Manual Lab Heat Exchanger

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The SOLTEQ HE104-PD Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger has been designed specifically
to demonstrate the working principles of industrial heat exchangers. The apparatus
requires only a cold water supply, single phase electrical outlet and a bench top to enable a
series of simple measurements to be made by students. Experiments can be readily
conducted in a short period of time, to accurately show the practical importance of the
following:
Temperature profiles
Co- and counter-current flow
Energy balances
Log mean temperature difference
Heat transfer coefficients
The equipment consists of a concentric tube exchanger in the form of a 'U' mounted on a
support frame. The external surface of the exchanger is insulated. Three temperature
measuring devices are installed in the inside and outside tubes to measure the fluid
temperatures accurately. To minimize losses in the system, the hot water is fed through the
inner pipe, with the cooling water in the outer annulus.
Control valves are incorporated in each of the two streams to regulate the flow. The flow
rates are measured using independent flowmeters installed in each line.
The hot water system is totally self-contained. A hot storage tank is equipped with an
immersion type heater and an adjustable temperature controller which can maintain a
temperature to within approximately 1C. Circulation to the heat exchanger is provided
by a pump and hot water returns to the storage tank to be reheated. The cold water
required for the exchanger is taken from the laboratory mains supply.
A readily identifiable valve arrangement allows simple changeover between co- and
counter-current configurations.
2.0
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
(Refer to Figs. 1 and 2, pages 3 and 4).
A supply of hot water at a temperature up to 65C is maintained in a storage tank (4) at the
rear of the apparatus by an integral heating element (3). The temperature of the water in
the tank is monitored by a sensor (25) adjacent to the integral heating element (3). Power
to the heating element is regulated by a controller (12) connected to the sensor to maintain
a constant temperature. The controller is mounted on the front panel with a light emitting
switch to show when power is being supplied to the heating element. The storage tank is
fitted with a loose cover (1) to prevent ingress of dust and reduce loss of water through
evaporation. Water is continuously recirculated through the tank by a pump (7). The
bypass valve (5) is set accordingly with the desired hot water flow rate to prolong the life of
the pump.
Hot water for the exchanger is taken from the pump discharge and passes through the 1
mm thick of inner pipe with 13 mm ID in the concentric tube arrangement (14) before
returning to the tank for reheating. Flow through this circuit is regulated by a control valve
(22) and indicated on a flowmeter (21). Temperature sensors (18, 20) are installed at the
inlet and outlet of the exchanger hot water circuit to display the respective water
temperatures. A temperature sensor (10) is installed in the top branch of the tube to
indicate the mid-point temperature in the hot water circuit.
Cold water for the exchanger is supplied from an external source to the 1 mm thick of outer
annulus with 20 mm ID in the concentric tube arrangement (14) via an inlet (23) and valve
arrangement (19). Flow through this circuit is regulated by a control valve (26) and
indicated on a flowmeter (27). After heating in the exchanger where 1360 mm length of
tube is in contact, the cold water leaves via an outlet (24). Temperatures through the cold
water circuit are indicated on three temperature sensors (8, 17). Co- or counter-flow
configurations may be obtained by appropriate setting of the selector valves (19).
Valves (9, 11) at the top of the exchanger permit air to be bled from the system and
facilitate drainage. A drain valve underneath the storage tank permits the storage tank to
be drained.
Each temperature sensor in the exchanger circuit is installed in the middle of the flow
stream without touching the inner wall of the tube in order to obtain an accurate reading.
For co-current flow, valves V1 and V3 are opened, valves V2 and V4 are closed. For
counter-current flow, valves V1 and V3 are closed, valves V2 and V4 are opened.
2.1 UNIT ASSEMBLY
FIGURE 1: Rear view of the concentric tube heat exchanger
FIGURE 2: Front view of the concentric tube heat exchanger

