!#"$%'&( *)+,-/.102034658792":5<;=>%3):?
B@ ACEDGF'CEHJIEKML/NBKBO6P@QRIEK
S8OUT=QRPWVYXZOUIV[NR\]^JO`_aVWPYHb_UQ^:]IEKHJIEO6OUPWHcIEKdQRIegf[NBXZTihEVWOUPF_aHcOUI_aO
j8IiHJkOUPmlGHJVnAoN\%fQ^JHp\qNPWIEHrQ+st%OUPYuOU^JO6As+fvxwRyz{B|
/} ~GYB
,/Bn8qnnUq1qRqRYqYoqWUq
`nqU+qJ*q9
,Gb2aqarBqWRnnb`cnqG/UUqqGn#Jnn8`cnqG%qUqn8nnUY%qRcn:9
2a9[Gb2aqUY<q6U1YYU9Rq9B9Y<*+qGo9q
raqR[1YoadB9o6RoU,Y`91co8c9,cnGoprndn
BoqYoRbb9<Y
bda[q/q928n+qZqRYq
q<UnR9Ycq9WEUnUqc
9RWaB9G6[9`rnd
9Uq9:qUqn
YU1aq#q[nqnWEUG`RqG9[nqRY:aqqa,qq'GEn
nb:9U
YG[2aq
9
cRnn
Unq8qYooURqqWqRn`na%qR
9B9qW+q198n9qqaqaUqqa<q9BRqnq
qR99GqqW
=,:Y
U Uqn8UnqY8a9U9G691qRnqnaqU9c9 BaU'nnUqW9Bqa2a
:nqRYcaUYo,M`YZZnqqUqn8YMaUqqW*<cRnnZUcnn
qUqnnUcRnn1rnn*G8``nq/aq9Yq[=U186R,WU9
BbqJqrJnppY6Wnbc9++29b+UdBEcUWbn+rm UiRccnGWnU6+[+rm+UcBnpGWcB1WJnJbnb

qWqa[nqn,9En8URYq[aUa UqGY+,
9
`q9Y8qUqnqn%U991U9G qU:J9Un9:9
qn2RGqaaUqqa U qqWUq9d<`cnqG U q 2G9nWqGqq%qa
qqBYiRq6a,R1q#8nY iBnqn`nqBU 1aq[W'n
a,,1q<nUqcaqbJ9q8/UU,Y`9%9[BnqnBUq8q/
 1q#cnGUcnn%qUqn

R:,nq%*nY c9,'Yq9/8nqU:J98q[8n/BnqJa[ ,*

/n2[aqR,nq98Yqa21WG,nc9U
boq[BnqBYqa9 Bn%qa9n1an2qYqnY
aq8
W,n[qn9icaiaqq
%qGEcRnn1rn1qRG,qRqaqn/Bnq/cRqa/9nG[qR[qRqW
raqRBqW,1%qYq9UqUG/q1q%,cGnornqn/cnGo`
cnn8qUqnWUWq9 `nn%qR/qqqn/BYq8qn,9q9%nb:9UY
n/BYU<qcnnoUJnqnB1qUqn Uq<qcn:9*9q9/Rnb2aqUY289oqR
*+qqYq/,q<B9Ua[:qBn[B1*anqW
<qY9 nm
qa8n ,9RWc98Un[8qB9,qGqnRqYU9q9an
qWq9 UYq9 /9`n,BnU89URB96qn9[B/Jq[UqY9
qR,:9

 


 





!#"%$'&

( )+* -,).&

! /

.0'& 21

43

65

3

87

:9 %;<=>?

@ A
>BC.?D(.E GF6
GH' 'BI'J8KJ.EL

M9N@ F-HK

:,

O)

O"

P/


Q

TS(SGU

-VWJXZY\[ ^]

% 1

`_ [Macb

\S(SdU

=  #
\V%[ 4[

e[gfU\a 4[ihja

kmlon-pqqr\stvuIwyxJz{}|ip>~z

9
q`Rqnq9Eqcaq

,n  /G
9nqnWoU9q%G/nq1JaY
[/qn9caqcGn1prn1qn[cn1nRaY/nqRq[[Yq8``n
EqYqa/q2RW1nqnUq+q916Rb%q%9UYqa,1nUUqanU
EGq6b/RqYa+18qB,UnqG %:ra,
F
 ?'TB
E
k


2
J>
J>EIL.L'2'E


E E

sLnOkw4e4

/*'&

,n
E

st6JzL.p>Iz 8x<+x6-vxJz{.>~p>\z88L` ~~l

q
q[9nqnY<U/n/Bnq/JaY
;oBIEIE
BI

=

2

>
+EI=B%'E

#/%,'&

.

E2

>
E=>>
<E

knowledge base

input

output
database

(crisp)

rule base

fuzzification
interface

defuzzification
interface

(fuzzy)

decision-making unit

(crisp)

(fuzzy)

+ aq

aqGEc9cRnn[bqG99Rq9B9Y%U[996/Uan
q+cnn%qGq:Ua99Y
9R1
q/nqW
q8=9a=
U9G cnGbqGq9+:ndUnqBqR
qGqqU,caa #U[a Y:c9,

 
     ! 
,n9U qGqq%9Rq,nE9nqnY<URq9Rq*8n/
Bnq1cq9 ,:n9GYaqW9RnU*Bq,UnqWU%R9UcRnnW9Bqaq[R
99a9nbU
aqb6Bn/,cnnrnon/W9/BnnZYqnRq9nodB9d8``nRBda6qar
,9adqRq1*9q/Bn/ n/Bnq
cq9W,1cRnndbqRnd GZY
nqqqq:i# "qqU/ $*RqY6%UYERq99n,aa6URq#q[an
9
qR/qn8q[qY+Y9
cGnbqn
qR/no%UG2Yo[n=`nq9
,qR/qUqn
`n9RqUnqaRnndbqRndn%c9 oaq1/q8cGndUcGqnqUqn qoB
UqqUBY1Bn[
5 F
 'BI'JNE.EL

 ) '&

J7

st.z~ LrGx x6-xoz{

+

81

kmlon-pqqr\s{ tzIz{%Iz'&r< z

q[/6R,

)( +*-,a
,GY/29Uq9nqW2qnJnn%Ucnn
qUqn,98aqY8+9cRqaUr+9 W
. [/1032~E2a6/[U/Bn:EcGnbqGn4
. 65+W~E 2,q/UBn:q,8n/GqqRcRqaBq:cRnn%qn2Y%:cGn[qRG 4
F
' BoI E.E ' E

'.=>('2
BE

F 9


.?LB
?I.E  E.E ' E


 I
BI
>v'BE

5



.%'#E


EE'
?

  

. -5 2






,R1Bnbcaq82[Ucnn#9Bnq9,a1qqRG4
2U q 2,Mbcaq8qqZRq/UqoUn9nn8*1q,q
/



!/ 
aq 9n 4
5 2 !/  2U q 2[,1qbJ9q qRJnn8qnqi`cnqG[Uq//q
. 9Y
,U9[qRq[B q aU%qcnqY<q,

,:qqG
J`cnqG,9BnqaEa[Jnn[bqRnn+BnbJ9q8YUcRnn
Ucnn#qUqnq
a,:9Bqq%,9qRG,,1q%n/Bnq/Jaa1q[Rqn8[q/9
q8n/Bnq9n8c9%98Rb1Yqn#W9Zaq#BnboJ,qnZ
cnnY
n
R,:9/cqa9#qBY':b99BnqaYRq//Rnq9%9:q8n/Gb
q19n:91qn8q,q/an
:iYaq9
R nnqR*aY%aqYaG6cGncnG/92qY98qUnBn`R[9/,
qqnaq
B:9aqnU*aW9YanUqq/RqU%/qq<9Y:J,qnnW

UnanbUniJnnY9 U Wa[GnRq9B9Y<<q%nq9 GnBU19

qRbUBn[cnn<qYq9RRB1cRnnbqGqnn89Yaq cnn<`cnqG%qUqn[n
BqY8Uq%qn[bUG[r+9Rq 9
2 *,Ran9[q/:n9UYWan9/2Y9o qo9[UBY
UqR
q #qqn9cqR``/9#/ qRUnaqnG1q
,qq8qn8q
/Bo9Rq/8n/BnqocBq9RY,19/G/nq c9%qWZdqR
n8*/Rq:a99n#9UqUYqYq
2 *,R*anBcnn1aqR,`nq9W1UU "qm $[9Bnq91/qaBY%cRnn
9qcYa,[Ya6/Bqqn92aqR8n/GqqR
c9iYaqRWn :qaGn,WanGRq9B9Y8q/U9q#q'qq19Rq
YaqRancnG9 4qa[=nq/nUn[,qWBqYq9 Y8Y
i1W1WRqqGq9Rn U
.

  

  







Co
>AG .E 


I B.E
><v
%5

'
% 


4BmEBI' 

A'.%



'
%?

