∞« w≠ w°Uª∑≤ô« fKπL∞« ¡UC´√ lL∑π¥
,W±u∑ª±Ë WFÆu±Ë UNOK´ ‚ÒbB± rN¢«uÅ√ «uF≠d¥ Ê√Ë fOzd∞«
d¥“Ë v∞≈ ,¸u∑ßb∞« tOK´ hM¥ UL∞ UI≠Ë ,œÒb∫± u≥ ULØ
fKπ± ¡UC´√ Ê√Ë ,lL∑πL∞« ”dG≤uJ∞« w≠ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
ÊUJL∞«Ë ÊU±e∞« w≠ «uFL∑π¥ Ê√ rN∞ wG∂M¥ »«uM∞«Ë ŒuOA∞«
«uMOF¥ Ê√ rN∞ wG∂M¥ ŒuOA∞« fKπ± ¡UC´√ Ê√Ë ,sOBBªL∞«
,fOzdK∞ ‹«uÅ_« Òb´Ë rKº¢ q§√ s± ŒuOA∞« fKπL∞ UºOz¸
Í√ ÊËœ ,fOzd∞«Ë ”dG≤uJK∞ wG∂M¥ ,Á¸UO∑î« r∑¥ U± bF° t≤√Ë
.¸u∑ßb∞« «c≥ oO∂D¢ w≠ ¡b∂∞« ,¡UD°≈
dL¢RL∞« ¡UC´√ ŸUL§S°
fOzd∞« -sDM®«Ë øu§
d¥“u∞« ÊuºØU§ ÂUOK¥Ë
100
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 102
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES11
begun and held at the City of New-York,
on Wednesday the fourth of March,
one thousand seven hundred and eighty nine
THE Conventions of a number of the States, having at
the time of their adopting the Constitution, expressed a
desire, in order to prevent misconstruction or abuse of its
powers, that further declaratory and restrictive clauses
should be added: And as extending the ground of public
confidence in the Government, will best ensure the benef-
icent ends of its institution:
RESOLVED by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of America, in
Congress assembled, two thirds of both Houses concur-
ring, that the following Articles be proposed to the
Legislatures of the several States, as Amendments to the
Constitution of the United States, all or any of which
Articles, when ratified by three fourths of the said
Legislatures, to be valid to all intents and purposes, as part
of the said Constitution; viz.t.
On September 25, 1789, Congress transmitted to the state legislatures twelve
11
proposed amendments, two of which, having to do with Congressional repre-
sentation and Congressional pay, were not adopted. The remaining ten amend-
ments became the Bill of Rights. The amendment concerning Congressional
pay was ratified on May 7, 1992, becoming the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to
the Constitution.
103
11
…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ”dG≤uØ
„¸u¥uO≤ WM¥b± w≠ bIF≤«Ë √b°
1 7 8 9 )”¸U±( ¸«–¬ 4 o≠«uL∞« ¡UF°¸_« Âu¥
s´ ¸u∑ßbK∞ UNOM∂¢ ¡UM£√ ‹U¥ôu∞« ‹«dL¢R± s± œb´ ‹Òd∂´
‰ULF∑ß« …¡Uß≈ Ë√ rNH∞« …¡Uß≈ s± b∫∞« q§√ s± ,W∂¨d∞«
WO≤ö´ù« ‹«dIH∞« s± œb´ W≠U{≈ wG∂M¥ t≤√ ,UN¢UDKß
W±uJ∫∞« w≠ W±UF∞« WI∏∞« ‚UD≤ lOßu¢ Ê√ :W¥bOOI∑∞«Ë
:t∑ºßRL∞ …dOª∞« ·«b≥_« t§Ë qC≠√ vK´ sLCOß
…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« »«u≤ fKπ±Ë ŒuOA∞« fKπ± q∂Æ s± ¸ÒdI¢
œ«uL∞« Õd© r∑¥ Ê√ ,‹«uÅ_« w∏K∏° lL∑πL∞« ”dG≤uJ∞« w≠
‹ö¥bF∑Ø ,WHK∑ªL∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞ WOF¥dA∑∞« f∞UπL∞« vK´ WO∞U∑∞«
,œuM∂∞« Ác≥ s± Í√ Ë√ qØ Ê√Ë ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ¸u∑ßœ vK´
f∞UπL∞« ŸU°¸√ W£ö£ q∂Æ s± UNOK´ WÆœUBL∞« r∑¢ ULMO•
s± Ρe§ w•«uM∞« qØ s± `∂B∑ß ,…¸uØcL∞« WOF¥dA∑∞«
;¸uØcL∞« ¸u∑ßb∞«
UM£« ‹U¥ôuK∞ W OF¥dA∑∞« ‹UDKº∞« v∞≈ ”dG≤uJ∞« l≠¸ ,1789 )d∂L∑∂ß( ‰uK¥√ 25 w≠ 11
V¢«Ëd°Ë ”dG≤uJ∞« qO∏L∑° ÊUIKF∑¥ UNM± sOM£« wM∂¢ r∑¥ r∞Ë .U•d∑I± ö¥bF¢ dA´
.‚uI∫∞« W∫zô w≥ X∫∂Å√ bI≠ WOÆU∂∞« …dAF∞« ‹ö¥bF∑∞« U±√ .”dG≤uJ∞« ¡UC´√
,1992 )u¥U±( ¸«–¬ 7 w≠ ”dG≤uJ∞« V¢«Ëd° oKF∑L∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢Ë
.¸u∑ßbK∞ ÊËdAF∞«Ë l°Uº∞« q¥bF∑∞« p∞c° `∂BO∞
102
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 104
ARTICLES in addition to, and Amendment of the
Constitution of the United States of America, proposed by
Congress, and ratified by the Legislatures of the several
States, pursuant to the fifth Article of the original
Constitution. . . .
FREDERICK AUGUSTUS MUHLENBERG
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
JOHN ADAMS, Vice-President of the United States,
and President of the Senate.
ATTEST,
JOHN BECKLEY, Clerk of the House of Representatives.
SAM. A. OTIS Secretary of the Senate.
❧ ❧
105
…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ¸u∑ßœ q¥bF¢Ë ,v∞≈ W≠U{≈ œuM∂∞« Ê≈
f∞UπL∞« q∂Æ s± tOK´ ‚bBL∞«Ë ”dG≤uJ∞« q∂Æ s± Õd∑IL∞«
w≠ Wº±Uª∞« …œULK∞ UF∂¢ ,‹U¥ôu∞« s± œbF∞ WOF¥dA∑∞«
...wKÅ_« ¸u∑ßb∞«
.»«uM∞« fKπ± fOz¸ ⁄dO∂MK≥u± fDº¨Ë√ p¥¸b¥d≠
fOz¸Ë ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« fOz¸ VzU≤ ,e±«œ¬ Êu§
.ŒuOA∞« fKπ±
,‚ÒbB±
.»«uM∞« fKπ± V¢UØ ,wKJO° Êu§
.ŒuOA∞« fKπ± sO±√ fO¢Ë√ t¥√ ÂUß
104
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 106

AMENDMENTS ¸u∑ßb∞ ‹ö¥bF¢

TO THE CONSTITUTION OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA12 …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
Amendment I. ‰Ë_« q¥bF∑∞«
W∂∞UDL∞«Ë ŸUL∑§ô« o•Ë W≠U∫B∞«Ë ,ÂöJ∞«Ë ,…œU∂F∞« W¥d•
Congress shall make no law respecting an establish- .¸uπ∞« l≠d°
ment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or ÊU¥œ_« s± s¥œ W±UÆS° ’Uî Êu≤UÆ Í√ ”dG≤uJ∞« ¸bB¥ ô
abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press, or the ,W≠U∫B∞« Ë√ ÂöJ∞« W¥d• s± b∫¥ Ë√ ,t∑߸UL± W¥d• lML¥ Ë√
right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition W±uJ∫∞« W∂∞UD± w≠Ë ,UOLKß ŸUL∑§ô« w≠ ”UM∞« o• s± Ë√
the Government for a redress of grievances. .·U∫§ù« s± rN≠UB≤S°

Amendment II. w≤U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞«

W∫Kß_« ¡UM∑Æ« o•
A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the secu- W¥ôË W¥√ s±_ ͸Ëd{ rOEM∑∞« WMº• UOAOK± œu§Ë Ê√ YO•
rity of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear .UNKL•Ë W∫Kß√ ¡UM∑Æ« w≠ ”UM∞« o∫∞ ÷dF∑∞« “uπ¥ ô ,…d•
Arms, shall not be infringed.
Y∞U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞«
Amendment III. œuMπ∞« ¡«u¥«
‰eM± Í√ w≠ rOI¥ Ê√ ,rKº∞« XÆË w≠ ,ÍbM§ Í_ “uπ¥ ô
No Soldier shall, in time of peace be quartered in any ô≈ ,»d∫∞« XÆË w≠ p∞– t∞ “uπ¥ ô ULØ ,p∞UL∞« v{¸ ÊËœ
house, without the consent of the Owner, nor in time of .Êu≤UI∞« U≥œb∫¥ w∑∞« WOHOJ∞U°
war, but in a manner to be prescribed by law.