1. Loose cover
2. Level switch
3. Heating element
4. Storage tank
5. Bypass valve
6. Pump inlet
7. Pump
8. Temperature sensor
9. Bleed Valve
10.Temperature sensor
11. Bleed Valve
12. Flowrate indicator
13.Temperature indicator
14. Concentric tube
15.Temperature controller
16. Main switch
17.Temperature sensor
18. Hot water inlet
19. Selector valve
21. Flowmeter
22. Control valve
23. Cold water inlet
24. Cold water outlet
26. Control valve
27. Flowmeter
2.2 EXPERIMENTAL CAPABILITIES
Determine heat transfer rate (heat flow), logarithmic mean temperature difference,
and overall heat transfer coefficient.
Determine surface heat transfer coefficient inside and outside the tube, and study
the effect of fluid velocity on heat transfer coefficient.
Perform energy balance on the working system.
Compare performance in co-current (parallel) and in counter-current flow.
Investigate the relationship between Nusselt (Nu) and Reynolds (Re) numbers.
Determine temperature profile in co-current and counter-current flow.
3.0
INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
The equipment should be installed on a firm, level work surface adjacent to a cold water
supply and drain.
A single phase electrical supply is also required.
No other services are required.
4.0
COMMISSIONING
(Refer to Figs. 1 and 2, pages 3 and 4).
4.1 Check the drain valve underneath the water storage tank is fully closed (clockwise).
4.2 Remove the cover (1) from the storage tank (4) and fill the tank with clean water to
within 40 mm (about 1.5 inch) from the top.
NOTE: Heater will automatically off if the water level is below the level switch (2) in order to
prolong the heater life.
4.3 Replace the cover on the storage tank.
4.4 Close the air bleed valves (11, 9) on the top of the heat exchanger.
4.5 Connect the cold water inlet (23) to a source of cold water using flexible tubing.
4.6 Connect the cold water outlet (24) to a suitable drain.
4.7 Close the hot water flow control valve (22).
4.8 Set the temperature controller (12) to zero on the front panel.
4.9 Switch on the pump and observe operation of the pump.
4.10 Raise the cover on the storage tank and observe circulation of water through the tank.
4.11 Open the hot water flow control valve (22) and allow water to flow through the
exchanger until a steady flow of water is indicated on the hot water flowmeter (21).
4.12 Open the cold water flow control valve (26). Set the selector valves (19) to co-current
position. Allow water to flow through the exchanger until a steady flow of water is indicated
on the cold water flowmeter (27).
4.13 Close the hot and cold water flow control valves.
4.14 Attach a length of flexible tubing to each of the air bleed valves (11, 9) at the top of the
exchanger. Open each bleed valve and allow water to flow until all air is expelled.
4.15 Close both bleed valves and remove the flexible tubing.
4.16 Set the temperature controller (12) to an elevated temperature e.g. 50.0C. Switch on
the heater and observe the heater switch is illuminated indicating power output to the
heating element. Observe the heater in the storage tank and make sure it runs well.
4.17 Commissioning is now complete.
5.0
INDEX TO EXPERIMENTS
Experiment
Page No.
CO-CURRENT FLOW ARRANGEMENT
COUNTER-CURRENT FLOW ARRANGEMENT
12
WATER TEMPERATURE VARIATION
15
FLOW RATE VARIATION
17
5.1
EXPERIMENT A: CO-CURRENT FLOW ARRANGEMENT
OBJECTIVE:
To demonstrate the working principles of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating under
co-current flow conditions.
EQUIPMENT SET-UP:
Set desired hot water
inlet temperature on
the controller (12).
Flow control valves
drain
inlet
Cold water flow direction control valves
- Set for co-current flow (V1 &V3 on, V2 & V4 off)
SUMMARY OF THEORY:
Power emitted = QH H CpH (THin - THout)
Power absorbed = QC C CpC (TCout TCin)
Power lost
= power emitted - power absorbed
Efficiency =
power absorbed
100 %
power emitted
Log mean temperature difference tm =
Overall heat transfer coefficient U =
t1 t 2
t
ln 1
t 2
power absorbed
t m area
where,
area = Surface area of contact
= pi x ODinner pipe x Length
= (3.142 x 0.015 x 1.36) m
= 0.0641 m
Reynold number, Re =
Nusselt number = 0.023 (Re^0.8) (Pr^0.33)
Prandtl number, Pr = cp / k
Surface heat transfer coefficient, h = Nu k /
Theoretical Heat Coefficient,
1 / U = 1 / h [cold side] + 1 / h [hot side]
Where,
= density,
= dynamic viscosity,
cp= specific heat,
k= thermal conductivity
d=diameter of pipe
INITIAL VALUES OF VARIABLES TO BE USED:

Controlled hot water temperature = 60C
Hot water flow rate QH = 2.0 L/min
Cold water flow rate QC = 1.5 L/min
READINGS TO BE TAKEN:
Record the hot and cold water temperatures at inlet, mid-point and outlet once conditions
have stabilized.
RESULTS:
TT1
( tHin )
C
TT3
( tHout )
C
TT4
( tCin )
C
TT5
( tCmid )
C
TT6
( tCout )
C
Power
absorbed
W
Power
lost
W
Efficiency
%
tm
C
U
W/m2 C
Calcullations
Readings
TT2
( tHmid )
C
Temperature
T
(C)
Power
emitted
W
Flow Rate
Q
(L/min)
Reynold
Number
Re
Nusselt
Number
Nu
Surface Heat
Transfer
Coefficient
h
(W/mK)
Hot
Water
Cold
Water
10
Theoritical
U
(W/mK)
Experimental
U
(W/mK)
Percentage
error
(%)
Type of flow
It will be necessary to refer to standard tables for values of density (p) and specific heat
(Cp). Use appropriate conversion factors to ensure consistency of units when making
calculations.
Hot
Co-current Flow
Cold
Students are recommended to do the following:
1. Compare the results obtained with those from a similar test under counter-current flow
conditions.
2. Discuss the effect of Re on h.
3. Compare the theoretical U and experimental U.
11
5.2
EXPERIMENT B: COUNTER-CURRENT FLOW ARRANGEMENT
OBJECTIVE:
To demonstrate the working principles of a concentric tube heat exchanger operating under
counter-current flow conditions.
EQUIPMENT SET-UP:
Set desired hot water
inlet temperature on
the controller (12).
Flow control valves
drain
inlet
- Set for counter flow (V1 &V3 off, V2 & V4 on)
SUMMARY OF THEORY:
Power emitted = QH H CpH (THin - THout)
Power absorbed = QC C CpC (TCout TCin)
Power lost
= power emitted - power absorbed
System efficiency, =
power absorbed
100 %
power emitted
Log mean temperature difference, tm =
Overall heat transfer coefficient, U =

where,
t1 t 2
t
ln 1
t 2
power absorbed
t m area
area = Surface area of contact

= pi x ODinner pipe x Length
= (3.142 x 0.015 x 1.36) m
= 0.0641 m
12
Reynold number, Re =
Nusselt number = 0.023 (Re^0.8) (Pr^0.33)
Theoretical Heat Coefficient,
1 / U = 1 / h [cold side] + 1 / h [hot side]
Where,
= density,
= dynamic viscosity,
cp= specific heat,
k= thermal conductivity
d=diameter of pipe
Record the hot and cold water temperatures at inlet, mid-point and outlet once conditions
have stabilized.
RESULTS:
TT1
( tHin )
C
TT3
( tHout )
C
TT4
( tCout )
C
TT5
( tCmid )
C
TT6
( tCin )
C
Power
absorbed
W
Power
lost
W
Efficiency
%
tm
C
U
W/m2 C
Calcullations
Readings
TT2
( tHmid )
C
Temperature
T
(C)
Power
emitted
W
Flow Rate
Q
(L/min)
Reynold
Number
Re
Nusselt
Number
Nu
Surface Heat
Transfer
Coefficient
h
(W/mK)
Theoritical
U
(W/mK)
Experimental
U
(W/mK)
Percentage
error
(%)
Type of flow
Hot
Water
Cold
Water
It will be necessary to refer to standard tables for values of density (p) and specific heat
(Cp). Utilize appropriate conversion factors to ensure consistency of units when making
calculations.
13
Hot
Counter-current Flow
Cold
Students are recommended to do the following:
1. Compare the results obtained with those from a similar test under co-current flow
conditions.
2. Discuss the effect of Re on h.
3. Compare theoretical U and experimental U.
14
5.3
EXPERIMENT C: WATER TEMPERATURE VARIATION
OBJECTIVE:
To demonstrate the effect of hot water temperature variation on the performance
characteristics of a concentric tube heat exchanger.
EQUIPMENT SET-UP:
This experiment can be made using either co-current or counter-current flow operation.
This experiment sheet will assume counter-current flow.
Select each required hot water
inlet temperature by setting the
controller (12).
Flow control valves
drain
inlet
- Set for counter flow (V1 &V3 off, V2 & V4 on)
SUMMARY OF THEORY:
The equations for calculating the performance characteristics (power emitted, power
absorbed, power lost, efficiency, logarithmic mean temperature difference and overall heat
transfer coefficient) are contained in the experiment B sheet: Counter-current Flow
Arrangement
- Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger HE104-PD
Record all water temperatures once conditions have stabilized for a range of hot water inlet
temperatures as set on the controller.
15
Calculations
Readings
RESULTS:
Temp
set
C
50
55
60
65
Temp
set C
TT1
( tHin )
C
Power
emitted
W
TT2
( tHmid )
C
TT3
( tHout )
C
Power
absorbed
W
TT4
( tCout )
C
Power
lost
W
Efficiency
%
TT5
( tCmid )
C
TT6
( tCin )
C
tm
C
U
W/m2
C
50
55
60
65
It will be necessary to refer to standard tables for values of density () and specific heat
calculations.
Hot
Counter Flow
Cold
16
5.4
EXPERIMENT D: FLOW RATE VARIATION
OBJECTIVE:
To demonstrate the effect of flow rate variation on the performance characteristics of a
concentric tube heat exchanger operating under counter-current flow conditions.
EQUIPMENT SET-UP:
Set desired hot water inlet
temperature on the controller
using decade switches (12).
Flow control valves
drain
inlet
- Set for counter-current flow (V1 &V3 off, V2 & V4 on)
SUMMARY OF THEORY:
The equations for calculating the performance characteristics (power emitted, power
absorbed, power lost, efficiency / logarithmic mean temperature difference and overall
heat transfer coefficient) are contained in the experiment B sheet: Counter-current Flow
Arrangement - Concentric Tube Heat Exchanger HE104-PD
Also, when QH H CpH > QC C CpC