.
>

O#*%* 6*%,'&

* '5

%7

! #"$

%7

P#"

! &%'$

)(

** <*%,&
)

&

premise part

consequent part
type 1

A1

B1

type 2
C1

C1
w1

X
A2

z1=ax+by+c

w1

z1

B2

Z
C2

C2

z2=px+qy+r

w2

w2

type 3

z2

y
multiplication

max

weighted
average

weighted
average

(or min)
w1*z1+w2*z2

z =

z =

w1+w2

w1*z1+w2*z2
w1+w2

+ 9
2
*99/Uan EJnn/bqG/qn2qqY
q,R9RqYaq/2Y
9/q91 R*9qRG*RR196#qn
q%BaqR[q/:n9UqW
W9n9iYaq1 ,9Y
+aq /RqGn*b2r[b2rR:cnGUcnn/6qnq8qUnqG6bUBncRnn
qRGcnnqYqa8nUq9RYoB99Z W,%aq[*qR `nnna%c9
qR,qBY'nq98*aqW9RnU2q,Ja99n,aUqUYYR[9BnrBY%8n/GqqR
cBq9RYa qq<cq9Uq/UcRnn'nq9
n8n/J2na6Y
W9n9anUq9<
YRnG[q/U'GqnUY
z (centroid of area)

*<5 
> 
><
%E G'
% ?'!B
E >Je
BI.E
> 2> E E

!

J7

'$

` ) '&

%7

`b1:2[

%
[

GYn4[,:
 _%:n8Y!hja

%

[Macb

[:<

[Nb

, 2YaUq``n:qqRYq[B%WqRR[qWUqq9q9,Rnb2aq/,
E#raBnqn,UUBUEBcnYaJ9q,[Rnnb:9U,q%qBnqUqW/Y[nBb6
%9q9nb:9q+qBERnWni:Rnb2aq[qqRqaqq`R``n[`Ya
"

input
vector

x1

y1

x2

y2

output
vector

+ 9Rq

U[q9ao,oq8Un/q19RYY 9qG9nWq[aq8Un/qaRq99
,/YEY9/aqRqGqUn2`nGU,9/,8nqGncEBnq[*U9
qRY[qBYG,ZqnGqn29%B*9Yq%/G RqnqBY1nq9
WqRq9
,:=WqRRqR'a9Enb:96EBqW[a[q9aUnUiUGnU2 [q9
,/ 2Rq9B9Y/U/U
onqB9 / Y 2G9nWU[qR*qiq'Rn
nb:91qnYqdq9 oGqB9 BYq12aqrY8q8qYGa/qnUq9<`nqn9Yb
qRJ9,R*RqnnU9Rq[Un9qa/:qY891[9 ::9q ,annnn
qRJ9q/R q
U%q# WqRR/q%,BqW[99UnUn,R99qa:c9q,nq
B1qnBUn
q1BYa[RY<nER9Gq/:[qaaq6U1Y,
nGY11qR*Yq/RqnqRqUq9q1q1Yq/[qqGq1Y
Eq#qaaqY1UU8Yq%q[,URqqWBn[9aa,q/92qaq/BqW
91q1YqB
,<549 P%;<=iJA8
>BC
P3

N#"%0'&

%0$<7 -1

.7

$'&

: ,0'&





kml k(x z
 p>Iz { G.L3

z. {<{|ip>~z

aRq9nb:9q
baq 9:%/bW9n=cnYaJ9q,8nb:9q8,R1Yaq<U[Bnb
caq%1q[cRqa
%aoB98R9%%2n1n/Bnnq
Bnq/qU9,,%q[qRU c9W/9/c9 U[U91qR
91*YaqZU8cRqaMUnBn`9q1an:raqR%cq9,qqa9
nb:9YaqYq[nqq/aYE,aq,UE9q9:nb:9a`Gq:qR
UqWq91iqa,Bnb2GnUn 4/:n9Uq[qqqY8,q1qR[R6W
Eq Y/U'GqnU[9qanBqnYB:Rq/B9qo/B1aq/Unoa9
nb:9a,Ura9,UY=E8nqGq,,*UpY%UY=R99
,:8nqnEna9:nb:9q#+q,R9[q,Bnnnq:BY9/9q9U9
,

o
N
J


b
9`nq9na1UnqY
Rbb91RRn/Gqn q%Yo9n9`R
9an//B#99UnUrqY8Yq/YUUnqBY<n[
UB9/q[a9naRq9%nb:9
W9n[<q%arWan
8  R``nY
o
nUnR9qU8q  bq1B99/Eq  bq8W9nU1  n/2UcRqaca2R``
9Rq6 
 %U8U/9Rq[UGnBUa*9/9<q8nqG*nY+:
Wa
      
    
 
     
Y
,n    G,[qR*BnnqGq/q/,U9r 9q#q,2[Rq 
 ,B9qR
U9Rq8Ucq9
q8R*,9an/q[qn: nUqnYU:nUq
J9
J9:q `r  !"[nUqq1iq/[G6q,q 9BqWGqqaq
'& 
#%$  ( - , )/. $
01 )& . $ 
9
)+*
,n , )/. $ 2
2%bq198anU2 Ubq89n,aqR2aY9YB!  )& . $ 2
2%bq198anU
2aqaqR9Wqa``Y<UqR[qGqnUq9
 Ubq1R9WqaY ,nB%9n
nq9Yq3 # 54"$6 * #7$
b aUGMUG9n9oYdRqYURqoqB1n8nUq%9aUnUUGnU8 # 9n1qR
:9 ;=< ca
8nqG/qa9 q:W9<qdnq<q
UbqZdRoca
9>
Yaq<UaqR? /:,#nq9q#c9,aqRU% @  nBnY1qW9U/c9
Yaq9
a
A
A # $  0 UB ,  $ 01 & $ 
9
.
.
 & . $
a,qUqn+U[  nU[nqa,nB[UnaY1U[1q
A
A
A
C


E


D
7
#
$
%
#
$
A
A 
) D . $ 
A
(

6
  . $
 D . $    . $

/
)
)+*
,n !  F@G0 98,*Wnqaq/ o6nqBU1noB/nqYZ1Y
a/a1,q/nqaqG[,q/R``n
q/R[W9nW,RnqJ9qc9[ H  I@g
/  J8  nU:[n8B 9 ;=< U/Yaq9
a, Un
,Q P
%8nqn:9>LMOK N < 99A n19qa*RA nb2aA qU:[W9
A #7$  ( A #7$ A  V 
9
P

V P

B'BI
>BG.E
BI


J
>

'J'B>
.5

*

G1

'BB
>BTBI 

* 5

(*

,

%5

)

,

)

>LR SUT
0

"

,n [nUn,9[9 `nGa 2P :,Gq/Un9qa*q[annq9

WqRq
#(,nqBYq P
A
A
A #  ( 6 A #%$ 
9
P $
P
*
*n9`R96U[qc9/ c9,9nGqA 8nqG P

P  0 A # P 
9
, /#WqRR/,qn1Jqn,nqYo


  
9
4 9 ; 
,n  q
%G92Y9
99UnU9 qqaq/Bnn99 qU
:*n 99R  9q/qR*GY8=9U9n9nB9:,Rnqqqn:ca 9 
[UqY<[qWq9 %,Gq[:qnB9q/q9%qnqW
*U9nq[qb:[Yq[BaU98J92a9Rnb2aqUY /q
c9


Gq/R'q%caq/ c9nn
PZ*BqW

9
Yaad 9B/
9q919na[9RmcqGqR,a*RR%qnBnn
qnnUqYb 9U91WcnYa
a [aqnB2[,Uq[Bnnq/%Y8/YUnmcqn
Yaq1Rbb9:::GnnqnUYBqGJ9q/R 2qY8aYaq9< 9,
[[qcnqYq
ca
n1bo/J9,R:/,2`nq91
rqqGUUq/Yq%qR[8aq1E,Y/9UaY
/

0

E  ;OE'

!"

.LIB<

8?LJ>B 

 ;
.