The first ten Amendments (the Bill of Rights) were ratified effective December
12
W¥¸Uß `∂B∑∞ )‚uI∫∞« W∫zô( v∞Ë_« …dAF∞« ‹ö¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 12
15, 1791. .1791 )d∂Lº¥œ( ‰Ë_« Êu≤UØ 15 s± ¡Ô«b∑°« ‰uFHL∞«
107 106
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 108
Amendment IV.
The right of the people to be secure in their persons,
houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches
and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall
issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affir-
mation, and particularly describing the place to be
searched, and the persons or things to be seized.
Amendment V.
No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or oth-
erwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indict-
ment of a Grand Jury, except in cases arising in the land or
naval forces, or in the Militia, when in actual service in
time of War or public danger; nor shall any person be sub-
ject for the same offence to be twice put in jeopardy of life
or limb, nor shall be compelled in any criminal case to be
a witness against himself, nor be deprived of life, liberty, or
property, without due process of law; nor shall private
property be taken for public use without just compensa-
tion.
109
l°«d∞« q¥bF∑∞«
w≠ sOM±¬ «u≤uJ¥ Ê√ w≠ ”UM∞« o∫° ”UºL∞« “uπ¥ ô
Ë√ gO∑H¢ Í√ s± rN¢UOM∑I±Ë rN¢«bM∑º±Ë rN∞“UM±Ë rNÅUª®√
’uBª∞« «cN° …dØc± ¸«bÅ≈ “uπ¥ ôË ,‰uIF± dO¨ “Uπ∑•«
sO∂¢Ë ,bOØu∑∞« Ë√ sOLO∞U° “eF± ,‰uIF± V∂ß œu§Ë ‰U• w≠ ô≈
œ«dL∞« ¡UO®_« Ë√ ’Uª®_«Ë tAO∑H¢ œ«dL∞« ÊUJL∞« b¥b∫∑∞U°
.U≥“Uπ∑•«
f±Uª∞« q¥bF∑∞«
WOz«eπ∞« U¥UCI∞« w≠ sOLN∑L∞« ‚uI•
WL¥d§ Ë√ W¥UM§ ÊQA° t°«uπ∑ßô hª® Í√ ‰UI∑´« “uπ¥ ô
s´ ÂUN¢« WD∂C± Ë√ w±UN¢« ¸«dÆ ¸ËbB∞ UF∂¢ ô≈ ,Èdî√ WMzU®
‹«uI∞« w≠ WKÅU∫∞« U¥UCI∞« ¡UM∏∑ßU° ,Èd∂Ø sOHK∫± WµO≥
w≠ ‹«uI∞« Ác≥ ÊuJ¢ U±bM´ ,UOAOKL∞« w≠ Ë√ ,W¥d∫∂∞« Ë√ W¥d∂∞«
ÂUN¢« “uπ¥ ôË .ÂUF∞« dDª∞« Ë√ »d• XÆË w≠ WOKFH∞« W±bª∞«
¡UC´√ W¥√ t¢UO• ÷dF∑∑≠ sO¢d± Âdπ∞« fHM° hª® Í√
Èu´œ W¥√ w≠ hª® Í√ Á«dØ≈ “uπ¥ ô ULØ ,dDªK∞ Ábº§
…UO∫∞« s± Âd∫¥ Ê√ ôË ,tºH≤ b{ «b≥U® ÊuJ¥ Ê√ vK´ WOzUM§
WO≤u≤UI∞« ‹«¡«d§ù« ŸU∂¢« ÊËœ ‹UJK∑LL∞« Ë√ W¥d∫∞« Ë√
w≠ UN±«bª∑ßô WÅUî WOJK± W¥√ Ÿe≤ “uπ¥ ô ULØ WO∞uÅ_«
.‰œU´ i¥uF¢ ÊËb° W±UF∞« WFHML∞« qO∂ß
108
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Amendment VI.
In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy
the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury
of the State and district wherein the crime shall have been
committed; which district shall have been previously
ascertained by law, and to be informed of the nature and
cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witness-
es against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining
witnesses in his favor, and to have the assistance of coun-
sel for his defence.
Amendment VII.
In Suits at common law, where the value in contro-
versy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury
shall be preserved, and no fact tried by a jury shall be oth-
erwise re-examined in any Court of the United States, than
according to the rules of the common law.
Amendment VIII.
Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive
fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
111
”œUº∞« q¥bF∑∞«
W∞œU´ WLØU∫L° rN∑L∞« o•
rØU∫¥ ÊQ° o∫∞« rN∑LK∞ ,WOzUMπ∞« ‹ULØU∫L∞« lOL§ w≠
…eO∫∑± dO¨ sOHK∫± WµO≥ WDß«u° WOMK´Ë WF¥dß WLØU∫±
,UNO≠ X∂J¢¸« bÆ WL¥dπ∞« ÊuJ¢ w∑∞« WF©UIL∞« Ë√ W¥ôuK∞ WF°U¢
V∂ß mK∂¥ Ê√ w≠ o∫∞« t∞Ë .U≥b¥b∫¢ o∂ß bÆ WF©UIL∞« ÊuJ¢Ë
,Áb{ ÊËbNA¥ s¥c∞« œuNA∞« t§«u¥ Ê√ w≠Ë ,t∑FO∂©Ë ÂUN¢ô«
¡U´b∑ßô WO±U¨¸ù« WO≤u≤UI∞« ‹öONº∑∞« t∞ d≠u∑¢ Ê√ w≠Ë
.tM´ ŸU≠bK∞ ÂU∫L° sOF∑º¥ Ê√ w≠Ë ,t∑∫KBL∞ œuN®
l°Uº∞« q¥bF∑∞«
WO≤b± U¥UCÆ w≠ sO´bL∞« ‚uI•
vK´ UNOK´ Ÿ“UM∑L∞« WLOI∞« b¥e¢ YO• WO≤bL∞« ÈËU´b∞« w≠
,U≤UB± sOHK∫± WµO≥ ÂU±√ w{UI∑∞« o• ÊuJ¥ Ϋ¸ôËœ s¥dA´
p∞c∞ ÎU≠öî “uπ¥ ô ,sOHK∫± WµO≥ UN° X∑° bÆ ÊuJ¢ WFÆ«Ë W¥√Ë
‹U¥ôu∞« rØU∫± s± WLJ∫± W¥√ ÂU±√ UNO≠ dEM∞« œUF¥ Ê√
.ÂUF∞« Êu≤UI∞« b´«uI∞ UI≠Ë ô≈ …b∫∑L∞«
s±U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞«
‹U°uIF∞«Ë ‹U±«dG∞« ,‹ôUHJ∞«
WE≥U° ‹U±«d¨ ÷d≠ ôË WE≥U° ‹ôUHØ l≠œ VK© “uπ¥ ô
.W≠u∞Q± dO¨Ë WOßUÆ ‹U°uI´ ‰«e≤≈ ôË
110
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Amendment IX.
The enumeration in the Constitution of certain rights
shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained
by the people.
Amendment X.
The powers not delegated to the United States by the
Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved
to the States respectively, or to the people.
Amendment XI.13
The Judicial power of the United States shall not be
construed to extend to any suit in law or equity, com-
menced or prosecuted against one of the United States by
Citizens of another State, or by Citizens or Subjects of any
Foreign State.
The Eleventh Amendment was ratified February 7, 1795.
13
113
lßU∑∞« q¥bF∑∞«
VFA∞« UN° kH∑∫¥ w∑∞« ‚uI∫∞«
t≤√ vK´ dºH¥ Ê√ “uπ¥ ô WMOF± ‚uI∫∞ ¸u∑ßb∞« œ«bF¢ Ê≈
.UNM± UÅUI∑≤« Ë√ ,VFA∞« UN° l∑L∑¥ Èdî√ ‚uI∫∞ ¸UJ≤≈
d®UF∞« q¥bF∑∞«
VFA∞«Ë ‹U¥ôu∞« UN° kH∑∫¢ w∑∞« ‹UDKº∞«
ôË qJØ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞ ¸u∑ßb∞« UNO∞u¥ w∑∞« ‹UDKº∞« Ê≈
.VFAK∞ Ë√ ‹U¥ôu∞« Ác≥ s± qJ∞ kH∫¢ ‹U¥ôu∞« s´ UN∂π∫¥
dA´ ÍœU∫∞« q¥bF∑∞«
‹U¥ôu∞« b{ ÈËU´b∞«
‹U¥ôu∞« UN° l∑L∑¢ w∑∞« WOzUCI∞« WO•öB∞« d∂∑F¢ ô
o∂D¢ Èu´œ Ë√ WO≤u≤UÆ Èu´œ W¥√ v∞≈ b∑L¢ UN≤√ vK´ …b∫∑L∞«
Ë√ UN∑±UÆ≈ w≠ Ÿd® Ê√ o∂ß ,·UB≤ù«Ë ‰bF∞« ∆œU∂± UNO≠
W¥ôË s± ÊuM©«u± ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« Èb•≈ b{ ,UNO≠ ¡U´œô«
.WO∂M§√ W∞Ëœ W¥√ U¥U´¸ Ë√ uM©«u± Ë√ Èdî√
.1795 )d¥«d∂≠( ◊U∂® 7 w≠ dA´ ÍœU∫∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 13
112
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Amendment XII.14
The Electors shall meet in their respective states,
and vote by ballot for President and Vice President, one of
whom, at least, shall not be an inhabitant of the same state
with themselves; they shall name in their ballots the per-
son voted for as President, and in distinct ballots the per-
son voted for as Vice-President, and they shall make dis-
tinct lists of all persons voted for as President, and of all
persons voted for as Vice-President, and of the number of
votes for each, which lists they shall sign and certify, and
transmit sealed to the seat of the government of the United
States, directed to the President of the Senate;—The
President of the Senate shall, in the presence of the
Senate and House of Representatives, open all the certifi-
cates and the votes shall then be counted;—The person
having the greatest number of votes for President, shall be
the President, if such number be a majority of the whole
number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such
majority, then from the persons having the highest num-
bers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as
President, the House of Representatives shall choose
The Twelfth Amendment was ratified June 15, 1804.