then (T hot - T cold) = T will
converge at the hot inlet end.
Alternatively,
If QC C CpC > QH H CpH
then T will converge at
the cold inlet end.
17

Record all water temperatures once conditions have stabilized for a range of hot water flow
rates whilst maintaining a constant cold water flow rate.
(Note: If preferred, this experiment may alternatively be made by varying the cold water
flow rate whilst maintaining a constant hot water flow rate).
Calculations
Readings
RESULTS:
QH
L / min
TT1
( tHin )
C
TT2
( tHmid )
C
TT3
( tHout )
C
TT4
( tCout )
C
TT5
( tCmid )
C
TT6
( tCin )
C
Power
emitted
W
Power
absorbed
W
Power
lost
W
Efficiency
%
tm
C
U
W / m2 C
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
QH
L / min
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
It will be necessary to refer to standard tables for values of density () and specific heat
calculations.
QH H CpH > QC C CpC
QC C CpC > QH H CpH

Hot
Counter-current Flow
Cold
18
6.0
REFERENCES
1.
Holman, J.P.: Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 2001.
2.
Perry, J.H.(Ed.): Chemical Engineers Handbook, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Book

Company, New York, 1963.
19
APPENDIX A
Calculation Guide
20
Hot Water(inner pipe)

Inner Diameter, : 13mm = 0.013m
Outer Diameter, : 15mm = 0.015m
Total Area,
: 0.05555m
Cold Water(outer pipe)
Inner Diameter, : 20mm = 0.020m
Outer Diameter, : 22mm = 0.022m
Total Area, : 0.0641m
Total Area for hot+cold side,
= 0.0641+0.05555
= 0.11965m
EXP A : CO-CURRENT FLOW ARRANGEMENT

TH,in (C)
TH,out (C)
TH,ave (C)
TC,in (C)
TC,out (C)
TC,ave (C)
60.3
51
55.65
28.7
38.7
33.7
QH(m3/s)
3.15E-05
power emitted =
H(kg/m3)
985.14
1206.05W
CpH (kJ/kg.k)
4.179
TH,in - TH,out (K)

9.3
QC(m3/s)
2.30E-05
power absorbed =
C(kg/m3)
994.34
954.59W
CpC (kJ/kg.k)
4.174
TC,in - TC,out (K)

10
power lost =
power emitted - power absorbed

251.46W
(Power Absorbed / Power Emitted) x 100%

79.15%
LMTD, tm =
(TH,in - TC,in) - (TH,out - TC,out) / ln[(TH,in - TC,in) / (TH,out TC,out)]

20.45C
U=
power absorbed / (tm x area)

728.06W/m2 C
For Hot Water :

Water at 60C : density, =983.2kg/m
dynamic viscosity, =0.467E-3Ns/m
specific heat, cp= 4185J/kgK
thermal conductivity, k=0.65W/mK
21
Flow rate, Q= 3.15E-5 m3/s (1.89 litre/min)

A= /4
= 0.013 / 4
= 1.33E-4
By continuity equation, Q=Av
V=Q / A
= 3.15E-5 / 1.33E-4
= 0.24m/s
Reynolds number, Re = V /
= 983.2 0.24 0.013 / 0.467E-3
= 6568.7 > 4000
= turbulent flow
= 0.467E-3 4185 / 0.65
=3
By turbulent flow, Nusselt number = 0.023 (Re^0.8) (Pr^0.33)
Nusselt number, Nu = 0.023 (6568.7^0.8) (3^0.33)
= 37.42
= 37.42 0.65 / 0.013
= 1871W/mK
For Cold Water :
dynamic viscosity,=0.798E-3Ns/m
Flow rate, Q= 2.30E-5 m/s (1.38 litre/min)
Cross Sectional Diameter,
= ID for outer pipe(cold water) OD for inner pipe(hot water)