/

EA ;

"

;<.LB

  

elJ8r >



>B'<

?Lo>B<v

ou 6{Jz -z..L{<{

z. {<{| p>~z 4d+  x

, 9R9:[n1R%qR*aaUnU28nqq%`nUqc%q8nqGq:119q9nb:9'
qR8nqR`
%9nRno  anBYaWdon,8 ,Gq1219B9
1UUq<YqR ,o9/G[q/aaUnU[n
qRY[aqn%nqq
+:/`nUqc/8nqGqY
a,qRbUq,[9q9nb:9`n*aqUG91,a/9aqR
      
  
 9
,n 1 n[9qRG %q8qn%BnnqWJnq8qqc9
qZqB/qR 9B9q/Ja! #"  %W/d98q1nn8nUq% ,nZqRnq
!1

! .$'&

nn8nUq,n8`nUqY6%qR*Yq:aqn:n 19,caqUnGqnn n
BUYaB9Y8Ub:nq


a
c,Rnq nnqnUUqYq1qBq%qB "  EW%q:nn8nUqE n/B9/RU
q%Ya9
 anU:*BW9

      "     
W
,1:Y:1qnn8nUq: E,9an9Rn2nnnU2 U2[nRR  q
%Uq%Yaa Y,89#q/Yaq9

 
a
,n  /oU,oaY9%,9nn8nUqqBnnq# G     EqGdqR
UGq9Ri
   q 
 
H 
9aqnYq9nUU gJ6R/nq
8qB9Yn  cU/Bn,RY8nqGqG[[
9nUnqGqW
9n #9nRn[nE99a[qYaq98 9GbqYaU 
      V Uqa9U:q[8R/nqaqYnq9

 0   9+,::[B/9n
qBc9q/aq9RUcaY*n9nq9a9nqBaqnqB/,/aq
:nbU,/J9q/R ca  V qGqR[qGUbU9nq[ 
 V 



H
a
,n
 Eq,RqB9q,
9B/



 EqR,qnBUb6anq,


E9`rR9W
Ya9
9:*aq%19qaU,Gq9%98q98,n`Y/,q1qR
q16anqaqnanYY9G[qURY1

q9RY#8qGqY+:n8
qW9RnUqEJ9q/R,qa   /,qW9RnUq8nqR`<3 aq[ G6
cGqBYd,G  [dGZ1YqoUY qoZ9`r/9Gqqa Jqn<n#ca
qUqn8,q9aqnqqWUBY'G6RGqR  qg9Yq9=1q
UW
Yaq9o a,B   <q  nn8nU  B   BqG  GBGY<nq9G1
qR*YanUqcaq/,`n9UaqY 8qqnq U U
()
  D     D   D   D 0   D  

U
 D   0 T D M  M $ M "%!#! T $ M M % ! M T%M!     '& &'&   0 *
+ 8[Y,aqnnq1  V ,Ya  6
,n  :JqnGY/
,[9BUq9q8U9q
Yaq9
6q -,  8 ., / ,nq / /B99
y3

$

-5

*

.E-E '
BIEME.L

.*

,

.,

*

o0 J*%"

&L5

)


>=>>B>Ji2B

')

9U/Bn2 %:qUnUb%q/i`8na 
 nUYR[,q/RraqR
9Ra[nb:9U      Yaq9o 9 a19WqanYaao 6 qqinRn
qB   :q  bq1q,,iq 
,(2nd9/RR[q/aaUnU*8nqR`
B/Y[aqn%nq[q<'Rq//m
nnq#oo9RaRnb2aq 9onBqo [UUq<WqRRRqYURq9B9Y<
c9 1Bq%
/a6,BqW%b%c9 1BqW:%qR<R[18Ja
qa[acaq,
qonqW9ZUaqR/Uq21qn
  dYaq9 a
[9RW1[nnq q[UnUBY1U1q%qYaG6EYaqncaq/2
Yaq9 6n#,cnUnUqcUBnnq #c9i9ann
99c9 <q
qR[nq9Yq*,nRqYb1q#9U 8qYRqnqaqn#cUn9qa[nq9
WqRq[ W WW9UaqRYUqG*W9Bqa a28 UqqaUq cqaqR9Rq:n8
qR*R,nB8Gqn, qY8UqR[99UnU:n/1Yaa 9n
a[9anR`W
9n[ Bnnq# /8nqn[ qUJ9oq/aUqnW
q/B[[9aB9/ aU: Bnn,qB9`[q/a*q[aY1nq9
WqRq9 9:9/n8q:6U/Y[ `YqWq#q[UGq9%qY1qaqR
99UnU,8nqaWannb:,q/*`,qRqUq/qR9Uanqan[9
9=c9+R[9r`nUbWanE9abqaUqa*RnUnb:9q#,[qa999q9
cBq9RYJnR+nb:9B% 19RqqWn      1Ya9
 a:/9
9WqaY n
& :Bq#Uanq*9a#c9

  0 
a
qRnoYa9 W,BYan8Y[caY9*c9
qoqBY9onn8nU
     [
Y/a/a*1Gqn1c:n9Uq/ qnqR9UGqoW9n obZaqn
:9`Y
 :n9U8qRqn9UiRRUn1W9nW
 :n9U8qRqn9UiaqR,W9nW
,ncaq%2[nR8q#9arRq9B6q98Y/qq8qR[q#Gqn,1[UG
W9nW,Z
GqnZqaqR1Wann
UnUqWZUdqRYqan1n
,:nanY+qa:9Gn[8,EUqq:Yaqnna[qR  qbJ9q8Y
U
& nUqR*aY88nqn*aq1B8qn,iqR[qc9YaY1nqaWqRq
qY9 [aq9a9 ,d1,,anR9qn9n 1ad
& /
a99n#BqYqB
')

*

')

,

)

0

"



$

   

Gl<8r >

z. {<{\| p~z



 8{<u 6{Jz -z..L{<{

+ z {

J ',8nqGq2q:'RqW/WcnYaqRnqG6aa2,Wa2
9
BaU9
,R:Y[aU9:UaUb,Bnn:`nUq'nq9%ca
qUqn8,,9/9nqqY:E8UcYq%qR/2aUb9nq9+
E9UUaE2aaUnU=`nG6qa[B,Y#9H #%$#cqGYaq9/ 9qYa[= #/EUqq
qBY6B,9%qaaUnU,qYRqYURq/q/8/G #/B9n,,RqWq
9R*Eq[Yq%q,q1b
a2qYaG6Y2an:c9/Eq/9G9U:caqR*b96[9qnq,iqR
a[U:nY8q`YnWYqi98[q,,ng#q,BYaW99
U+q%qanx[:n2q`Wdoa9a6qa
6qn UnUq'Gqaonq
B#U/Bn,Eq99,W9 qi#qn/2%c9/,q[aY1nq9
WqRq* #:n9UqY9nq98q,99G2an:2na6raqaq:q%9,qYnU*#qWE,
 q/[99BqW9RnUqBcaq/
89Uq/9RUq9/
  D      D   D   D 0   D   ( )

a
;<. 'BB<

?

vJNB<

"

N#0.&

B%v L
>B

D

 0  T D M   M $ M %"! !  T $ M M " ! M T "M ! &

9E,n   2  

,n[qR[9  ,Bnb:nn /
YRqrqn'Wqa8
UYGW6%q1   2   qann,nRqn6RnGBqb89Wa9UY
P$

%
 1
E * [1
+
,qYq1Y%qn29qa*Rnb2aqUBW9Gn`nY<1q[RqnU9
qWq9+Bq9B6nqq,aq9RqqUqE9#q,U=c9Ea9Gb2aq
nRRWn,qoU'GqnUqbUUqU,qR989o[nb:9qZ9`9a
qBqaB%EcnY6c9 1bUB9 #qn8RqGqqq9RYaRq9nb:9
RGqaq18YUWqo8n/9a/qWYZbZ/qY9::Rq9B9
q
2a9nb:96, qJa%Ya9nU,q%cRnn1Ucnn%qUqnW:,[9B9qW
qYq,EqcnqY%q
Wq`R,ca

oUnqB qZUYaB9nnnZ9UnMdUUqYoq9
nqUnWE2/Un89qq%g 1q`q9R oGGqqq[n9nq8*+q
,q<qY


Z   1:

4f

!b

[eW

bia [ ^R

\SeSGU

\V[

([

fU\a 4[ih

67

49N@ F-HK

9 %;<=>? @ A
>BC ?I.E dF
GH 'BI'J KJ.EL

A1

B1
w1
X

A2

f 1 = p1x +q1y +r1

B2

= w1 f 1 + w2 f 2

f 2 = p2x +q2y +r2

w2
x

w1 f 1 + w2 f 2
w1 + w2

f =

(a)
layer 1

layer 4
layer 2

layer 3
xy

A1
x

A2

B1

layer 5

w1

w1

w1 f 1

w2

w2

w2 f 2

xy

B2

 ( , 
(

 aq ( ,

,
cGnZprnZqn1 qRaU,q/cRqaMRnb2aqqnqoUqY
*+q
N)J5 

(b)
;? ('
%BIE'
<

 '
=' 9N@ F-HK

;<?

9N@ FHK

kml kMen-s!&`.x<z .
 Lp>z

 aq8bUn:q8,q cnG/`cnqGUqqGUG aqUG9/2b:Rq 

 
9/aqR8UB9qB[/q/qaU#b28cGnbqRnoqn#,=9a=
Uan ,bUB
, EJ
B   Rqn    
 

, EJ
B   Rqn    
 

qRnZq8b6B 1JnnqYq9RR[qYoZaq ranoaqnqB9`RoYa9nU
*+qdqYq 
[%q,d+9Rq RcG
,Ucq9%oq8
W9n,[Eq#8,cRqa/rUGBY<G
 2U E9GqR``  1,Wan:%a*R``[,q%R``Ja
    M 
a
,nq ,q[R,q/U  B
 ,[9Rq,n Rn8qqW
,EU:cq9+b/9n:9UY   q,8n/Bnqcq9%
 [Wn
o7

 ) '&L5

%5

*<5

L,

;?