14
115
dA´ w≤U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞«
fOzd∞« VzU≤Ë fOzd∞« »Uª∑≤«
Ídº∞« Ÿ«d∑ÆôU° Êu¢uB¥Ë ,t∑¥ôË w≠ qØ ,Êu∂îUM∞« lL∑π¥
s± qÆ_« vK´ UL≥b•√ ÊuJ¥ Ê√ sOF∑¥Ë fOz¸ VzU≤Ë fOzd∞
rß« rN´«d∑Æ« ‚«¸Ë√ w≠ ÊËdØc¥Ë ,UNºH≤ W¥ôu∞« ÊUJß dO¨
Ÿ«d∑Æ« ‚«¸Ë√ w≠ ÊËdØc¥Ë ,ÎUºOz¸ t≤u∂ª∑M¥ Íc∞« hªA∞«
ÊËbF¥Ë ,fOzdK∞ U∂zU≤ t≤u∂ª∑M¥ Íc∞« hªA∞« rß« WKI∑º±
rN°Uª∑≤ô Ÿd∑Æ« s¥c∞« ’Uª®_« lOL§ ¡ULßQ° WKI∑º± `z«u∞
Ÿd∑Æ« s¥c∞« ’Uª®_« lOL§ ¡ULß√Ë fOzd∞« VBML∞
qØ UN∞U≤ w∑∞« ‹«uÅ_« œbF°Ë ,fOzd∞« VzU≤ VBML∞ rN°Uª∑≤ô
UN≤uKO∫¥Ë UNOK´ ÊuÆbB¥Ë `z«uK∞« Ác≥ ÊuFÆu¥ r£ ,rNM±
fOz¸ v∞≈ WN§u± …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« W±uJ• dI± v∞≈ W±u∑ª±
¡UC´√ ¸uC∫° ,ŒuOA∞« fKπ± fOz¸ ÂuI¥Ë .ŒuOA∞« fKπ±
r¥ `z«uK∞« n¥¸UE± lOL§ iH° ,»«uM∞«Ë ŒuOA∞« wºKπ±
s± d∂Ø_« œbF∞« ‰UM¥ Íc∞« hªA∞«Ë ,‹«uÅ_« œb´ vB∫¥
œbF∞« «c≥ ÊUØ «–≈ ,ÎUºOz¸ `∂B¥ fOzdK∞ sO´d∑IL∞« ‹«uÅ√
Í√ qB∫¥ r∞ «–≈Ë .sOMOFL∞« sO∂îUM∞« ŸuLπ± W¥d∏Ø√ qJA¥
,¸uH∞« vK´ »«uM∞« fKπ± ÂuI¥ ,W¥d∏Ø_« Ác≥ q∏± vK´ hª®
’Uª®_« sO° s± fOzd∞« ¸UO∑îU° ,Ídº∞« Ÿ«d∑ÆôU°Ë
Ÿd∑Æ« s¥c∞« W∫zô w≠ ‹«uÅ_« s± œb´ d∂Ø√ vK´ s¥ezU∫∞«
.1804 )uO≤u¥( Ê«d¥e• 15 w≠ dA´ w≤U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 14
114
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immediately, by ballot, the President. But in choosing the
President, the votes shall be taken by states, the represen-
tation from each state having one vote; a quorum for this
purpose shall consist of a member or members from two-
thirds of the states, and a majority of all the states shall be
necessary to a choice. [And if the House of
Representatives shall not choose a President whenever the
right of choice shall devolve upon them, before the fourth
day of March next following, then the Vice-President shall
act as President, as in the case of the death or other con-
stitutional disability of the President–]15 The person having
the greatest number of votes as Vice-President, shall be the
Vice-President, if such number be a majority of the whole
number of Electors appointed, and if no person have a
majority, then from the two highest numbers on the list, the
Senate shall choose the Vice-President; a quorum for the
purpose shall consist of two-thirds of the whole number of
Senators, and a majority of the whole number shall be nec-
essary to a choice. But no person constitutionally ineligi-
ble to the office of President shall be eligible to that of
Vice-President of the United States.
Superseded by section 3 of the Twentieth Amendment.
15
117
sJ∞Ë .W£ö∏∞« ¡ôR≥ œb´ “ËUπ∑¥ ô√ vK´ fOzd∞« VBML∞ rN∞
vK´ ‹«uÅ_« »Uº• r∑¥ u∫M∞« «c≥ vK´ fOzd∞« ¸UO∑î« w≠
,b•«Ë ‹uÅ W¥ôË qØ wK∏LL∞ ÊuJ¥ YO∫° ‹U¥ôu∞« ”Uß√
w∏K£ s´ ¡UC´√ Ë√ uC´ s± ÷dG∞« «cN∞ »UBM∞« qJA∑¥Ë
.¸UO∑îô« r∑O∞ W¥¸Ëd{ ‹U¥ôu∞« lOL§ W¥d∏Ø√ ÊuJ¢Ë ‹U¥ôu∞«
o• tO∞≈ ‰ËR¥ U±bM´ ÎUºOz¸ ,»«uM∞« fKπ± d∑ª¥ r∞ «–≈Ë
cµMO∫≠ ,w∞U∑∞« ”¸U± / ¸«–¬ dN® s± l°«d∞« q∂Æ ,¸UO∑îô«
fOzd∞« …U≠Ë W∞U• w≠ ULØ WßUzd∞« VBM± fOzd∞« VzU≤ v∞u∑¥
‹ôU• Ë√ fOzd∞« …U≠Ë W∞U• w≠ ULØ WßUzd∞« VBM± ‹ôU• Ë√
hªA∞« fOzdK∞ ÎU∂zU≤ `∂B¥Ë .¸u∑ßb∞« UNOK´ hM¥ w∑∞« Áeπ´
ÊUØ «–≈ ,fOzd∞« VzUM∞ sO´d∑IL∞« œb´ d∂Ø√ vK´ qB∫¥ Íc∞«
«–≈Ë .sOMOFL∞« sO∂îUM∞« œb´ ŸuLπ± W¥d∏Ø√ qJA¥ œbF∞« «c≥
ÂuI¥ cµMO∫≠ W¥d∏Ø_« Ác≥ q∏± vK´ hª® Í√ qB∫¥ r∞
s¥c∞« sOBªA∞« s° s± fOz¸ VzU≤ ¸UO∑îU° ŒuOA∞« fKπ±
«cN∞ “ö∞« »UBM∞«Ë W∫zö∞« w≠ ‹«uÅ_« s± œb´ d∂ØQ° «“U≠
ÊuJOßË ,ŒuOAK∞ w∞UL§ù« œbF∞« w∏K£ s± n∞Q∑¥ ÷dG∞«
sJ∞Ë .¸UO∑îô« «cN∞ ÎU±“ô w∞UL§ù« œbF∞« W¥d∏Ø√ vK´ ‰uB∫∞«
fO∞ uN≠ fOzd∞« VBM± w∞u∑∞ ÎU¥¸u∑ßœ q≥R± dO¨ hª® qØ
.…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« fOz¸ VzU≤ VBML∞ Îö≥R±
.s¥dAF∞« q¥bF∑∞« s± 3 qBH∞« V§uL° v
Ó G∞√ 15
116
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Amendment XIII.16
Section 1. Neither slavery nor involuntary servitude,
except as a punishment for crime whereof the party shall
have been duly convicted, shall exist within the United
States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction.
Section 2. Congress shall have power to enforce this
article by appropriate legislation.
Amendment XIV.17
Section 1. All persons born or naturalized in the
United States and subject to the jurisdiction thereof, are
citizens of the United States and of the State wherein they
reside. No State shall make or enforce any law which shall
abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of the
United States; nor shall any State deprive any person of
life, liberty, or property, without due process of law; nor
deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protec-
tion of the laws.
The Thirteenth Amendment was ratified December 6, 1865.
16
The Fourteenth Amendment was ratified July 9, 1868.