=
= 20mm 15mm
= 5mm
= 0.005m
Cross Sectional Area, A= ((ID for outer pipe(cold water))2 ( OD for inner pipe(hot water))2)/ 4
= ((0.020)2 ( 0.015)2)/ 4
= 1.37E-4
22

V=Q / A
= 2.30E-5 / 1.37E-4
= 0.173m/s
Reynolds number = V /
= 995.65 0.173 0.005 / 0.798E-3
= 1079 < 4000
= laminar flow
For the laminar flow, Nusselt number for concentric tube heat exchanger can be found from
table 11.3 pg. 638, Heat & Mass Transfer (Fundamentals & Applications), Mc Graw Hill 4th
Edition,
ODi/IDo = 0.015/0.22 = 0.75
extrapolated and found Nu = 5.3
= 5.3 0.62 / 0.005
= 657.2 W/mK
Theoritical U,
U = 1 / (1 / h [cold side] + 1 /
[hot side])
= 1 / (1 / 657.2) + (1 / 1871) )
= 486.4 W/m2.K
Experimental U = 728.06W/mK
100%
Percentage error =
= (486.4 728.06)/486.4 100%
= 50%
23
EXP B : COUNTER-CURRENT FLOW ARRANGEMENT
TH,in (C)
TH,out (C)
TH,ave (C)
TC,out (C)
TC,in (C)
TC,ave (C)
60.4
50.9
55.65
39.5
28.6
34.05
QH(m3/s)
3.15E-05
power emitted =
H(kg/m3)
985.14
1231.98W
CpH (kJ/kg.k)
4.179
TH,in - TH,out (K)

9.5
QC(m3/s)
2.30E-05
power absorbed =
C(kg/m3)
994.22
1040.37W
CpC (kJ/kg.k)
4.174
TC,in - TC,out (K)

10.9
power lost =

191.61W

84.45%
LMTD, tm =
(TH,in - TC,out) - (TH,out - TC,in) / ln[(TH,in - TC,out) / (TH,out TC,in)]

21.59C
U=

751.67 W/m2 C
For Hot Water :

dynamic viscosity, =0.467E-3Ns/m
Flow rate, Q= 3.15E-5 m3/s (1.89 litre/min)
A= /4
= 0.013 / 4
= 1.33E-4
V=Q / A
= 3.15E-5 / 1.33E-4
= 0.24m/s
24
Reynolds number, Re = V /
= 983.2 0.24 0.013 / 0.467E-3
= 6568.7 > 4000
= turbulent flow
= 0.467E-3 4185 / 0.65
=3
Nusselt number, Nu = 0.023 (6568.7^0.8) (3^0.33)
= 37.42
= 37.42 0.65 / 0.013
= 1871W/mK
For Cold Water :
dynamic viscosity,=0.798E-3Ns/m
Flow rate, Q= 2.30E-5 m/s (1.38 litre/min)
Cross Sectional Diameter,
= ID for outer pipe(cold water) OD for inner pipe(hot water)

=
= 20mm 15mm
= 5mm
= 0.005m
Cross Sectional Area, A= / 4
= 0.005 / 4
= 1.96E-5

V=Q / A
= 2.30E-5 / 1.96E-5
= 1.17m/s
Reynolds number = V /
= 995.65 1.17 0.005 / 0.798E-3
= 7298.94 > 4000
= turbulent flow
25
= 0.798E-3 4179 / 0.62
= 5.38
Nusselt number, Nu = 0.023 (7298.94^0.8) (5.38^0.33)
= 49.37
= 49.37 0.62 / 0.005
= 6121.88W/mK
Theoritical U,
= 1 / h [cold side] + 1 / h [hot side]
= 1 / (6121.88 64) + 1 / (1871 55.55)
= 1.218E-5
U = 1 / (1.218E-5 119.55)
= 686.76W/mK
1/U
Experimental U = 751.67W/mK
Percentage error =
=
100%
100%
= 9.45%
26
EXP C : WATER TEMPERATURE VARIATION

TH=50C
TH,in (C)
TH,out (C)
TH,ave (C)
TC,out (C)
TC,in (C)
TC,ave (C)
50.3
43.3
46.8
34.5
29
31.75
QH(m3/s)
3.15E-05
power emitted =
H(kg/m3)
989.56
910.76W
CpH (kJ/kg.k)
4.174
TH,in - TH,out (K)