9 @ F-HK

"

0

E>

*

>B 

q`n9n/,q#99n qbGqRa6n
 ,:U9  M :B

nbqY8,q11WgW9B *8%Yaq RUq
  M 

a
 
M
M  M
9
 M  U0 0    M 
a

,nq         ,qRnn,qnW[9Gnq%8nqGq*9a[Bn
qYcq99qo9naUa6U[q19q9caq8* 8n/Bnq1cq9
9
aq G
 %b
r9WU9UqU9R<YG,U'GqnUq%c9W
2a89RqYqGn9aq9RbbqW%n/Bnq[JaYU*[9BY
n`RqGJ9R``cRqaE#qEW9nW
EnnqE[W9nq:qcGqqW%q*

 2U E9Gq/U8q:W9n,UBnY ,//qnEqRaq9B
qn`*qUBaYR9:qa
a
   M
 M      
91U9qnnqG6qBq%qqnaq#qRa,cb8raYUaqG
an9q
q,nc9annnY8* n1[RqY,qUcRqa8q,W9nW
 2U
E9GqR``,Wan:,%UBnY1[U,  rU[nqG,qq%
q  r :q/qn9q/q qRG UBq/qqnR9qR
     
W
 

a aU9nnB9B9,q,W9G2,BnWGY

 2U  E9GqR``  1,Wan:%a*R``[,q%R``Ja

            
 
a
,nq  ,q%9Rq2Wan B    
  q%8nqn,nY
E8nqGq1qR
Wan:,BqcGqqW 

 2U ,9,U/q:W9n,[UBnY Z,an9n9Rq

,qR*1a=9aWUr 9
    
 %      (     4 4    
a
 


&

&

;JBI' E 

;BI> 'BE

*%$

?LJ
B

%7

*

J
B>'d4B EB %E

*%*

(,


>E  '
'y;BI2 'BE

,

*%,

A1

B1

A2

C1

w1
Y

B2

f1

C2

f =

= w1 f 1 + w2 f 2

w2
x

f2

w1 f 1 + w2 f 2
w1 + w2

(a)
A1
x

A2

B1

w1

w1

w1 f 1
f

w2

w2 f 2

w2

B2

 ( , 
(
 aq

,
,U:/WaaqqYZda9/nb:9,R c9W9R9nU*1bUB
cGnUcGqn[qUqnER9:b6B cnGUcnn#qUqnWUqqGq91aqqq9Uc9
BdbUB <*q/,+aq ,nq<qaqR W9qR</`Y 9Uq
UqR/9[8n/GqqR ca
q%Bq1qqnaq1R9bU 8cRnn
`cnqGUqqGY
*:1qna1qnUq9ZUJnn'nq9Zan9,M
Unq
9nq9,Gn/qR
RqWq*nUqqa1 qYRn
b6B /+qnq+/9RqqYo9n9`R96 ,:n9GY
,,BB[aq*9RnqYq1,bU /BbUB 9nq986Ra,2aqq1'aq*
U/
+aq %qR, WbWbU *+q<,q %nY,n%n/Bnq8c9q%q
Y1,q1YaRY[,9Bqq9WUq #Jnn1qRqanWYa,
9anqRYUcnGrnnY#,%qn8q%* /`nRYn[/Jnn9a,
qR 9YanU,qBYnqR*aqR,,q:cnG9a
(b)

"<5 ( ,

;?

'
%BIE'
<

 '
=' 9N@ F-HK

;<? 9N@ FHK

!"

L*

L,

81

L,

  

elJ8r >

z. {<{k(~Lx<

 9g,qaaqY#bU *+qqYq[r+9Rq 6nWE9Rqn9Y%E9an[qR,9n+

nqGqnY2an99RqnB:qnqY8EYia/9B,9YanU
8nqGqY 9qYqGU[aqR  +9Rq n1Bqn,qn

8)

43

N)

)

Y
consequent parameters

premise parameters

x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

A1

A2
A3

B1

B2
B3

+9Rq

(a)

/<5 ( 

B3
B2
f

B1

7
X

1
1

A1

?L>;J
8;<?

B
E 

9N@ F-HKPA4

(b)

(I , 
>BBE;<
>JG
I E
<E;<%E

 !  D !     !  D   

A3
X

A2

*>)

   
    

,1,Y28q9YanUnnq 
 B
G#qGqYB:W9
 qGEqaBnnqW
 nin*BnnqW
 n=aqW9RnU*BnnqW
Yaq9< 9 4
& :B  & '& `nUqb%cq91qcBq98Eq cnn8Ucnn
qUqn
nqBY9nU[,ncaq/qRUUq1Yq19aqqR UG9n9BY<q/RqnU9n
nBRY
UqWqU 1aq/qBY'G6%caq,<q,q%UUq<WqRR 99q

cBq9BBq99J9q,/Wan /q9YanU,8nqGq,qUnUqYU/qWq
aqn8nq9bMa6,Y:q1nqaqn8qaUB9U Z q<qn8q
8nqGq'RqW1U/q[aaUnUUnnUY qRqnn:qR aqUqn,W91Y
8nUq9RY[WqnWq9YanU2BnnqqUUnUBYq,aqJ%qR9YanU
8nqG9W/`n/qaUqaoq/q1nq88nqnq8Y*G9U9oqR
UUq
6aq</1bqnq/qq99UnU[UnnU/<2aqqU,[U98ca
qRaqRboUW98aq
qBnn/qGZq1Rn[Yaa anR9/bUB


.$

m3

4)

$

"

1
output

q output

'+

+9

*+qnMBaqRG9YZq8n/BnqocBq9ZaMaqW9RnUBq8Y9
qnaYoU8Yn,qY[W1a1,b:9RqYanU%8nqn/r+9Rq 9G%b
qRGqaUaq%9YanUBnnq9qq[qG /[UUq/Yq/[n1B
n89Y/UYqU
,:n9GYB298B[9Y1,aa98b/i[Yqannqq
9RnEqEBq,a9`G6EUnnUYb[raYqn*qc9E8nqU+q2,8nqGqY
,qY8Gg9G9U/qG9Rq9198n
a 
BnnqqY8UqR[99UnU,UnnUY
R 
  

RY9/a2[9GqBnaR
q19n9Rn29RqYanU[Bnnq%1noaaUnU `nG6%9n
9n,qBnnqW
R 
  U,,q9B9qW1U6Rq8WqRR9
B    ,*q#YqnY#[ Y YE9Bnnq[:qn`Y%9
qn,9aqqR!:nRaY#q%'Rq[B8nqGqYE,R:2Bnn19B9qW8qn
nb:9q8nq U
,/9% a[GqUqaBBqWaq/aUbdBnb2Gnd98qaab
BnqRBnc9B9#q/a:qnnUqY /qYq9dq%nc9Y<UqR
0 5

I'A4E 8vJ>B(;;JB
>2
>\
G2'I'BE+;(
J
EM
><NI
E  
<'6;B
8;<?

9 @ F-HK
N

B%dE d

< 5

B% %E I'MJ

Je;EEi

B%dE dJ

K 
<'>

< 5

 )$ J, '&

caq,
 9U 8q
9 qnY8aqnU88nqnnqn Yq,9BR`qGW nqq 9 9Un UYU nnU
9
 U9Rq
nq9 qn
R

%5

A
e;<.EE E vT<N%B'IB<(;JB
>
BI
B 9 @ F-HK
/

qR8n
Wn/q%caq/:Rqn8[9YanUGqn*`Y9RY1qR
UUq#WqRR*Jqn WnWcRqqRn2GYU/'YqEaqq:U[qaqn9nq9
qR99UnU:n%9/qn8q,8nqGqYU a U99UnU2`nG6WBqYaab9Un
aqabqaUa qaar96q9 qU9RW:98Ya =B1U%9qRnqW

P#,%,'&

!#"'&

Gl<n p>qqr!s{<tzIz{%z 
& r< z

x

&J~
oz

\#").&

n p>qqr}stvuIwyxJz{}|ip>~z

, 9R9[2Y98Y+r+9 aUqqUBY%Yqniq,989R:Y%[q:qn
qa9Ya/qn nnU2UW,9UYR9EbU :qWqa/baq 9 anaq,8n/GqqR
cBq9R2aqR 9Yan# qqnqqY189aqan9UqUYqYq#c9,,
a2aq2,/aqqGq:qBq1 $aY`R $,R9qn/BnqcRqaqR9%B
BnbqBBYR9bU 8qWqa
r+9 9Gq`cnGnaoqGq%8q9
qUqn1q rq%8nqna,Y6a,b6B /Y9<r+9 %9 6nR
E[ qaU9qaqqEnq8EqaqYaGBqE,%EY%qR
9nYEa%,qnU9`9U9nWYcnn<prnn2[J9,R
caqq6qUY
*

(*

4"

L,

m*

e)

65

H

Ei'2J'OE(E> '