17
119
dA´ Y∞U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
‚d∞« ¡UG∞≈
Í√ w≠Ë …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ Á«dØùU° qOGA∑∞«Ë ‚d∞« Âd∫¥
W≠d∑I± vK´ rJ• Âd§ vK´ »UIFØ ô≈ UN≤UDKº∞ l{Uî ÊUJ±
.‰uÅ_« Vº• p∞c°
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
l¥dA∑∞U° …œUL∞« Ác≥ ÂUJ•√ oO∂D¢ WDKß ”dG≤uJK∞
.VßUML∞«
dA´ l°«d∞« q¥bF∑∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
WO≤bL∞« ‚uI∫∞«
Ë√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« w≠ s¥œu∞uL∞« ’Uª®_« lOL§
s± ÊËd∂∑F¥ UN≤UDKº∞ sOF{Uª∞«Ë UN∑OºMπ° sOºMπ∑L∞«
.UNO≠ ÊuLOI¥ w∑∞« W¥ôu∞« wM©«u±Ë …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« wM©«u±
s± hI∑M¥ Êu≤UÆ Í√ o∂D¢ Ë√ lC¢ Ê√ W¥ôË W¥_ “uπ¥ ôË
“uπ¥ ô ULØ .…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« wM©«u± ‹U≤UB• Ë√ ‹«“UO∑±«
Ë√ W¥d∫∞« Ë√ …UO∫∞« s± hª® Í√ Âd∫¢ Ê√ W¥ôË W¥_
Ê√ ôË .WO∞uÅ_« WO≤u≤UI∞« ‹«¡«d§ù« …U´«d± ÊËœ ‹UJK∑LL∞«
W¥UL• w≠ …«ËUºL∞« s± UN≤UDKº∞ l{Uî hª® Í√ Âd∫¢
.sO≤«uI∞«
.1865 )d∂Lº¥œ( ‰Ë_« Êu≤UØ 6 w≠ dA´ W£ö∏∞« ‹ö¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 16
.1868 )uO∞u¥( “uL¢ 9 w≠ dA´ l°«d∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 17
118
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Section 2. Representatives shall be apportioned
among the several States according to their respective
numbers, counting the whole number of persons in each
State, excluding Indians not taxed. But when the right to
vote at any election for the choice of electors for President
and Vice President of the United States, Representatives
in Congress, the Executive and Judicial officers of a State,
or the members of the Legislature thereof, is denied to any
of the male inhabitants of such State, being twenty-one
years of age, and citizens of the United States, or in any
way abridged, except for participation in rebellion, or other
crime, the basis of representation therein shall be reduced
in the proportion which the number of such male citizens
shall bear to the whole number of male citizens twenty-one
years of age in such State.
121
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
UNM± ÊUJß œbF∞ ÎUI≠Ë ‹U¥ôu∞« nK∑ª± sO° »«uM∞« rºI¥
¡UM∏∑ßU°( W¥ôË qØ w≠ ’Uª®_« œb´ ŸuLπ± s± ÊuJ∑¥ Íc∞«
w≠ o• s± Âd• «–≈ sJ∞Ë .)Vz«dC∞« s± sOOHFL∞« œuMN∞«
‹U¥ôu∞« VzU≤Ë fOzd∞ sO∂îU≤ ¸UO∑îô »Uª∑≤« Í√ w≠ Ÿ«d∑Æô«
sO∞ËRº± Ë√ ”dG≤uJ∞« w≠ sOK∏L± ¸UO∑îô Ë√ …b∫∑L∞«
,WOF¥dA∑∞« UN∑µO≥ ¡UC´√ Ë√ ,U± W¥ôË w≠ sOO∞b´Ë sO¥cOHM¢
…b•«u∞« sOG∞U∂∞« W¥ôu∞« Ác≥ q∏± ÊUJß s± ¸uØc∞« s± Í√
,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« wM©«u± s± r≥ s¥c∞«Ë dLF∞« s± s¥dAF∞«Ë
ÊuJ¥ Ê√ «b´ ULO≠ ,ÊUØ qJ® ÊQ° o∫∞« p∞– s± hI∑≤« «–≈ Ë√
qO∏L∑∞« ”Uß√ ÊS≠ ,Èdî√ rz«d§ Ë√ œdL¢ w≠ „«d∑®ô« V∂º∞«
ÊQ° o∫∞« p∞– s± hI∑≤« «–≈ Ë√ ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« Ác≥ w≠
Ë√ œdL¢ w≠ „«d∑®ô« V∂º∞« ÊuJ¥ Ê√ «b´ ULO≠ ,ÊUØ qJ®
UL° iHª¥ W¥ôu∞« Ác≥ w≠ qO∏L∑∞« ”Uß√ ÊS≠ ,Èdî√ rz«d§
œb´ ŸuLπ± v∞≈ ¸uØc∞« sOM©«uL∞« ¡ôR≥ œb´ W∂º≤ l± VßUM∑¥
Ác≥ q∏± w≠ s¥dAF∞«Ë …b•«u∞« sOG∞U∂∞« ¸uØc∞« sOM©«uL∞«
.W¥ôu∞«
120
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 122
Section 3. No person shall be a Senator or
Representative in Congress, or elector of President and
Vice President, or hold any office, civil or military, under
the United States, or under any State, who, having previ-
ously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an offi-
cer of the United States, or as a member of any State legis-
lature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to
support the Constitution of the United States, shall have
engaged in insurrection or rebellion against the same, or
given aid or comfort to the enemies thereof. But Congress
may by a vote of two-thirds of each House, remove such
disability.
Section 4. The validity of the public debt of the
United States, authorized by law, including debts incurred
for payment of pensions and bounties for services in sup-
pressing insurrection or rebellion, shall not be questioned.
But neither the United States nor any State shall assume or
pay any debt or obligation incurred in aid of insurrection
or rebellion against the United States, or any claim for the
loss or emancipation of any slave; but all such debts, obli-
gations and claims shall be held illegal and void.
123
W∏∞U∏∞« …dIH∞«
,”dG≤uJ∞« w≠ ÎU∂zU≤ Ë√ ÎUªO® `∂B¥ Ê√ hª® Í_ “uπ¥ ô
UO≤b± ,VBM± Í√ qGA¥ Ê√ Ë√ fOzd∞« VzU≤Ë fOzdK∞ ÎU∂îU≤ Ë√
«–≈ ,W¥ôË W¥_ ÎUF°U¢ Ë√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞ ÎUF°U¢ ,U¥dJº´ Ë√ ÊUØ
Èb∞ n™uLØ Ë√ ”dG≤uJ∞« w≠ uCFØ sOLO∞« rºÆ√ Ê√ t∞ o∂ß
Ë√ W¥ôË W¥_ wF¥dA¢ fKπ± w≠ uCFØ Ë√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
‹U¥ôu∞« ¸u∑ßœ bO¥Q∑° ,W¥ôË W¥√ w≠ w∞b´ Ë√ ÍcOHM¢ n™uLØ
Ë√ ,U≥b{ ÊUOB´ Ë√ œdL¢ Í√ w≠ p∞– bF° „d∑®«Ë …b∫∑L∞«
W¥d∏ØQ° ”dG≤uJK∞ sJL¥ sJ∞Ë .UNz«b´_ …b´Uº±Ë U≤u´ ÂbÆ
.****** s± qØ w≠ ‹«uÅ_« w∏K£
WF°«d∞« …dIH∞«
…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« vK´ ÂU´ s¥œ W∫Å w≠ sFD∞« “uπ¥ ô
‹U®UF± l≠œ s´ Wµ®UM∞« Êu¥b∞« p∞– w≠ UL° ,Êu≤UI∞« Á“U§√
ô sJ∞ ,ÊUOB´ Ë√ œdL¢ lLI∞ X±bÆ ‹U±bî s´ ‹P≠UJ±Ë
s¥œ Í√ l≠b¢ Ë√ qL∫∑¢ Ê√ W¥ôË W¥_ Ë√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞ “uπ¥
‹U¥ôu∞« b{ ÊUOB´ Ë√ œdL∑∞ Êu´ r¥bI¢ s´ T®U≤ «e∑∞« Ë√
,Ád¥d∫¢ Ë√ b∂´ Í√ …¸Uºî ÊQA° Èu´œ W¥√ t§«u¢ Ë√ ,…b∫∑L∞«
dO¨ d∂∑F¢ V∞UDL∞«Ë ‹U±«e∑∞ô«Ë Êu¥b∞« Ác≥ lOL§ Ê√ –≈
.WK©U°Ë WO´d®
122
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 124
Section 5. The Congress shall have power to
enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this
article.
Amendment XV.18
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States
to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United
States or by any State on account of race, color, or previ-
ous condition of servitude.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to
enforce this article by appropriate legislation.
Amendment XVI.19
The Congress shall have power to lay and collect
taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without
apportionment among the several States, and without
regard to any census or enumeration.
The Fifteenth Amendment was ratified February 3, 1870.
18
The Sixteenth Amendment was ratified February 3, 1913.