7
QC(m3/s)
3.10E-05
power absorbed =
C(kg/m3)
994.98
708.09W
CpC (kJ/kg.k)
4.174
TC,in - TC,out (K)

5.5
power lost =

202.66W

77.75%
LMTD, tm =

15.04C
U=

734.61W/m2 C
27
TH=55C
TH,in (C)
TH,out (C)
TH,ave (C)
TC,out (C)
TC,in (C)
TC,ave (C)
55.3
46.8
51.05
35.9
29
32.45
QH(m3/s)
3.15E-05
power emitted =
H(kg/m3)
987.61
1104.27W
CpH (kJ/kg.k)
4.176
TH,in - TH,out (K)

8.5
QC(m3/s)
3.10E-05
power absorbed =
C(kg/m3)
994.81
888.18W
CpC (kJ/kg.k)
4.174
TC,in - TC,out (K)

6.9
power lost =

216.09W

80.43%
LMTD, tm =

18.59C
U=

745.42W/m2 C
TH=60C
TH,in (C)
TH,out (C)
TH,ave (C)
TC,out (C)
TC,in (C)
TC,ave (C)
60.3
50.2
55.25
37.4
29.1
33.25
QH(m3/s)
3.15E-05
power emitted =
H(kg/m3)
985.33
1310.04W
CpH (kJ/kg.k)
4.179
TH,in - TH,out (K)

10.1
QC(m3/s)
3.10E-05
power absorbed =
C(kg/m3)
994.51
1068.07W
CpC (kJ/kg.k)
4.174
TC,in - TC,out (K)

8.3
power lost =

241.97W

81.53%
LMTD, tm =

21.99C
U=

757.81W/m2 C
28
TH=65C
TH,in (C)
TH,out (C)
TH,ave (C)
TC,out (C)
TC,in (C)
TC,ave (C)
65.3
53.1
59.2
39.2
29.1
34.15
QH(m3/s)
3.15E-05
power emitted =
H(kg/m3)
983.42
1580.12W
CpH (kJ/kg.k)
4.181
TH,in - TH,out (K)

12.2
QC(m3/s)
3.10E-05
power absorbed =
C(kg/m3)
994.19
1299.19W
CpC (kJ/kg.k)
4.174
TC,in - TC,out (K)

10.1
power lost =

280.83W

82.23%
LMTD, tm =

25.04C
U=

809.64W/m2 C
29
EXP D:
FLOW RATE VARIATION
QH=2L/min
TH,in (C)
TH,out (C)
TH,ave (C)
TC,out (C)
TC,in (C)
TC,ave (C)
60.3
49.7
55
37.3
28.7
33
QH(m3/s)
3.15E-05
power emitted =
QC(m3/s)
3.10E-05
power absorbed =
H(kg/m3)
985.46
1375.08W
C(kg/m3)
994.61
1106.79W
power lost =

268.29W

80.49%
LMTD, tm =

21.98C
785.39W/m2 C
U=
CpH (kJ/kg.k)
4.179
TH,in - TH,out (K)

10.6
CpC (kJ/kg.k)
4.174
TC,in - TC,out (K)

8.6
QH=3L/min
TH,in (C)
TH,out (C)
TH,ave (C)
TC,out (C)
TC,in (C)
TC,ave (C)
61.0
53.4
57.2
40.3
30.3
35.3
QH(m3/s)
4.85E-05
power emitted =
QC(m3/s)
3.10E-05
power absorbed =
H(kg/m3)
984.99
1736.86W
C(kg/m3)
994.32
1299.46W
CpH (kJ/kg.k)
4.179
TH,in - TH,out (K)

8.7
CpC (kJ/kg.k)
4.174
TC,in - TC,out (K)

10.1
power lost =

437.41W

74.82%
LMTD, tm =

22.19C
U=

913.47W/m2 C
30
QH=4L/min
TH,in (C)
TH,out (C)
TH,ave (C)
TC,out (C)
TC,in (C)
TC,ave (C)
60.3
53
56.65
39.7
28.7
34.2
QH(m3/s)
6.55E-05
power emitted =
QC(m3/s)
3.10E-05
power absorbed =
H(kg/m3)
984.64
1967.97W
C(kg/m3)
994.17
1415.04W
CpH (kJ/kg.k)
4.180
TH,in - TH,out (K)

7.3
CpC (kJ/kg.k)
4.174
TC,in - TC,out (K)

11
power lost =

552.93W

71.90%
LMTD, tm =

22.40W/m2 C
U=

985.55W
QH=5L/min
TH,in (C)
TH,out (C)
TH,ave (C)
TC,out (C)
TC,in (C)
TC,ave (C)
60.4
53.9
57.15
40.4
28.8
34.6
QH(m3/s)
8.25E-05
power emitted =
QC(m3/s)
3.10E-05
power absorbed =
H(kg/m3)
984.44
2206.65W
C(kg/m3)
994.01
1491.98W
CpH (kJ/kg.k)
4.180
TH,in - TH,out (K)