E



,n  99 11ra/19 

UGBY UdqZ9<c9
Ya9nUUY:9n/Bnqc9GYiqqY cRnnrn[niG[n8
qn%bUG*iY98YqW 19[qBY'G6Rq9YanU,qY
cGnZprnZq/nqGqnUqW6Z
qnJarnUnqY    %ZbU a,
q9R
G/nq%cRqar    8bU %aqU,9:cRqabUB RUqnWq9GU
,qRqn%qYqa8YR2q[RY8UG,q,q8BY#cnGbqRnnY
19[b,q
qR#qYcnn
bqn
qRaEaqR/9/qBUGGq
B9nqR/cRnnUcGqn/qUqn qY8RqW9B:n1q
UR9Y,cBq9R q1:n9o1989qGY o[,EqGYo*oUGRq9
,W/61RU[U9 onnqn9n U qY1Bn[
12  2
 
'BE;

43

<,/.&



"

 %
2

IGiI
(;<%6E;(


>E
>E >oN

BI#?L=>>
<8
J
>E2
4E .E>m
>v
>A 2'BLB'


5 2


 !/ 





 
>EIL>

0

EM

(dE 


>


E

E~ 0
} 0 2U~E / 0 /E2
2

>v 
> 



E2%'E  

-OcE
  



6'BIdE(>

 J BI ><A

d
J
E 4'  >o 

8H



>B > A
BI>6
+BE :J
'




yF-
>BG><NA
8;<
>vE

 

 

BIi



G<iE (

><
<
>
EBI>?L=
<e
J
E2
>mH'

 >J><G
J
>
!v
$ 




y<BNE

 

d
J


E





<B A
BI.EJ.
>B

0  '

4.
>B



b dRnq9
,JnnoUcGqnqUqn8YEqRUa
,o289Bnq9[ WU
9Y
1B9RUY
8nqc9/*aaYR9q q 1Y9BoqqGqBqU
<q8BYcnn<`cnqG/qUqn8*qc1qn
[,E:RnY
q1U18[qR
an,9qRqRUn,9`9B%/qn9+'`B9q2W9,b:cRnn/UcnnqUqn
  4W91,b:n*8qaqR,Y91qUqn n1nqY
a
     

*%"



 


   

a
 /   8
 n1BnqW
*%/

 

,n        9RqU9Rq,Y99,G
:J9,

 

    








 

 
 
    
      
     
   

 




   

 

   

a
,q#q#8,caq,Yaq9
9,< 9n:nUq[+qqYqG*
a     8    q%q%[ B  B198q8n/GqqR
cBq9Ri+U9qU`nE/qn+,EU9qGq:q,E8n/GqqR cq9
Eq,nUBnbqBBYJaYaq,q,/Rn9'b:GbqWcRqaaq
,WU*qBnbqBBY1R9qRn89aUqUBYZ[8n/GqqR c9[cU
qRqqn,a6Y89:U d U qa,q[nY [q8n/Bnq/cBq9
 M 5   0 0   
a

 

  

  
  

*%"

\#"* <"%,.&

*/

  

&

*%0

  

*

, nc9UdU9q
M9q1q/*8n/GqqR<cBq9RY:G9BU
qR+qo,dq8BY<cnGoprndn/qbJoq8caqqn
qR `q9R oGGqqq
qRn9nZ:9YanUqUEcaUo99n
:Z6oYb9Ycq9  n1cRnn
Ucnn#qUqn q1qB    0    c9,  8q`nqU9B9:qnW 19n9GY
qqR,qY *+qRq9Bn:qRqn:iUqnbUBn2'+q%+aq R:n1UW
qRaaEq%qRqn/bUBn2+qBW9[R8Y1RqW9/B2n1q
U
99G1nY 2G9nWn9o[qBanod9nGqq8qn1#
G69/B9RM9qqB,q*q89n9`R[q99GqnW,2,U%Y
WU %9qR9UqW
aqGUqnnqW[,qR/qY *+qoqYqcBq9BEYa9n
qo9U%c9Znb:9 :En,%cq9Ya9G/nRYZ,G
qR [Rqq8n/Bnq/cBq91,Y11q[Y*+qR!UGY8qYnUnB
ca< q%,c9Ya9nU`n[[,8qR9q#c9Bnqn%UnqU
+qB 2Eg9`9Gnnnqn*/aq`YU2R9,9BqR
UUq
Y/*+qdno1
q
2E UqYqEU/9GqRqU9n
Y/[UnUqc 2EZBnnqW92qnq#qnRqn U qaqqR99aRWqan
Y q9annY9/9BnqG qYanUq9q9 q6aaqn  q6q
RGYan c9,+q
$

43

(*

!1

,'&

m#*

#,'&

M#*.&

%* .&

T "'&

) ,%$'&

  O_Yeb:Y/
\b2h O_ [Na

, [qWq9qGqnUq//qanqR/,q8qaaqY bU 1+qo,qoB9o

cbYZqnq(caUrYY(bqRq1b:d8nY *+qZ1Yd8``n
9R/R9Y:c98q[nqR*qaqY8,q1Yqn,:9qb[889
*+q
Yd[oUnUqG[q1UnUqc
R9Y 9B9RnU*aUbG1o`qGq9Uq9
qUqn
 +q6W:22+q%qqWU29q8qnn2B[98qR,qnq,q#9qa
qqniBaY9qRq6anY
L,

kml y

  3.~ 4>{< +z>{ 

b 9U9nUacnGUcnn/6qn
U/Bnqn*`YUY<U Bnq[,R
rW,,UqqGxq1B8``nYoaq/9U:nanY+1Gq%[W9 
qR*U/Bnn/Bnq#c9,q9WW9R29q,2aqn1n8qnUYb 9a6


Typical Initial MFs

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

+9

10

12

input variables

<5y9 ;o>6<J'2'BE+#;N
J

E'm!
>
BGE


.EE
22
I #$ *&  ,

N
;<B.mB>%NE

8/q1UnYoRbb9[ a6
q2GqqaY1,[qq9
*/Bq
qR
[2GiRnb2aqU 4+qRnq/8qR,WUq1Unnq8RaU9[q%
U/Bn2i`nUn,RYnqan9[/UnqY1Bnc9Bnanb
,cn%q/U/Bn,n/Bnq1cRqaqYo,YaoRq%qY+q/
9G[n8nqGq/q8qn%dM1,W%qRG/nq<cq9/Ya
qB9Y/9,,9BnqR9:YaRi9qRa 19n9GYn[qc
U
',   a,q8Y:99G9 aiRq:/9Bnq[a9U:
n,WUB[ R9qEBn
qBq%qB   
b#q1RnYWqRcRnn[UcGqn,qUqn
nqUUU9dRqq9Z" nUanq
c9 9aqqG*daqGY
,a9[:2Uaiqn8ann[  3 9RGqnGq2URq,qR2Yq,[a/Rq9+
G1#YaqRG9Y8U/q/[9RqqY 9aUnU28nqR` q+aq %q,#bUn
qWG/nq c9qnq,n[E6R/nn/Bnq:cq9 qaG
9 
o/nUaY
[qnZG  dYaq9Z 91W GGY*a6anqana
b,aqn9Y<qB  q1b9[a9`G6n8,aqnW`1qq#9aUnUq
/a6anqan1,B!aaUnU/nqWoUnWdaqn
  *q9a9Uanqan8,Eq/B/9nrqWqR9aqq ,iaa
qR[9/:Y<91qGq%9nq9q9W:[  9n9`Rq/ca,#b2/Gqq
qRG[cn+9 9
a:JiqR[nq9Yq`nqa6G /aqYq9%qWUaYRqWq  U 1
R:Jq/nqa/Yq/Un9Un aqYq9a/9 /Y /qWUa
'?I
>e;JLJEE #*%*

-3

*%,&

$ "

`#/

&

-)

#$

*&

5

M)

$

*%$

error
measure
rule 1: increase step size after 4 downs (point A)
rule 2: decrease step size after 2 combinations
of 1 up and 1 down (point B)


+9Rq
UYY  U 1
,a9
q%U/Bnq 1  q/9noaq[a*nqqU%qnq%q,
9
q/q9BY%qBr9q96
RqqRnq89qaUUUnEq1qn9UEqR
qB9  ,/aqqn,9R,,:9,U/
epochs

<5

A
i<
BEIiB
E
BN
;<%vE  ;!E 

$

o)

O*

el 
& !p>~+v>{m|ez p>~v


! +z~{>u{

J~z

p<4e>{<~{Jz.. n p>{%.>{

b1q,89a2[aqUnq/+q8q/8``n'%R9Y W9Bqa
    %    
    
a
Rq9 q[aq8a6,qR*a O0 
O0  ,[,9[qRB9YaW
qa %qBq:nq89Y qY8,/*+q
qY
Rnq19U 8qnWE,q
ca8n/GqqRcq9GRq9RYYa9q 19U/Bn,q
8nqGqE RE oqY%*+q%, n2B- qRGYaa6U9Rqqn/,qUqR
q
Unq1a9RW[B%cBq9+ ,aq/%q9a9R[q8q/918n
1qYaqR[n/Bnq/JaRqYq`Y
,W9Bqa a:,q
9U
qRqn8qnnqW,U%qR GqnoqR%8q198aqY <qn8q
8nqGqB 9YanUnnqW
+aq :,Eq  < 
cU9EYaY#nq9ERq9GEc9+aq[ W W EnRUGb2aq
B/qR[*q 99[:q[W9Gain1qR EJ9:qnR+nb:9'U,qn1:n
qqY c9 `nnU/qn%qU9:n9Uq 4c9[+q U'GqnU/qEqn
EJ