19
125
Wº±Uª∞« …dIH∞«
l¥dA∑∞U° …œUL∞« Ác≥ ÂUJ•√ cOHM¢ WDKß ”dG≤uJK∞ ÊuJ¢
.VßUML∞«
dA´ f±Uª∞« q¥bF∑∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
»Uª∑≤ô« o• Ãu≤e∞« lM±
wM©«u± ÊU±d• UNM± W¥ôË W¥_ ôË …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞ “uπ¥ ô
s± rN∞ ’UI∑≤ô« Ë√ ,»Uª∑≤ô« w≠ rNI• s± …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
.WI°Uß ‚¸ W∞U• Ë√ ÊuK∞« Ë√ ‚dF∞« V∂º° o∫∞« «c≥
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
.VßUML∞« l¥dA∑∞U° …œUL∞« Ác≥ cOHM¢ WDKß ”dG≤uJK∞ ÊuJ¢
dA´ ”œUº∞« q¥bF∑∞«
qîb∞« Vz«d{
,qîb∞« vK´ Vz«d{ W¥U∂§Ë ÷d≠ WDKß ”dG≤uJK∞ ÊuJ¢
,‹U¥ôu∞« nK∑ª± sO° w∂º≤ l¥“u¢ ÊËœ p∞–Ë ,Á¸bB± ÊUØ U¥√
.ÊUJºK∞ œ«bF¢ Ë√ ¡UB•≈ Í_ ¸U∂∑´« Í√ ÊËœË
.1870 )d¥«d∂≠( ◊U∂® 3 w≠ dA´ f±Uª∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 18
.1913)d¥«d∂≠( ◊U∂® 3 w≠ dA´ ”œUº∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 19
124
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 126
Amendment XVII.20
The Senate of the United States shall be composed of
two Senators from each State, elected by the people there-
of, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The
electors in each State shall have the qualifications requi-
site for electors of the most numerous branch of the State
legislatures.
When vacancies happen in the representation of any
State in the Senate, the executive authority of such State
shall issue writs of election to fill such vacancies: Provided,
That the legislature of any State may empower the execu-
tive thereof to make temporary appointments until the peo-
ple fill the vacancies by election as the legislature may
direct.
This amendment shall not be so construed as to affect
the election or term of any Senator chosen before it
becomes valid as part of the Constitution.
The Seventeenth Amendment was ratified April 8, 1913.
20
127
dA´ l°Uº∞« q¥bF∑∞«
…d®U∂± VFA∞« s± ŒuOA∞« fKπ± ¡UC´√ »Uª∑≤«
qØ s´ sOªO® s± …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ŒuO® fKπ± n∞Q∑¥ - 1
qJ∞ ÊuJ¥Ë .‹«uMß Xß …bL∞ W¥ôu∞« pK¢ ÊUJß ULN∂ª∑M¥ W¥ôË
qØ w≠ ŒuOA∞« w∂îU≤ w≠ d≠u∑¢ Ê√ Vπ¥Ë .b•«Ë ‹uÅ aO®
fKπ± w∂îU≤ w≠ U≥d≠u¢ wG∂M¥ w∑∞« ‹ö≥RL∞« fH≤ W¥ôË
.Ϋœb´ W¥ôu∞« pK¢ w≠ WOF¥dA∑∞« WµON∞«
fKπ± w≠ W¥ôË W¥√ qO∏L¢ w≠ d¨«u® Àb∫¢ U±bM´ - 2
¡«d§≈ s´ W¥ôu∞« pK¢ w≠ W¥cOHM∑∞« WDKº∞« sKF¢ ,ŒuOA∞«
wF¥dA∑∞« fKπL∞« Ê√ Èuß d¨«uA∞« pK¢ q∏± ¡qL∞ ‹U°Uª∑≤«
¡«d§≈ UNO≠ W¥bOHM∑∞« WDKº∞« ÷uH¥ Ê√ tMJL¥ W¥ôË W¥√ w≠
s´ d¨«uA∞« Ác≥ W¥ôu∞« ÊUJß úL¥ UL∏¥¸ W∑ÆR± ‹UMOOF¢
.WOF¥dA∑∞« UN∑µO≥ t° wCI¢ UL∞ ÎUI∂© ‹U°Uª∑≤ô« o¥d©
»Uª∑≤« vK´ d£R¥ tKFπ¥ u∫≤ vK´ q¥bF∑∞« «c≥ dºH¥ ô - 3
q¥bF∑∞« «c≥ `∂B¥ Ê√ q∂Æ t°Uª∑≤« r¢ aO® Í√ W¥uC´ …b± Ë√
.¸u∑ßb∞« s± ¡eπØ ‰uFHL∞« c≠U≤
.1913 )q¥d°√( ÊUºO≤ 8 w≠ dA´ l°Uº∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 20
126
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 128
Amendment XVIII.21
[Section 1. After one year from the ratification of this
article the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxi-
cating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the
exportation thereof from the United States and all territory
subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is
hereby prohibited.
Section 2. The Congress and the several States shall
have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropri-
ate legislation.
Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it
shall have been ratified as an amendment to the
Constitution by the legislatures of the several States, as
provided in the Constitution, within seven years from the
date of the submission hereof to the States by the
Congress.]
Amendment XIX.22
The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall
not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any
State on account of sex.
Congress shall have power to enforce this article by
appropriate legislation.
21
The Eighteenth Amendment was ratified January 16, 1919. It was repealed
by the Twenty-First Amendment, December 5, 1933.
22
The Ninteenth Amendment was ratified August 18, 1920.
129
dA´ s±U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
WO∞u∫J∞« ‹U°ËdAL∞« dOC∫¢
Ë√ ÃU∑≤≈ dE∫¥ ,…œUL∞« Ác≥ vK´ o¥bB∑∞« s± b•«Ë ÂU´ bF°(
‹U¥ôu∞« qî«œ …dJºL∞« WO∞u∫J∞« ‹U°ËdAL∞« qI≤ Ë√ lO°
U≥d¥bB¢ Ë√ ,UN≤UDKº∞ WF{Uª∞« o©UML∞« lOL§Ë …b∫∑L∞«
.»dAK∞ UNO©UF¢ ÷dG∞ UNO∞≈ U≥œ«dO∑ß« Ë√ UNM±
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
cOHM∑∞ WØd∑A± WDKß ‹U¥ôu∞« nK∑ªL∞Ë ”dG≤uJK∞ ÊuJ¢
VßUML∞« l¥dA∑∞U° …œUL∞« Ác≥
W£ö∏∞« …dIH∞«
¸u∑ßbK∞ q¥bF∑Ø UNOK´ ‚œUB¢ r∞ U± WK©U° …œUL∞« Ác≥ `∂B¢
p∞– vK´ h≤ ULØ ,‹U¥ôu∞« nK∑ªL∞ WOF¥dA∑∞« ‹UµON∞«
W∞U•≈ a¥¸U¢ s± ‹«uMß l∂ß ÊuC¨ w≠ p∞–Ë ,¸u∑ßb∞«
******** .)‹U¥ôu∞« v∞≈ q¥bF∑∞« «c≥ ”dG≤uJ∞«
dA´ lßU∑∞« q¥bF∑∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
»Uª∑≤ô« o• …√dL∞« `M±
wM©«u± ÊU±d• UNO≠ W¥ôË W¥_ ôË …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞ “uπ¥ ô
o∫∞« «c≥ s± rN∞ ’UI∑≤ô« Ë√ ,»Uª∑≤ô« o• …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞«
.)W£u≤_« Ë√ …¸uØc∞«( .fMπ∞« WKF∞
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
l¥dA∑∞U° …œUL∞« Ác≥ ÂUJ•√ cOHM¢ WDKß ”dG≤uJK∞ ÊuJ¢
.VßUML∞«
.1919 )d¥UM¥( w≤U∏∞« Êu≤UØ 16 w≠ dA´ s±U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 21
.1933 )d∂Lº¥œ( ‰Ë_« Êu≤UØ 5 w≠ s¥dAF∞«Ë b•«u∞« q¥bF∑∞« V§uL° qD°√Ô Ë
.1920 )fDº¨√( »¬ 18 w≠ dA´ lßU∑∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 22
128
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 130
Amendment XX.23
Section 1. The terms of the President and Vice
President shall end at noon on the 20th day of January, and
the terms of Senators and Representatives at noon on the
3d day of January, of the years in which such terms would
have ended if this article had not been ratified; and the
terms of their successors shall then begin.
Section 2. The Congress shall assemble at least once
in every year, and such meeting shall begin at noon on the
3d day of January, unless they shall by law appoint a dif-
ferent day.
The Twentieth Amendment was ratified January 23, 1933.
23
131
ÊËdAF∞« q¥bF∑∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
”dG≤uJ∞«Ë fOzd∞« s± qØ W¥ôË …d∑≠
Âu¥ dN™ fOzd∞« VzU≤Ë fOzd∞« s± qØ W¥ôË …b± wN∑M¢
ŒuOA∞« W¥ôË …b± wN∑M¢Ë ,)d¥UM¥( w≤U∏∞« Êu≤UØ s± s¥dAF∞«
‹«uMº∞« s± )d¥UM¥( w≤U∏∞« Êu≤UØ s± Y∞U∏∞« Âu¥ dN™ »«uM∞«Ë
.…œUL∞« Ác≥ dI¢ r∞ u∞ ‹U¥ôu∞« Ác≥ UNO≠ wN∑M∑ß X≤UØ w∑∞«
.rNzUHKî W¥ôË œb± czbM´ √b∂¢Ë
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
«c≥ q∏± √b∂¥Ë ,WMß qØ qÆ_« vK´ …d± ”dG≤uJ∞« lL∑π¥
œb∫¥ r∞ U± )d¥UM¥( w≤U∏∞« Êu≤UØ s± Y∞U∏∞« Âu¥ dN™ ŸUL∑§ô«
.dî¬ «b´u± Êu≤UI° ”dG≤uJ∞«
.1933 )d¥UM¥( w≤U∏∞« Êu≤UØ 23 w≠ s¥dAF∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 23
130
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 132
Section 3. If, at the time fixed for the beginning of
the term of the President, the President elect shall have
died, the Vice President elect shall become President. If a
President shall not have been chosen before the time fixed
for the beginning of his term, or if the President elect shall
have failed to qualify, then the Vice President elect shall
act as President until a President shall have qualified; and
the Congress may by law provide for the case wherein nei-
ther a President elect nor a Vice President elect shall have
qualified, declaring who shall then act as President, or the
manner in which one who is to act shall be selected, and
such person shall act accordingly until a President or Vice
President shall have qualified.