6.5
CpC (kJ/kg.k)
4.174
TC,in - TC,out (K)

11.6
power lost =

714.67W

67.61%
LMTD, tm =

22.45C
U=

1036.62W/m2 C
31
P/S: 1. All the calculation for flow rate are based on the linearized value after the calibration
of hot and cold water respectively.
Experiment A:
: 2.0 litre/min= 1.89 litre/min

Experiment B:

Experiment C:
: 2 litre/min= 1.89 litre/min

Experiment D:

2. All the calculation for temperature are based on specified temperature for properties
references and easier calculation
Experiment A:
: 60C
: 30C
Experiment B:
: 60C
: 30C
Experiment C:
: 50C, 55C, 60C, 65C

: 30C
Experiment D:
: 60C
: 30C
32
APPENDIX B
Physical Properties of Component
33
Table B1: Properties of water (saturated liquid)

C
21.11
26.67
30.00
31.00
32.00
32.22
34.00
34.30
34.65
35.15
35.65
35.90
36.20
36.40
37.25
47.20
48.89
50.00
51.50
54.44
54.65
55.00
55.05
55.50
56.50
57.00
57.25
59.70
60.00
65.00
65.55
Cp
kJ/kg. K
4.179
4.179
4.176
4.175
4.174
4.174
4.174
4.174
4.174
4.174
4.174
4.174
4.174
4.174
4.174
4.174
4.174
4.175
4.176
4.179
4.179
4.179
4.179
4.179
4.180
4.180
4.180
4.181
4.179
4.183
4.183
34
kg/m3
997.40
995.80
995.26
995.10
994.94
994.90
994.23
994.14
993.99
993.83
993.61
993.53
993.38
993.35
993.02
989.42
988.80
988.18
987.36
985.70
985.61
985.46
985.42
985.22
984.71
984.48
984.41
983.16
983.30
980.60
980.30
APPENDIX C
Calibration of Flowmeters
35
1. COLD WATER STREAM FLOWMETER CALIBRATION

Meter
Reading
(L/min)
2.0
3.0
3.9
4.9
5.9
Experimental
Value
(L/min)
2.14
3.14
4.15
5.30
6.10
Figure C1: Calibration Chart for Cold Water Stream Flowmeter

Meter
Reading
(L/min)
2
3
4
5
6
Linearized
Value
(L/min)
1.86
2.82
3.78
4.74
5.70
36
2. HOT WATER STREAM FLOWMETER

Meter
Reading
(L/min)
Experimental
Value
(L/min)
2.0
3.1
4.1
5.1
6.1
2.17
3.16
4.11
5.10
6.20
Figure C2: Calibration Chart for Hot Water Stream Flowmeter
Meter
Reading
(L/min)
Linearized
Value
(L/min)
2
3
4
5
6
1.89
2.91
3.93
4.95
5.97
37
APPENDIX D
Typical Experimental Results
38
EXPERIMENT A:
Calcullations
Readings
Table D1: Result Obtained From the Parallel Flow Arrangement

TT1
( tHin )
C
TT2
( tHmid )
C
TT3
( tHout )
C
TT4
( tCin )
C
TT5
( tCmid )
C
TT6
( tCout )
C
60.3
55.5
51
28.7
35.4
38.7
Power
emitted
W
Power
absorbed
W
Power
lost
W
Efficiency
%
tm
C
U
W/m2 C
1206.05
954.59
251.46
79.15
20.45
728.06
Theoritical
U
(W/mK)
686.76
Table D2:
Temperature
T
(C)
Flow Rate
Q
(L/min)
Reynold
Number
Re
Nusselt
Number
Nu
Hot
Water
60
1.89
6568.70
37.42
Surface Heat
Transfer
Coefficient
h
(W/mK)
1871
Cold
Water
30
1.38
7298.94
49.37
6121.88
39
Experimental
U
(W/mK)
Percentage
error
(%)
Type of
flow
Turbulent
728.06
6.01
Turbulent
EXPERIMENT B:
Calcullations
Readings
Table D3: Result Obtained From the Counter Flow Arrangement

