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1.
2.
Element
Calcium, Ca
Sodium, Na
Iron, Fe
Copper, Cu
Carbon, C
Hydrogen, H
Potassium, K
Lithium, Li
Bromine, Br
Argon, Ar
Silver, Ag
Caesium, Cs
Lead, Pb
Chlorine, Cl
Flourine, F
Aluminium, Al
Zinc, Zn
Helium, He
F4 Chemistry
Molecular
formula
Example:
Example:
Fr of Magnesium oxide, MgO = 24 + 16 = 40
Fr of Sodium chloride, NaCl = 23 + 35.5 = 58.5
1. The relative molecular mass of a molecule is
. when compared with 1/12 of the mass
of one atom of
2. Calculate the relative molecular masses of the substances in the table below.
Substance
Molecular formula
Hydrogen gas
Propane
H2
C3H8
Ethanol
Bromine gas
Methane
Glucose
C2H5OH
Br2
CH4
C6H12O6
Ammonia
NH3
[Relative atomic mass : H,1; C,12; O,16; Br,80 ; N,14 ]
3. Calculate the relative formula masses of the following ionic compounds in the table.
Substance
Potassium oxide
Aluminium sulphate
Compound formula
K2O
Al2(SO4)3
2(27)+3[32+4(16)]=342
F4 Chemistry
Zinc nitrate
Zn(NO3)2
Aluminium nitrate
Al(NO3)3
Calcium carbonate
CaCO3
Calcium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2
Hydrated copper(II)
sulphate
CuSO4.5H2O
Hydrated sodium
carbonate
Na2CO3.10H2O
Sodium hydrogen
sulphate
NaHSO4
Aluminium chloride
AlCl3
Copper(II) sulphate
CuSO4
Zinc carbonate
ZnCO3
Potassium
carbonate
K2CO3
[Relative atomic mass: O,16; C,12; H,1; K,39 ; Cu,64 ; Zn, 65; Cl, 35.5 ; Al, 27 S,32 ;
Ca, 40; Na,23; N, 14]
F4 Chemistry
.. formula units
number of particles
vogadro Constant
Number of moles
0.5 mol of carbon atoms
0.2 moles of hydrogen gas ( H2)
Number of particles
atoms of carbon
(i)
(ii)
..molecules
of hydrogen gas
.Atoms of hydrogen
F4 Chemistry
calcium ions
. mol of water
.x 10 23 molecules of ozone,
contains :
atoms of Oxygen.
.. atoms
relate molar mass of a substance to its relative atomic mass or relative molecular mass,
solve numerical problems to convert the number of moles of a given substance to its
mass and vice versa.
F4 Chemistry
Number of moles
Mass in g
Molar mass
Mass of substance
Therefore :
Example 1 :
=
=
2 x
24g
12
36g
[ 2(1) +
16 ]
f)
i)
j)
F4 Chemistry
l)
Activity 5
4. Calculate the Number of Moles from a given Mass
Example : How many moles are there in 88g of CO2
Number of moles = 88
44
= 2 moles
a) 2g of helium atoms
Number of moles =
b) 6g of carbon atoms
Number of moles =
d) 4g of sulphur atoms
Number of moles =
F4 Chemistry
Activity 6
5. Complete the following table.
Element/compound
Chemical
formulae
Molar mass
Copper
Cu
RAM= 64
Calculate
(a)Mass of 1 mol = g
(b) Mass of 2 mol = . g
(c)Mass of mol = .g
(d)Mass of 3.01x1023 Cu atoms
=
Sodium hydroxide
NaOH
RFM= 40
Zinc nitrate
Zn(NO3)2
RFM =
F4 Chemistry
D
24 dm3 at
22.4 dm3 at .
or
Example :
1 mol of oxygen gas, 1 mol of ammonia gas, 1 mol helium gas and 1 mol sulphur dioxide gas occupies
the same volume of 24 dm3 at room condition
x 22.4 / 24 dm3
Number of moles of
gas
Volume of gas
x 22.4/24 dm3
22.4/24 dm3
=
=
=
number of moles x
1 x 22.4 dm3
22.4 dm3
22.4 dm3
F4 Chemistry
a) 3 moles of oxygen
Volume =
b) 2 moles of CH4
Volume =
e) 0.1 moles of N2
Volume =
f) 1.5 mol of N2
Volume =
5. Complete the diagram below . (Refer to Page 33,34 & 38-Chemistry textbook)
Mass in gram
Number of moles
No of particles
Activity 8
Solve these numerical problems
1.
Find the number of moles of oxygen gas contained in a sample of 120 cm3 of the gas
at room conditions.
[Molar volume: 24 dm3 mol-1 at room conditions]
10
F4 Chemistry
3.
4.
5.
How many aluminium ions are there in 20.4 g of aluminium oxide, Al2O3?
[Relative atomic mass: O, 16; Al, 27. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-
6.
11
F4 Chemistry
7.
Find the volume of nitrogen in cm3 at STP that consists of 2.408 x 1023 nitrogen molecules.