Section 4. The Congress may by law provide for the
case of the death of any of the persons from whom the
House of Representatives may choose a President when-
ever the right of choice shall have devolved upon them,
and for the case of the death of any of the persons from
whom the Senate may choose a Vice President whenever
the right of choice shall have devolved upon them.
Section 5. Sections 1 and 2 shall take effect on the
15th day of October following the ratification of this article.
133
W∏∞U∏∞« …dIH∞«
¡b∂∞ œb∫L∞« b´uL∞« w≠ Vª∑ML∞« fOzd∞« w≠u¢ Ê√ Àb• «–≈
r¢ bÆ sJ¥ r∞ «–≈Ë .ÎUºOz¸ Vª∑ML∞« fOzd∞« VzU≤ `∂B¥ ,t∑¥ôË
U± WL£ ÊUØ «–≈ Ë√ ,t∑¥ôË ¡b∂∞ ¸dIL∞« b´uL∞« q∂Æ fOz¸ ¸UO∑î«
czbM´ ,t∂BM± Vª∑ML∞« fOzd∞« w∞u¢ ÊËœ U¥¸u∑ßœ ‰u∫¥
‰Ëe¥ Ê√ v∞≈ fOzd∞« VBM± Vª∑ML∞« fOzd∞« VzU≤ v∞u∑¥
‰u∫¥ w∑∞« W∞U∫∞« Êu≤UI° œb∫¥ Ê√ ”dG≤uJK∞ sJL¥Ë .qzU∫∞«
VzU≤ Ë√ Vª∑ML∞« fOzd∞« s± Í√ w∞u¢ ÊËœ ͸u∑ßœ l≤U± UNO≠
v∞u∑¥ Íc∞« hªA∞« UMOF± WßUzd∞« VBM± Vª∑ML∞« fOzd∞«
hªA∞« ¸UO∑î« UNO≠ r∑¥ w∑∞« WOHOJ∞« Ë√ fOzd∞« VBM± czbM´
fOzdØ hªA∞« p∞– q∏± ·dB∑¥Ë ,VBML∞« v∞u∑Oß Íc∞«
Ë√ fOz¸ w∞u¢ ÊËœ ‰u∫¥ Íc∞« l≤UL∞« ‰Ëe¥ Ê√ v∞≈ p∞c∞ UI∂©
.WßUzd∞« VBM± fOz¸ VzU≤
WF°«d∞« …dIH∞«
s± Í√ …U≠Ë W∞U• ÂUJ•√ Êu≤UI° œb∫¥ Ê√ ”dG≤uJK∞
U±bM´ UºOz¸ »«uM∞« fKπ± rNM± ¸U∑ª¥ bÆ s¥c∞« ’Uª®_«
’Uª®_« s± Í√ …U≠Ë W∞U•Ë ,¸UO∑îô« o• fKπL∞« «cN∞ ‰ËR¥
‰ËR¥ U±bM´ fOzdK∞ ÎU∂zU≤ ŒuOA∞« fKπ± rNM± ¸U∑ª¥ s¥c∞«
.¸UO∑îô« o• fKπL∞« «cN∞
Wº±Uª∞« …dIH∞«
w¢c≠U≤ …œUL∞« Ác≥ s± WO≤U∏∞«Ë v∞Ë_« ÊU¢dIH∞« `∂B¢
‰Ë_« s¥dA¢ dN® s± dA´ f±Uª∞« ÂuO∞« w≠ ‰uFHL∞«
.…œUL∞« Ác≥ ¸«dÆ≈ a¥¸U¢ wK¥ Íc∞« )d°u∑Ø√(
132
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 134
Section 6. This article shall be inoperative unless it
shall have been ratified as an amendment to the Constitution
by the legislatures of three-fourths of the several States with-
in seven years from the date of its submission.
Amendment XXI.24
Section 1. The eighteenth article of amendment to
the Constitution of the United States is hereby repealed.
Section 2. The transportation or importation into any
State, Territory, or possession of the United States for deliv-
ery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the
laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.
Section 3. This article shall be inoperative unless it
shall have been ratified as an amendment to the
Constitution by conventions in the several States, as pro-
vided in the Constitution, within seven years from the date
of the submission hereof to the States by the Congress.
The Twenty-First Amendment was ratified December 5, 1933.
24
135
WßœUº∞« …dIH∞«
UNOK´ ‚œuÅ «–≈ ô≈ ‰uFHL∞« …c≠U≤ dO¨ …œUL∞« Ác≥ `∂B¢
ŸU°¸√ W£ö∏∞ WOF¥dA∑∞« ‹UµON∞« q∂Æ s± ¸u∑ßbK∞ q¥bF∑Ø
.UNL¥bI¢ a¥¸U¢ s± ‹«uMß l∂ß ÊuC¨ w≠ ‹U¥ôu∞« nK∑ª±
ÊËdAF∞«Ë ÍœU∫∞« q¥bF∑∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
WO∞u∫J∞« ‹U°ËdAL∞« r¥d∫¢ q¥bF¢ ¡UG∞≈
.…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« ¸u∑ßb∞ dA´ s±U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞« «c≥ wGK¥
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
WF°U¢ WIDM± Ë√ W¥ôË W¥√ w≠ …dJº± ‹U°ËdA± qI≤ dE∫¥
dE∫¥ ULØ ,UN¢“UO• w≠ WKî«œ w{«¸√ Ë√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞
n∞Uª¥ UL° UNO≠ UN∞ULF∑ß« Ë√ UNF¥“u¢ W¥UG∞ UNO∞≈ U≥œ«dO∑ß«
.UNMO≤«uÆ
W∏∞U∏∞« …dIH∞«
****
s± ‹«uMß l∂ß ÊuC¨ w≠ ,p∞–Ë ,¸u∑ßb∞« w≠ tOK´ h≤
.‹U¥ôu∞« v∞≈ q¥bF∑∞« «c≥ s± ”dG≤uJ∞« a¥¸U¢
.1933 d∂Lº¥œ )‰Ë_« Êu≤UØ( 5 w≠ s¥dAF∞«Ë ÍœU∫∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 24
134
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 136
Amendment XXII.25
Section 1. No person shall be elected to the office of
the President more than twice, and no person who has held
the office of President, or acted as President, for more than
two years of a term to which some other person was elect-
ed President shall be elected to the office of the President
more than once. But this Article shall not apply to any per-
son holding the office of President when this Article was
proposed by the Congress, and shall not prevent any per-
son who may be holding the office of President, or acting
as President, during the term within which this Article
becomes operative from holding the office of President or
acting as President during the remainder of such term.
Section 2. This article shall be inoperative unless it
shall have been ratified as an amendment to the
Constitution by the legislatures of three-fourths of the sev-
eral States within seven years from the date of its submis-
sion to the States by the Congress.
Amendment XXIII.26
Section 1. The District constituting the seat of
Government of the United States shall appoint in such
manner as the Congress may direct:
The Twenty-Second Amendment was ratified February 27, 1951.
25
The Twenty-Third Amendment was ratified March 29, 1961.
26
137
ÊËdAF∞«Ë b•«u∞« q¥bF∑∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
sO∑¥ôË …d∑H° WßUzd∞« b¥b∫¢
s± d∏Ø_ fOzd∞« VBML∞ hª® Í√ »Uª∑≤« “uπ¥ ô
ÂUÆ Ë√ fOzd∞« VBM± bKI¢ hª® Í_ “uπ¥ ô ULØ ,sO¢¸Ëœ
UN∞ Vª∑≤« W¥ôË …b± qÅ√ s± sO∑Mß s± d∏Ø_ fOzd∞« ÂUNL°
…¸Ëœ s± d∏Ø_ fOzd∞« VBML∞ Vª∑M¥ Ê√ ,ÎUºOz¸ dî¬ hª®
qGA¥ ÊUØ hª® Í√ vK´ o∂D¢ ô …œUL∞« Ác≥ sJ∞Ë .…b•«Ë
Í√ lML¢ ôË ,…œUL∞« Ác≥ ”dG≤uJ∞« Õ«d∑Æ« Èb∞ fOzd∞« VBM±
fOzd∞« ‰UL´Q° ÎULzUÆ Ë√ fOzd∞« VBM± Îö¨U® ÊuJ¥ hª®
s± ,‰uFHL∞« …c≠U≤ …œUL∞« UNO≠ `∂B¢ w∑∞« W¥ôu∞« …d∑≠ ‰öî
Ác≥ W¥UN≤ v∑• fOzd∞« ‰UL´Q° ÂUOI∞« Ë√ fOzd∞« VBM± w∞u¢
.W¥ôu∞«
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
q¥bF∑Ø ‹dÆ√ «–≈ ô≈ UN° ÎôuLF±Ë …c≠U≤ …œUL∞« Ác≥ `∂B¢ ô
nK∑ª± ŸU°¸√ W£ö∏∞ WOF¥dA∑∞« ‹UµON∞« q∂Æ s± ¸u∑ßbK∞
”dG≤uJ∞« W∞U•≈ s± ‹«uMß l∂ß ÊuC¨ w≠ p∞–Ë ,‹U¥ôu∞«
.‹U¥ôu∞« v∞≈ q¥bF∑∞« «c≥
ÊËdAF∞«Ë Y∞U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
UO∂±u∞uØ WF©UI± s± Ÿ«d∑Æô« o•
,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« W±uJ• dI± qJA¢ w∑∞« WF©UIL∞« sOF¢
:”dG≤uJ∞« U≥œb∫¥ w∑∞« WI¥dD∞U°Ë
.1951)d¥«d∂≠( ◊U∂® 27 s¥dAF∞«Ë w≤U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 25
.1961 )”¸U±( ¸«–¬ 29 w≠ s¥dAF∞«Ë Y∞U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 26
136
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 138
A number of electors of President and Vice President
equal to the whole number of Senators and
Representatives in Congress to which the District would be
entitled if it were a State, but in no event more than the
least populous State; they shall be in addition to those
appointed by the States, but they shall be considered, for
the purposes of the election of President and Vice
President, to be electors appointed by a State; and they
shall meet in the District and perform such duties as pro-
vided by the twelfth article of amendment.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
Amendment XXIV.27
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States
to vote in any primary or other election for President or
Vice President, for electors for President or Vice President,
or for Senator or Representative in Congress, shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or any State by
reason of failure to pay any poll tax or other tax.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
The Twenty-Fourth Amendment was ratified January 23, 1964.