*

$

$& :

*

.$.&

0%*

m)

\0%*

M*>)

(3

G*

.$

1
0.9

root mean squared error

0.8
0.7
quick-prop neural network

0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
ANFIS

0.1
0

+9Rq

50

100

150

200

250

qn        E  9#2noqW ,
n[Gb2aqa6 <qdBnnq
r9Wq9
:n9Uq[B1qnqR9UG,RY,aq196q9 ,*aqUGqY
9R*q[BnYa9qEJ9,9RYqaq8UnY+9 /Un89qq*+q
nY9n
Un/Ra19Yqr9[98Y1q1Gnb:96W ,:n9nWqR
aqqanR99no1/Ranq/:U<9[qqG[
qa/qYoq8B
qR*aq1Bqnq9:J9,qR aarRq9B6q98Yi[Gnb:9UY
,/q1<9qRnqYaqqqYqRbran/[U'GqnU[nBo6R/n*q/qR,
+9 9:bU[[nq9Yq,,WU98qWWJqn,caq,8q,,9GY[nB
U/Bnq:q,1+9Rq ,W6:n8,q "Y $B[,aqq,qY9RqqY
qr9Wcn 
nBqo[U/qRUnUna 9YanUBnnqa<[qYaUU9Uq,
qR*RR%bra9
+aq 1q%q1q 
B:n/Bnq
cq9Wob%%UqnnqRoq
9nqa
qR9n2q#qqr9/9B1q%99*an9R6Y c9618UR
,qR8n/GqqR c9q,%9qa+[,naqnn6q#n/Bnq9
aq
B  9R 168nq%,qqnYoq1aq9 2G9nW2nZq1aUGqq/UR
q<qaRqn[qBnaGqqaqW`1qq=9UacaU9qRqR
nqaEq#qYanUYq,aqnnq 
$ $

epochs

$ 5

$ $*

* K


B=>E .
>BN 
C.?;JBI
;
>!J'
BI-JA8
>BC.E J< 9 @ F-HK

$ .$

0%,

:#".&

$

#"

G$ #"

.*

')

*%*

+9, 
v

J

%5



B>  2.L (
.;%;<'B v , 

 JBI
>EB
<L E
B IEm.


( 
>A'BNB.% ,  ;
.E -( (;o ,

 +

(a) initial MFs on x

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0
-10

-5

0
x

0
-10

10

(c) final MFs on x

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0
-10

aq

-5

0
x

0
-10

10

#(
;;'B B.% ,



(b) initial MFs on y

-5

0
y

(d) final MFs on y

-5

0
y

+

* 5 H'<>y>Jd4J '2'BE+#; 
J

>E
  %>e;J

*%,

10

10





( 
AB

A2
B1

B2
C1

+9

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

A1

C2

6( @
 d.yN
><oI
>EyBI


 9N@ FHK}BI+L
BI6.
>B( (;o
,<5
BIiJ
.8E
A4 ,

J~z

! +z~{T

predicted
output

;J
EGL
i>%'B

u{ p<y({<~{Jz. (n p>{%.>{

,[/#12*q9RW/Jq9
,  

      
a

 
 
, ,1qZY 6 =9anb  qUR9nZnr  aU  [qZ9GqcZqG
RqU9nW,*+qJqn/+9 a:qW1n9U %qnW,q #n/Bnq%cq9
BnqaYq
YaqZR9q9 1o <qRY6dR 2nY
caq8:Jq9g,+9n 

    
  
   qqnWq9GU
,RRd
YZJ9/qRqo[+q:,YUMR /qWZca
9GqcU1q8`nUqY
+qoa68E 98q9+2/Rq8BnbJ9q1/BU
9`9Y8 U
%      


#   
 

    6


  ( 6 ,   L ,01
W



*
,n? U/Bni 4 ,  2H %  :q  bq`nqqWaqR2B/nqY9Y
qGqBYqan6
+aq 1qnq/8n/Bnq1cq9BcaqBmcqnB[,%q1nq9
9n:,qUnqG6:qUqn8qnnc9  q  aiqq,//aq Urana,UnaU
qqn%q/qEqnqn[R9[6
qqn9o/BBnc9B[a[[[a
qU/B2+9 `c:,qR[qBWqU/nqa qan,1RBqqGqn%Ya+q  a
,Jqn  GYRqBBqnq*q

#    

#
   1,R8:qqW


,%$

N ) '&



N )+,'&

:* /

*%"

: )+,

/&

!*

'&

/.&

/&

"

" ".&

"

" "&

"

" "'&

'&L5

$$

,

)

$ $

$ $

."

"

#"



$ $)+,

*>)

$%//

(a) Initial MFs on x, y and z

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0
-5

(b) Final MFs on x

0
-5

10

x, y and z
1

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2
0

(d) Final MFs on z

0
-5

10

 +

(;o
)o5
 'BN>B 

average percentage error(%)



( , BE#; 
J

E v
>BNB<

(a)

4
3
2
1
0
0

50

100
epochs

150

200

average percentage error(%)

+9

(c) Final MFs on y

0.8

0
-5

10

10

( , (I , ( , BE#; 
J

E

(b)

0
0

50

100
epochs

150

200

+c99 YE q9 4Ec9Bn[:<Rc 9r9 Y/[

qR%Yn6q9 [rRqq9GY J9 R/Ynq9/qnqanq%n#,c9 
q nG[Ya 
" 5

N*<5

P$ #$
$

$ #$

*%"



#
1UG
/

#
 /
inn2R E%UnUn :YUUnUn
*+qU n 

9R

RRnnnn1188````nn
9 
RR
6(
 ,
  +
1= %9R,q1aqn,Wqn2aq U  qU[W91q/aY1Gq[,,BnbJ9q8Y
`n[U'nnUq8qa<,q`nnU[qBYUR8nqW2/n919
aqa 98nUqRnq9


3!N1

$ #$>),
) #0
#"
$ #"

y '&
 ),'&
*T ),'&

M*<5

(;o

 8{<u~{oz(s z{6 %>{{

* /
*$
*$
*$

*"
*%$
*%$
*%$

*%*
, *
%


>e;BE
>E A4\>B''BNA
>BC
! )+,

J~z

"%$

, )

M*


#$%//
" 0

< .E4+BIiBI
AyE BIyB
>



'&

4{vI~ 
& r< z

,n2qGY,qq/9[ ,n m W :nnb:9/2n89Y

q8UnUqc1%9Y*aB9G6,9Uq9EqUqnRn2[Rq%*+q1n9%qR
nR+nb:9'E,R[U:Un9`nq9:9anqWU8qJ9,R `nn%Ya9
   Y 
       0 Y     
a
,nBcB
c[q/qR/9RY+qnWq9GUE[8[U  
qR/U,
cBq9  & :,qJ9q
  
              
a
b19UnUG6c/q#UY#qnnbbn8Un9anqRY86/UnqG%Yaa
   W 
       0 Y     q
U
,qW
,nq  & %cq9
n8nUqY8U*+q
q8nqn[q/R'qYo
Yaq<qBU ,n[*+q1 %n/Bnq/Jaa1RcqU /nYB
q%Gqn,B/qR[qn
c9`rYYBaU9 ,9`9Y/,q#Y
   caqanqR/raqa    R,%Rq1qR6[%Un+ 8U9
      9,B1q/9RqaqqY
  [1q9RY
   ,
+9 aq#9:i[8``nJ9,qaqR,iU,aq8YUWqG#n9nmcqn
qR9q9/qaW   /   :R9Y8q     a      a
WJqn   1
aqqaqRRn2Rnb2aqo 2rcag1U[,GdqR
1

#,

&

L*%$

.$

-5

$ ,

$ ,



$ ,

G1

$ /

$ /

,%*

,

$ /

$ "

"

,%,

,>)

N0

N0

\,"

*
*%"$

*"%$

./

*%"$

$ "

"$%$

#,

*%/

&

*
*%"%$

$ "

*  *%"

(a) u(k)

1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

500

600

700

600

700

time index (k)

(b) f(u(k)) and F(u(k))

1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
0

100

200

300

400

time index (k)

(c) plant output and model output
5

-5
0

100

200

300

400

500

time index (k)

aq

/ 5

 +%>e;J




( ,

  ( ,   


J

  (

 

, ;od

;o
%(>o
.%'
>
;J


n q E
Gqn,,/Bn ,8UqGi*Rqa
+ q
 ,
=  + 
3

*/
,"