TT1
( tHin )
C
TT2
( tHmid )
C
TT3
( tHout )
C
TT4
( tCout )
C
TT5
( tCmid )
C
TT6
( tCin )
C
60.4
56.3
50.9
39.5
34.3
28.6
Power
emitted
W
Power
absorbed
W
Power
lost
W
Efficiency
%
tm
C
U
W/m2 C
1231.98
1040.37
191.61
84.45
21.59
751.67
Table D4:
Hot
Water
Cold
Water
Temperature
T
(C)
Flow Rate
Q
(L/min)
Reynold
Number
Re
Nusselt
Number
Nu
60
1.89
6568.70
37.42
Surface Heat
Transfer
Coefficient
h
(W/mK)
1871
30
1.38
7298.94
49.37
6121.88
40
Theoritical
U
(W/mK)
Experimental
U
(W/mK)
Percentage
error
(%)
686.76
751.67
9.45
Type of flow
Turbulent
Turbulent
EXPERIMENT C:
Calculations
Readings
Table D5: Result Obtained From the Water Temperature Variation

Temp
set
C
50
55
60
65
Temp
set C
50
55
60
65
TT1
( tHin )
C
50.3
55.3
60.3
65.3
TT2
( tHmid )
C
46.9
51.3
55.5
59.6
Power
emitted
W
910.76
1104.27
1310.04
1580.12
TT3
( tHout )
C
43.3
46.8
50.2
53.1
Power
absorbed
W
708.09
888.18
1068.07
1299.29
TT4
( tCout )
C
34.5
35.9
37.4
39.2
TT5
( tCmid )
C
31.9
32.7
33.5
34.2
TT6
( tCin )
C
29.0
29.0
29.1
29.1
Power lost
W
Efficiency
%
tm
C
U
W/m2C
202.66
216.09
241.97
280.83
77.75
80.43
81.53
82.23
15.04
18.59
21.99
25.04
734.61
745.42
757.81
809.64
TT4
( tCout )
C
37.3
38.8
39.7
40.4
TT5
( tCmid )
C
33.2
34.1
34.7
35.2
TT6
( tCin )
C
28.7
28.7
28.7
28.8
Efficiency
%
tm
C
U
W / m2 C
80.49
74.82
71.90
67.61
21.98
22.19
22.40
22.45
785.39
913.47
985.55
1036.62
EXPERIMENT D:
Calculations
Readings
Table D6: Result Obtained From the Flow Rate Variation

QH
L / min
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
QH
L / min
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
TT1
( tHin )
C
60.3
60.3
60.3
60.4
TT2
( tHmid )
C
55.4
56.5
57.4
57.8
TT3
( tHout )
C
49.7
51.6
53.0
53.9
Power
emitted
W
1375.08
1736.86
1967.97
2206.65
Power
absorbed
W
1106.79
1299.46
1415.04
1491.98
Power
lost
W
268.29
437.41
552.93
714.67
41

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SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

2.1 UNIT ASSEMBLY

FIGURE 1: Rear view of the concentric tube heat exchanger

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

FIGURE 2: Front view of the concentric tube heat exchanger

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

2.2 EXPERIMENTAL CAPABILITIES

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

CO-CURRENT FLOW ARRANGEMENT

COUNTER-CURRENT FLOW ARRANGEMENT

WATER TEMPERATURE VARIATION

FLOW RATE VARIATION

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

EXPERIMENT A: CO-CURRENT FLOW ARRANGEMENT

Flow control valves

= power emitted - power absorbed

Log mean temperature difference tm =

Overall heat transfer coefficient U =

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

INITIAL VALUES OF VARIABLES TO BE USED:

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

EXPERIMENT B: COUNTER-CURRENT FLOW ARRANGEMENT

Flow control valves

= power emitted - power absorbed

Log mean temperature difference, tm =

Overall heat transfer coefficient, U =

area = Surface area of contact

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

EXPERIMENT C: WATER TEMPERATURE VARIATION

Flow control valves

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

EXPERIMENT D: FLOW RATE VARIATION

Flow control valves

Also, when QH H CpH > QC C CpC

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

INITIAL VALUES OF VARIABLES TO BE USED:

QH H CpH > QC C CpC

QC C CpC > QH H CpH

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

Perry, J.H.(Ed.): Chemical Engineers Handbook, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill Book

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

Hot Water(inner pipe)

EXP A : CO-CURRENT FLOW ARRANGEMENT

TH,in - TH,out (K)

TC,in - TC,out (K)

power emitted - power absorbed

(Power Absorbed / Power Emitted) x 100%

(TH,in - TC,in) - (TH,out - TC,out) / ln[(TH,in - TC,in) / (TH,out TC,out)]

power absorbed / (tm x area)

For Hot Water :

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

Flow rate, Q= 3.15E-5 m3/s (1.89 litre/min)

= ID for outer pipe(cold water) OD for inner pipe(hot water)

SOLTEQ CONCENTRIC TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER UNIT (Model: HE 104-PD)

By continuity equation, Q=Av