27
139
q±UJ∞ ÎU¥ËUº± ÊuJ¥ fOzd∞« VzU≤Ë fOzd∞« w∂îU≤ s± Ϋœb´
WF©UIL∞« ÁcN∞ o∫¥ s¥c∞« ”dG≤uJ∞« w≠ »«uM∞«Ë ŒuOA∞« œb´
‰U• W¥Q° œbF∞« p∞– b¥e¥ Ê√ “uπ¥ ô tMJ∞Ë .W¥ôË X≤UØ u∞ rN°
ÊuJOßË .U≤UJß ‹U¥ôu∞« qÆ√ rNMOF¢ s¥c∞« sO∂îUM∞« œb´ s´
ÊËd∂∑FOß UL≤≈ ‹U¥ôu∞« rNMOF¢ s¥c∞« pµ∞Ë√ v∞≈ W≠U{≈ ¡ôR≥
q∂Æ s± sOMOF± sO∂îU≤ fOzd∞« VzU≤Ë fOzd∞« »Uª∑≤« W¥UG∞
hM¥ w∑∞« ÂUNL∞« ÊËœR¥Ë "WF©UIL∞«" w≠ ÊuFL∑πOßË W¥ôË
.¸u∑ßbK∞ dA´ w≤U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞« UNOK´
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
l¥dA∑∞U°Ë …œUL∞« Ác≥ ÂUJ•√ oO∂D¢ WDKß ”dG≤uJK∞ ÊuJ¢
.VßUML∞«
ÊËdAF∞«Ë l°«d∞« q¥bF∑∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
’Uª®_« Vz«d{
Âd∫¢ Ê√ UNO≠ W¥ôË W¥_ ôË …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞ “uπ¥ ô
w≠ rNI• s± rN∞ hI∑M¢ Ë√ ,…b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« wM©«u±
Ë√ fOz¸ »Uª∑≤ô U≥«uß Ë√ WO∞Ë√ ‹U°Uª∑≤« W¥√ w≠ Ÿ«d∑Æô«
Ë√ ,fOzd∞« VzU≤ Ë√ fOzdK∞ sO∂îU≤ »Uª∑≤« Ë√ ,fOz¸ VzU≤
Ë√ tFML¢ Ê√ “uπ¥ ô ,”dG≤uJ∞« w≠ VzU≤ Ë√ aO® »Uª∑≤«
l≠œ Âb´ V∂º° ,W¥ôË W¥√ Ë√ …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« tM± hI∑M¢
.Èdî√ W∂¥d{
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
.VßUML∞« l¥dA∑∞U° …œUL∞« Ác≥ oO∂D¢ WDKß ”dG≤uJK∞ ÊuJ¢
.1964 )d¥UM¥( w≤U∏∞« Êu≤UØ 23 w≠ s¥dAF∞«Ë l°«d∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 27
138
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 140
Amendment XXV.28
Section 1. In case of the removal of the President
from office or of his death or resignation, the Vice
President shall become President.
Section 2. Whenever there is a vacancy in the office
of the Vice President, the President shall nominate a Vice
President who shall take office upon confirmation by a
majority vote of both Houses of Congress.
Section 3. Whenever the President transmits to the
President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the
House of Representatives his written declaration that he is
unable to discharge the powers and duties of his office, and
until he transmits to them a written declaration to the con-
trary, such powers and duties shall be discharged by the
Vice President as Acting President.
Section 4. Whenever the Vice President and a
majority of either the principal officers of the executive
departments or of such other body as Congress may by law
provide, transmit to the President pro tempore of the
Senate and the Speaker of the House of Representatives
their written declaration that the President is unable to dis-
charge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice
President shall immediately assume the powers and duties
of the office as Acting President.
The Twenty-Fifth Amendment was ratified February 10, 1967.
28
141
ÊËdAF∞«Ë f±Uª∞« q¥bF∑∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
t∑≠öîË fOzd∞« eπ´ ÂUJ•√
,t∑∞UI∑ß« Ë√ t¢U≠Ë Ë√ t∂BM± s± fOzd∞« ‰e´ W∞U• w≠
.ÎUºOz¸ fOzd∞« VzU≤ `∂B¥
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
VzU≤ fOzd∞« `®d¥ ,fOzd∞« VzU≤ VBM± dGA¥ U±bM´
X¥uB¢ Èb∞ VBML∞« «c≥ v∞u∑¥ ****WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞« ***fOz¸
.tMOOF¢ vK´ WI≠«uL∞U° »«uM∞«Ë ŒuOA∞« fKπ± W¥d∏Ø√
W∏∞U∏∞« …dIH∞«
ŒuOA∞« fKπL∞ XÆRL∞« fOzd∞« s± öØ fOzd∞« mK∂¥ U±bM´
ÂUOI∞« s´ ÁeπF° wDª∞« t∫¥dB¢ »«uM∞« fKπ± fOz¸Ë
U∫¥dB¢ UODî ULNGK∂¥ Ê√ v∞«Ë ,t∂BM± ‹U∂§«ËË ‹UDKº°
ÂUNL∞«Ë ‹UDKº∞« ÁcN° ÂUOI∞« fOzd∞« VzU≤ v∞u∑¥ ,p∞– fJF°
.W∞UØu∞U° fOzdØ
WF°«d∞« …dIH∞«
w≠ sOOºOzd∞« sOH™uL∞« WO∂∞U¨Ë fOzd∞« VzU≤ mK∂¥ U±bM´
”dG≤uJ∞« U≥œb∫¥ ,Èdî√ WµO≥ ¡UC´√ Ë√ W¥cOHM∑∞« ‹«¸«“u∞«
»«uM∞« fKπ± fOz¸Ë XÆRL∞« ŒuOA∞« fKπ± fOz¸ ,Êu≤UI°
ÂUN±Ë ‹UDKº° ÂUOI∞« s´ e§U´ fOzd∞« ÊQ° wDª∞« rN∫¥dB¢
VBML∞« ÂUN±Ë ‹UDKß Î«¸u≠ fOzd∞« VzU≤ v∞u∑¥ ,t∂BM±
.W∞UØu∞U° fOzdØ
.1967 )d¥«d∂≠( ◊U∂® 10 w≠ s¥dAF∞«Ë f±Uª∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 28
140
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 142
Thereafter, when the President transmits to the
President pro tempore of the Senate and the Speaker of the
House of Representatives his written declaration that no
inability exists, he shall resume the powers and duties of
his office unless the Vice President and a majority of either
the principal officers of the executive department or of
such other body as Congress may by law provide, transmit
within four days to the President pro tempore of the Senate
and the Speaker of the House of Representatives their writ-
ten declaration that the President is unable to discharge
the powers and duties of his office. Thereupon Congress
shall decide the issue, assembling within forty-eight hours
for that purpose if not in session. If the Congress, within
twenty-one days after receipt of the latter written declara-
tion, or, if Congress is not in session, within twenty-one
days after Congress is required to assemble, determines by
two-thirds vote of both Houses that the President is unable
to discharge the powers and duties of his office, the Vice
President shall continue to discharge the same as Acting
President; otherwise, the President shall resume the pow-
ers and duties of his office.