M, 5

(;o

"$%$%$$
*%"%$


>e;BE
>`A4 @(@

*%0

%' B

initial MFs

1
0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0
-1

-0.5

final MFs

0.5

0
-1

-0.5

u
f(u) and F(u)

0.5

u
each rules output
1

0.5
0

-0.5
-1
-1

-0.5

aq

0.5

-1
-1

-0.5

0.5

9RqaqaW   /1%`nUq'nq91`YU/91aUqUca  #q

qnq#U9 WE #qRqnn:qR 9Bq9
b1qa9UqR oU/Bn:UnqGqWU/q8nq9qW:JiqR oU/Bn:,n
qRn%UnaqR,a,ca%UaqRqbb99qmcqG aaY
no2UWqYq/8nqG[U/Gq[UoY,o[qRaqY qB/aq
Ya
aq R % #qqR*nqR*mcqn  nBi1WqRR,G
U/Bnqq 
 EqGqBYqan6
/ndBnnq1+qo<9U
Un:nand,G
qR   ,:nanYq 6R/n,,anqR/qGYUqRaqnqaBnb:nn
  <Y9
q 9Rqanq1Gq9UU9
qRnq/Un#q9n  
c9Yaq aqW9RnUqYb19qRn:9UYR,n1q#Gqn:U/G,,YUY1UU
[*+qGqiU/ aRq9qaq'R/n6,nq8,qR
nqUnqqaq%cnn<prnn 4nq,/qqqYoU,YUa[qGqnnUq9
B89[Ra9bBWUnEJanR+nb:96n
0 5

 +%>e;J

.L\B<A4

* F
E

"%$$

M"%$

$$%$

M,

m3

m3

M*%"$

0

!" y)

G)

#"

m3

(, G1

%7

%7


yz %3 v{

J~z



yx6 3 Gr<{6.3L

+8 a  8q %q/+qdGoBYo8Una9RWcq9



:,

initial MFs

1
0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0
-1

-0.5

final MFs

0.5

0
-1

-0.5

u
f(u) and F(u)

0.5

u
2

each rules output

0.5
0

-0.5
-1
-1

-0.5

aq

0.5

.L\B<A4


initial MFs

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2
-0.5

0.5

0
-1

-0.5

0.5

0.5

#* F
E


0
u

f(u) and F(u)

final MFs

0.8

0
-1

-0.5

 5  +%>e;J

-2
-1

each rules output

10

0.5
0

0
-0.5
-1
-1

-0.5

aq

 5

0.5

 +%>e;J

-10
-1

-0.5

.L\B<A4

*

 * F
E

0.5

Yan6boq89:/,Un89qq%(q/9B9Yo+qon
Bn89Y1
YUcq%9n29 qqGqnY#,[BnbJ9q1[9Y <qR,B
aqY8,q1qRnq,/nn9UaqnqaGnb:96aq<qnB9qY< 
%q89U9G69qqqnqU9Rq[RqbqG9qGqqa/c :UGr
,/q8[qnnRqY

9q/q919nGY
U/qB9 99G9 [U'nnUq
UnW/Yaq9 i`Y n
    ,  0 0

0   
a
,qY`q98Jq9Rn2q:q:qGqn2#Bnq%qan,/2Bnnaqa
nY86#U/Bn2=aYq9,qnYqRnq% +BYUn8qBn q 1U`` U q 9an,n
b q:2n i19n  pG
,[a6BEq#,q%[U,9Rn,Eq[,qGqnR/q#aU   q/RqYU
qR*9*29a6:cqRq    ,B8nqR`c9:qR:bUiYUqa
2Y Rcqa aUEqq:qnn,qaY
qYUWB  0
0 W
n
 0
G  qnB/RqYUY<cq%9   #nigaqqa,qWqn:9q
+BYUn%BG 1UU U q:q:n cnRq%9G  1
   :n
Y1aqG/Rq91nqR9%
qR#R%:nq8qB9YUoqaYo11aq
B9q*/qaqqGaqqW
E*a/q,82nqn:9EY9UqG9nB9UYa:Y#q c9Rqq`raUn ,a Rq
Gq
q< q1U8nqnqaRq9oYaq9 9n
,8q/qnZYoq8no
 aqE9BUq9 9   
 R  U[UnqaY8ca !   # oqqR
  #J9   %8qUqnaq9[RqaqR 9ana q:q,nqn  nU:*`aqY
raqR[Bq,iqRc9,c9
 0 6   0 9   0 a   0 9 4  
a
,n 6 8q ,#q /Bq%cRR/n *RqY c98q%*+q
,%qn1 q%bqRY6
/qG#2n/qW<c99q%q/UnUBY8Unb
,,U/Bn'8n/Bnqcq9:q9Y#qYa/Rq,+q%,qq[qGq 
q#qqU/BnE Ri+9Rq r9=qRUn/Bnq#c9EJ9Ya9q9
,aqqq*qqW/n[9U29 Bqq#GqnYa, qqn8q
8nqGqB  q[aqYaG6nnq
,cn
 1nBY::a   #   1   #
   +,qZ/Bq
#,"'&

:#*%/'&

$ *

,%"

N*

6 ).&

#,"'&

& <3

!*

<*%0'&

#, '&

2#*

& 63

:#*

6*%0'&

#,%"'&

P#,"'&

,"

$

M$

m3

*$%$$

$%$$

:*>)

*>)

*,

:/

&

,%/

m"$%$

\"$%$

/

(*%$

.$>)

*>)

$

#"



$ $%$ ./

,%$

$ $$ ."

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0

0.5
1
1.5
2
x(t-24), x(t-18), x(t-12) and x(t-6)

r9bq :J9,Bc9R2R,9qnY
-3

87

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.5
1
1.5
first input, x(t-24)

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.5
1
1.5
third input, x(t-12)

0.5
1
1.5
second input, x(t-18)

0.5
1
1.5
fourth input, x(t-6)

c,+ < :ca2W9:99

-3

7

+
 ( ,
 ( ,
+ aq *

Bnqn,naqY,q19n*69GW1G[,[UnY
8YUqW9Rn
caaq/%[/WqUR#qnqnUq%q82+9 ra 4aqG:U'nnG
r+9Rq c,n19R/B[nna #Bn,G92+9Rq 8J:,q8n/GqqR%Ja 4
+9 q,qR   9n[,R`Gq#9,2%WqRR/ *Ua1qR[q
nBqRYb:UqnnqR[9UqRnana/q   #    #
 U[qR
Y%qnY,:9RqUnRB9    q9q/q1b: 9`* : W:q*+q
 nqRqY1GqqG6i9B9RnUq:qR*RUnU/UU8 4R a/%9U
qRY2qRqiaUq9R[cnG/nq2%qn   c9   %Un9qa
,19Ua2B[Yq9n9UqW8c9,U/[nqnUqiaB9nU,`nUqY8U/q#*+q
*$<5

BEI#;m'
+o
>Ei
m (;o





v
>BN>B'<

M*

m*%*

  'BN>B'<

*%$

(3

$$



(3

G7

.5

*

(a) Mackey-Glass Time Series

1.4
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4

200

400

600

800

1000

800

1000

time
(b) Prediction Errors

0.01
0.005
0
-0.005
-0.01

200

400

600
time

+ 9YU qaJ,+8, RU:raq 9Ra9nRa cqaq%qqR8*/qnG%nqcqna n Y 4+cB:qqY`q91noq9W6 bqnMYa

/989a:[GbcaqW[qWUq9<68q/[bqnaqnq98c :8``n
,q1qR*8U/Bn2innq
 5 ,    0 9    0  a       ,  0  9 
a
,nnqq 8qnnq     1 Rqa   1q :9qY
/qWB2,q /:nq%qWUnUqc   B1q%qG%:nq%qW1ca
YU+,,qGqq:9RW[qa9%q,%Yian2Gqq1q:q   #  
B   #
   ,://2aq*19**qaq #qR,2qY`qY
9G 
qR/qY`q9onqaqYUU9U/9nrBnnqYq9
,qR/  8``nnn
9GbJqRd1qoo98nq9q8dqR WqUdRoEYqca1Gq
 UGnq82iannYanRbU9:qY89`nnU,  Un:,nn
U/Bnn<9qY<Jq9 8q 4E+9 ,[qRqGqq%,n/  8UnE,qoqR
Bnq[annY9nRb9Y1,Rn%GqnU/Bn, 2qY<9
qRGq
(8``nb:/qGY/9GnWqanq/
+9 8q,#q/nq,Gq/qRnq8#
9GbJqR,q[Rq9n:q%nq9qW
\* 5

2,

m3

*)

.*%,

.5

.$>)

$$%$

.$%,

$,

,%0

.0 .0

"%$$

 

$ $0

*%,

.$>)

*>)

M)"

*%"

,%*

$ $$%"

x10 -3
3
2.8

root mean squares error

2.6
2.4
2.2
2
1.8
1.6
1.4

+9

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

epoch number

* K

BI>v<>J<C>

**<5


B=>E
B 9N@ FHKP


(a) Desired (solid line) and predicted (dashed line) MG time series
1.5

0.5
800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1400

1600

time (sec.)
(b) Prediction errors
0.5

-0.5
800

1000

1200
time (sec.)