[Molar volume: 22.4 dm3 mol-1 at STP. Avogadro constant, NA: 6.02 x 1023 mol-1]
E CHEMICAL FORMULAE
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to
state the meaning of chemical formula
state the meaning of empirical formula
state the meaning of molecular formula
determine empirical and molecular formula of substances
compare and contrast empirical formula with molecular formula
solve numerical problems involving empirical and molecular formula.
write ionic formula of ions
construct chemical formulaf ionic compounds
state names of chemical compounds using IUPAC nomenclature.
use symbols and chemical formula for easy and systematic communication in the field
of chemistry.
H2
Subscript shows 2
hidrogen atoms in
a molecule
Chemical
Notes
formulae
Water
..
12
F4 Chemistry
..
NH3
C3H8
Propane
H
Magnesium oxide
..
..
H2SO4
3). There are two types of chemical formulae. Complete the following:
** Empirical Formula
The simplest
in the compound.
** Molecular Formula
Remember:
(ii)
Compound Glucose
Molecular formula - C 6 H 12 O 6
Molecular formula - C 2 H 4
Empirical formula - ...................
Activity 10
1 Find the empirical formula of a compound
Example of calculation:
a) When 11.95 g of metal X oxide is reduced by hydrogen, 10.35 g of metal X is
produced. Find the empirical formula of metal X oxide [ RAM; X,207; O,16 ]
Element
Mass of element(g)
Number of moles of atoms
Ratio of moles
Simplest ratio of moles
X
10.35
10.35207
O
11.95-10.35
(11.95-10.35)16
Empirical formula :
b) A certain compound contains the following composition:
Na 15.23%, Br 52.98% , O 31.79%, [ RAM : O, 16; Na, 23; Br,80]
(Assume that 100g of substance is used)
Element
Mass of element(g)
Na
15.23
Br
52.98
13
O
31.79
F4 Chemistry
52.9880
31.7916
Empirical formula:: .
c)
Molecular Formula
H2O
CO2
H2SO4
C2H4
C6H6
C6H12O6
Empirical formula
Value of n
CO2
CH2
d) 2.52g of a hydrocarbon contains 2.16 g of carbon. The relative molecular mass of the
hydrocarbon is 84. [RAM H,1; C,12]
i.
ii.
Activity 11
Formula
Anion
Formula
Hydrogen ion
Flouride ion
Lithium ion
Chloride ion
Sodium ion
Bromide ion
Potassium ion
Iodide ion
Magnesium ion
Hydroxide ion
14
F4 Chemistry
Calcium ion
Ca 2
Nitrate ion
Barium ion
Ba 2
Manganate(VII) ion
Copper(II) ion
Ethanoate ion
CH 3COO
Iron(II) ion
O 2
Sulphate ion
Sulphide ion
Zinc ion
Carbonate ion
Aluminium ion
S 2
Cr2 O7
Al 3
Ammonium ion
PO4
Avtivity 12
a) Chemical formula of an ionic compound comprising of the ions Xm+ and Yn- is constructed
by exchanging the charges of each element. The formula obtained will XnYm
Example : Sodium oxide
Na+
O2-
Cu2+
NO3-
+1
-2
+2
-1
= Na2O
b)
....................
(i)
Magnesium chloride
(ii)
Potassium carbonate
(iii)
Calcium sulphate
(iv)
(v)
Silver nitrate
(vi)
Zinc nitrate
(ix)
(x)
Lead(II) sulphide
15
Chromium(III) sulphate
F4 Chemistry
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Learning Outcomes
You should be able to
1. state the meaning of chemical equation
identify the reactants and products of a chemical equation
2. write and balance chemical equations
3. interpret chemical equations quantitatively and qualitatively
4. solve numerical problems using chemical equations
5. identify positive scientific attitudes and values practiced by scientist in doing research
6. justify the need to practice positive scientific attitudes and good values in doing researsh
7. use chemical equations for easy and systematic communication in the field of chemistry.
Example:
Reactant
product
..
2 H 2 (g)
+ O2 (g)
2 H 2 O (l)
b)
chlorine
..
NaCl
Carbon
..
Carbon dioxide
..
oxygen
c) Sulphur
16
F4 Chemistry
..
d) Zinc
..
..
+ oxygen
..
+ O2
..
3) Write a balanced equation for each of the following reactions and interpret the equations
quantitatively.
(a). Carbon monoxide gas + oxygen gas carbon dioxide gas
Interpreting:
Activity 14
** Numerical Problems Involving Chemical Equations
Hydrogen peroxide decomposes according to the following equation:
2 H 2 O2 (l) 2 H 2 O (l) + O2 (g)
1). Calculate the volume of oxygen gas, O2 measured at STP that can be obtained from the
decomposition of 34 g of hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O2 .
[Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; O, 16. Molar volume : 22.4 dm 3 mol 1 at STP]
17
F4 Chemistry
2).Silver carbonate Ag2CO3 breaks down easily when heated to produce silver metal
2 Ag2CO3(l)
(Ans : 12.77g)
3). 16 g of copper (II) oxide, CuO is reacted with excess methane, CH 4 . Using the equation below, find
the mass of copper that is produced.
[Relative atomic mass : Cu, 64 ; O, 16]
4 CuO (s) + CH 4 (g) 4 Cu (s) + CO2 (g) + 2 H 2 O (l)
(Ans : 12.8 g)
18
F4 Chemistry
4). A student heats 20 g of calcium carbonate CaCO3 strongly. It decomposes according to the
equation below:
CaCO3 (s)
(a). If the carbon dioxide produced is collected at room conditions, what is its volume?
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