143
XÆRL∞« ŒuOA∞« fKπ± fOz¸ fOzd∞« mK∂¥ U±bM´ ,p∞– bF°Ë
eπ´ W∞U• œu§Ë ÂbF° wDª∞« t∫¥dB¢ »«uM∞« fKπ± fOz¸Ë
VzU≤ mK∂¥ r∞ U± t∂BM± ÂUN±Ë ‹UDKº° ÂUOI∞« n≤Q∑º¥ ,t¥b∞
Ë√ W¥cOHM∑∞« ‹«¸«“u∞« w≠ sOOºOzd∞« sOH™uL∞« WO∂∞U¨Ë fOzd∞«
ÊuC¨ w≠Ë ,Êu≤UI° ”dG≤uJ∞« U≥œb∫¥ Èdî√ tµO≥ ¡UC´√
»«uM∞« fKπ± fOz¸Ë XÆRL∞« ŒuOA∞« fKπ± fOz¸ ,ÂU¥√ WF°¸√
ÂUN±Ë ‹UDKº° ÂUOI∞« s´ e§U´ fOzd∞« ÊQ° wDª∞« rN∫¥dB¢
ÁbIF¥ ŸUL∑§« w≠ WOCI∞« w≠ ”dG≤uJ∞« XO° p∞– bM´ .t∂BM±
.œUIF≤« …¸Ëœ w≠ sJ¥ r∞ «–≈ ÷dG∞« p∞c∞ W´Uß 48 ÊuC¨ w≠
`¥dB∑∞« tLKº¢ s± ÎU±u¥ 21 ÊuC¨ w≠ ,”dG≤uJ∞« ¸dÆ «–≈Ë
V§u∑¥ Íc∞« b´uL∞« s± U±u¥ 21 ÊuC¨ w≠ Ë√ ,w≤U∏∞« wDª∞«
w∏K£ W¥d∏ØQ°Ë ,œUIF≤« …¸Ëœ w≠ sJ¥ r∞ «–≈ ,fKπL∞« œUIF≤« tO≠
ÂUOI∞« s´ e§U´ fOzd∞« Ê√ »«uM∞«Ë ŒuOA∞« fKπ± ‹«uÅ√
Ác≥ w∞u¢ w≠ fOzd∞« VzU≤ dL∑º¥ ,t∂BM± ÂUN±Ë ‹UDKº°
·öî d±_« ÊUØ «–≈ U±√ ,W∞UØu∞U° fOzdØ ‹U∂§«u∞«Ë ‹UDKº∞«
.t∂BM± ‹U∂§«ËË ‹UDKº° ÂUOI∞« fOzd∞« n≤Q∑ºO≠ p∞–
142
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 144
Amendment XXVI.29
Section 1. The right of citizens of the United States,
who are eighteen years of age or older, to vote shall not be
denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on
account of age.
Section 2. The Congress shall have power to enforce
this article by appropriate legislation.
Amendment XXVII.30
No law, varying the compensation for the services of
the Senators and Representatives, shall take effect, until
an election of Representatives shall have intervened.
❧ ❧
The Twenty-Sixth Amendment was ratified July 1, 1971.
29
Congress submitted the text of the Twenty-Seventh Amendment to the States
30
as part of the proposed Bill of Rights on September 25, 1789. The Amendment
was not ratified together with the first ten Amendments, which became effec-
tive on December 15, 1791. The Twenty-Seventh Amendment was ratified on
May 7, 1992, by the vote of Michigan.
145
ÊËdAF∞«Ë ”œUº∞« q¥bF∑∞«
v∞Ë_« …dIH∞«
»Uª∑≤ô« o• WMß 18 sß sOG∞U∂∞« `M±
Âd∫¢ Ê√ UNO≠ W¥ôË W¥_ ôË …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôuK∞ “uπ¥ ô
U±Ë …dA´ WM±U∏∞« sß «uGK° sL± …b∫∑L∞« ‹U¥ôu∞« wM©«u±
.sº∞« V∂º° tM± rN∞ hI∑M¢ Ë√ »Uª∑≤ô« o• s± ‚u≠
WO≤U∏∞« …dIH∞«
.VßUML∞« l¥dA∑∞U° …œUL∞« Ác≥ cOHM¢ WDKß ”dG≤uJK∞ ÊuJ¢
ÊËdAF∞«Ë l°Uº∞« q¥bF∑∞«
ŒuOA∞« fKπ± ¡UC´√ ¸u§√ dOOG¢ vK´ hM¥ Êu≤UÆ Í√
v∑• ‰uFHL∞« ͸Uß ÊuJ¥ s∞ rN¢U±bî q°UI± »«uMK∞ fKπ±Ë
.b¥b§ »«u≤ fKπ± »Uª∑≤« r∑¥
.1971 )uO∞u¥( “uL¢ 1 w≠ s¥dAF∞«Ë ”œUº∞« q¥bF∑∞« vK´ WÆœUBL∞« XL¢ 29
‹U¥ôu∞« v∞≈ s¥dAF∞«Ë l°Uº∞« q¥bF∑∞« h≤ 30‡∞« ÁœUIF≤« …¸Ëœ w≠ ”dG≤uJ∞« ÂbÒÆ 30
r∑¥ r∞Ë .1789 )d∂L∑∂ß( ‰uK¥√ 25 w≠ p∞–Ë sO≤«uI∞« W∫zô s± «Î¡e§ Á¸U∂∑´U°
W¥¸Uß X∫∂Å√ w∑∞« ,v∞Ë_« …dAF∞« ‹ö¥bF∑∞« l± W¥uß q¥bF∑∞« vK´ o¥bB∑∞«
XL¢ bI≠ ÊËdAF∞«Ë w≤U∏∞« q¥bF∑∞« U±√ .1791 )d∂Lº¥œ( ‰Ë_« Êu≤UØ 15 w≠ ‰uFHL∞«
.ÊUGOA± W¥ôË s± ‹uÅ qCH° 1992 )u¥U±( ¸U¥√ 7 w≠ tOK´ WÆœUBL∞«
144
DI.CON-English-Arabic 3/29/05 2:17 PM Page 146
About the Cato Institute
The Cato Institute is a nonpartisan public policy
research foundation located in Washington, D.C. Named
for Cato’s Letters, libertarian pamphlets that helped lay the
philosophical foundation for the American Revolution, the
Institute takes its inspiration from the struggle of America’s
founding generation to secure liberty through limited gov-
ernment and the rule of law.
To encourage discussion about public policy and the
proper role of government, the Cato Institute undertakes an
extensive program of publications, conferences, and semi-
nars dealing with a wide range of issues. In addition, Cato
scholars appear often as authors and columnists and on tel-
evision and radio programs to discuss issues of the day.
“Cato is now the hot policy shop, respected for
not compromising its core beliefs even when they
get in the way of practical politics.”
—Washington Post, on the occasion
of the Cato Institute’s 20th
Anniversary.
147
‹UßUOº∞« ÀU∫°Q° vMF¢ WO°e• dO¨ WLEM± u≥ u∑OØ bNF±
WLEML∞« XKL• .sDM®«Ë WOØdO±_« WLÅUF∞« U≥dI± W±UF∞«
‹b´Uß W¥¸d∫¢ …dA≤ w≥Ë "u∑OØ W∞U߸" v∞≈ W∂º≤ rßô« «c≥
rNK∑º¥ .WOØdO±_« …¸u∏∞« WHºKH∞ WC¥dF∞« ◊uDª∞« l{Ë w≠
s± UØdO±√ W∞Ëb∞ ¡U°ü« sOºßRL∞« qO§ s± t¢U•Ëd© bNFL∞«
œuº¥ …œËb∫± W±uJ• ‰öî s± ‹U¥d∫∞« vK´ WE≠U∫L∞« q§√
.Êu≤UI∞« rJ• UNO≠
W±UF∞« ‹UßUOº∞« ÊQ® w≠ …œUπ∞« ‹«¸«u∫∞« l≠œ ·bN°Ë
UFßu± Uπ±U≤d° u∑OØ bNF± ÂbI¥ ,W±uJ∫K∞ b¥U∫± ¸Ëœ lOπA¢Ë
UHO© wDG¢ w∑∞« ‹«dL¢RL∞«Ë ,‹«d{U∫L∞«Ë ,‹U´u∂DL∞« s±
sO∏•U∂∞« s± b¥bF∞« „¸UA¥Ë .WOßUOº∞« ÊËRA∞« s± UC¥d´
‹ôUI± ‰öî s± ¡«uß w±ö´ù« ÊQA∞« w≠ u∑OØ bNF± w≠
…eN§√ w≠ T≠UJ± ¸uN™ ‰öî s± Ë√ ,n∫B∞« w≠ dAM¢
dî¬ WAÆUM± w≠ rNM± WL≥Uº± ,ŸuLºL∞«Ë wzdL∞« Âö´ù«
.À«b•_« ‹«bπ∑º±
UN∞ ‰UI± ÷dF± w≠ Xßu° sDM®«Ë …b¥d§ ‹œ¸Ë√
:wK¥ U± bNFL∞« fOßQ∑∞ s¥dAF∞« bOF∞« W∂ßUML°
ÊËR® ‰Ë«b∑∞ q∏±_« ÊUJL∞« t≤Q° u∑OØ bNF± s´ ·dF¥"
ÊuJ∞ «d∑•ô« s± X≠ô ¸bI° l∑L∑¥ u≥Ë ,UOKF∞« WßUOº∞«
WOßUOº∞« rNzœU∂±Ë rNHÆ«u± vK´ Êu±ËUº¥ ô tO∞ËRº±
."¸u±_« )d¥dL¢( œdπL∞
146
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Cato Institute
Arabic Department
1220 L Street, N.W.
Box 100-305
Washington, D.C. 20005
USA

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