+9YU qa<braY1a9nYa Uq%q8UqnGBq,nq1Jqa 8nqWn c 9  4B c:YU a1

nqB9oqWq UbqqGYa
}*,<5

m3

.$>)

,%,

.0 0

training (solid line) and checking NDEI (dashed line)

NDEI

0.5

0
0

20

+9

B><v(E
`o
\*>)o5
;<>BI2LBN<
I'BE

40

60
parameter number

80

, >J:C (%E:J , BB

>BE\

100

120


E\A4> ('BI'
9

(a) Desired (solid line) and predicted (dashed line) MG time series
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
400

600

800

1000

1200

time (sec.)
(b) Prediction errors
0.1
0
-0.1
400

600

800

1000

1200

time (sec.)

+R9Y9< qWUiRq9Zb RbY9

9Y9UG9 qRB2nq% ,(qGq8n``cn9J%RYEGqJqn9 U / Bn # q a4c[B/YqUUbqqqaG
nq9Y
M*%" 5

(,

83

,%/>)

,%/,

)+"

,>)

b a6G,qWUR/qqR[9RW+q1aqBnbJ9q8,q%Y, Unb ,:nanYB

qR9%B,9Y%qqRUnUq'Gqa', Z8UnUqU9%9R%,JnZqYaUWU,,,*+q
q/q9%qU9a  #9Rq,9
B9 %Unn:96q9 o[U9,W/W
qnUa19[aqYq9%Eq%UnYRqa9+
 qaqG8nqR`` annY9 nRqn8, 8YqY6ZdYa
Gq1RqYU a68Y`Wn%c9,/qR8qnW ,Gq/qR
+ r Eq ,`YZ1qU9/8Yo9Bq1nqaU6UWoUoq1B
UnU9i9n,nqnW,b,9q,q
Y8 U 2W9B
qR9Bq%, En,,%qG99GnWqanBb+q:[Bnn99+98n
c9ca,raq
a:,*+q[n%9n9 9,aRY1:,[ +8 9 , WqGqcaq
:,qBna989%Y:GqU:n``R9Y28,qnnY
R:,[*+q1qW1n /9 Rq[8nqGqYR/nqB9[qRnn9`
9qn9(  R9[8YU/GY89arRq9(rB9R aqY8 
R:,9a,qR9
U,YUa9UqR*Bnn:qnq9,i+q1qUqan
qYq9B[8:W9U,%r,WqRRnqRqnq[RUnU/UU8Y
G1

(* #"

!)

0%$%$

"%$%$

'BBI
BJ

J
?I>v2'E
>o>

#*

4,".&

>=>'BI.%iBI'.=>N=>>BJ

P#"%" <"/.&

.5

>*

N,

.$>)

/ %,

(">)+$

e)

N;oB
>B'

1Gq
ERR,n ,9` nRq9 Eq9bU
* 1+qUn
R 

,n92`aYaqaq:
E9qqan a


WUb 9
E`qYn`
+q99U anq
3

"$%$
"$%$
"$%$
"$%$
"$%$
*$%$%$

m3

$ #$%$%0
$
$ #$%/
$ #$%*
$ #$>)
$ #"%"

(
 ,
R 
 
 [q,q#qnqqaqqBn9%9GnWqanq,n    8cqRq
q,2    %Jqca,nE,R*nqR,q,q,2:n*aY/U/qG
qRYUa   /%   B+qqE9nc9qnqqG
aY9q
RqU9n:n #qRqUq[989UEqRcb 9qq:qZ= a:n
Y/qYa+aq qqnq,annYa/qnJ9Eq*q%,Rnqq q a6
:nq[RqY8J9:q`nqqW19,,q#q %q[YUqW19:c9    
e)J5

'JB> .
>!BE
#GI
(;<>B'E
>E4
B

"

N.E.
>
BNBI
>A E >B4'BI
>

>)

%"

>)

"

(*/

"%$$

("$%$
,%"

)

1Gq
ERR,n ,9` nRq9 Eq9bU
* 1+qUn
R 
,n92`aYaqaq:
E9qqan a

 
WUb 9
E`qYn` 
+q99U anq
R WW 





3

"$%$
"$%$
"$%$
"$%$
"$%$
*$%$%$
"$%$
.$%$%$$
"$%$
.$%$%$$

m3

$ #$%,%/
$ #,
$ #,%*
$ #$%"
$ %"
$ #/%$
$ .$ L$ #*%"
$ #$%*" L$ #$%"
$ #$%"
$ #$%*

e1
e1

,

 ) (d4BEGE \B
>AyE , J " ( < .Ey
>
B
m" 5  'J'BI> .
>:BE
#(
>e;BE
>E
B
IB
AyE 
E
#E
>Bi84BE8E 2
..E2BIi%J'BI T'\ 'BImiE
>

 
 /  E
+E

B
> NBI; v=o'E6(
F , BIdm
#?LBE
>

 'BI>BE ( *
, BI
>B8JA
BC.EBIJ

B
 %" ( i.E( BI
AyE BI BI



,

kml &6p>! r { 2

/ 



z{<L>{ M>t Gp>Lz{6

[ihjb



>

oWa2UnqBY%q,qYq,9q9rGb2aqarBqWcnG[Ucnn:qUqn:J*+q
,qobUB 8 b6B 1qWqa8YY1onU1UUq
YqRqYURq9:qR
9B9qWqRYq/n<qRcnGbqRn1qn9Yc9 6R8GqqUnq%qR
raqR,GWUa2=%98qUqn
2nanYRiU/Gqq[,9,W992[n
qEn[oUqanY9/R8n/Bnq1cq9[q[/Y1qn
9Gnq[#qn,cGn/rn8qn,qWq,`nqqWR#qGY2,8qq/a
8n:iR9Y:c98UnB9 qqnnYUa
q89 `b1*9Ra/nb:96WEq8*qnW9 6R/n9q6
c9,B:Wa,qaaqYn9aq9Uq,8n/Bnq[cRqa2n/qBaY%q 
,,d9 1qU8nqRqqRnq89qaE21non9 R``noW9G
,q1qRnnqnY
8n[Y/qR#q`YU%q[Bn*:baq 9Bnq9
ca*%qBY'/n9,GU[qRa9nb:9 *8989%J8n:9qU:BW9
oqaaqYZaqG9Ra8cnnZ8``n/9Y
J9Roqna U BcYq
q99 iRqB9nY
aqGB9U[qZqRq
*+qZ/oqGqn9
qU1UbRq
cYqnEq/+nbqY#G/nq c9W annn U `a" nUE9n
L,

BI ;JBE 'L.

>

).&

m*

?LJ
>B

).&

)" 4)/'&

: )+0'&

#*%* >*,'&

,%/

(a) Desired (solid) and predicted (dashed) time series of ANFIS when P=84
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1000

1200

time
(b) Prediction Errors
0.02
0
-0.02
200

400

600

800
time

+ 9 
   
Bnb2Gn 9n9G6%G/nq
cRqaYE8R1+nUbUn,9ad:U 9%q
a1q[UqYq9ooqRGYEaq1[noBan9Y
U1URRGqMaqUq
B a28``J6[99Bnq9Yq*,Y8Bn[
. i89nGdBnbqBBY8n/Bnq1cq9W:/nW
q/8n/GqqR c9[1/Bn
qY
n6Un[,qR/Gqn9GY%bBqWYa9 a<Ya9 a
Y9UbqUqU,/BnrBY8    49aWq8 W%q%9qYq:2n9   ,q
  8aq1Yaq9W
qiR9B9
. , 9RGqnGqn#1URY,Uq,aqW[a9`G6`nG6
qB9,q   #qR9 nanU8n/GqqR c9,q:J9q(Ya98 a
,Bnnqn          B    D    D   D  /,no 9RGqnGq[qbW
        D 0   D 1*n%nqW
q9a9q%q/q/aqW
9aUnU `nG6,n89Y
. 1aGq6b/cn2[qRqa:,q%aqEqna9/qRqa9UqRnq
qaB/Ua6=cnn1bqG[qanaU,ca,qB+9YRqY91/q
qn[,oq qqn9Y<,[/nnq/RnUbdB
a/qR8qn
*%/<5

'J'BI> .
>LE(
 9 @ F-HK
>B

)

e/

$ "

&

,%0

9Ucaq1qa9R[ W/U%q,,q/#UYnq9,WqRq
#  #  ( 6 O0 
  
a
*
,nq
#:q9qaB9BqW/nq9 4  2GEq[[n 4  :q9nY
qqqnR9q8q,bq%qJqnYaa1 YqE 4"6 * O0 
  Eq
/U/qR8``BY1nq9#Yq[aY
9oqR 9B/*+q
qURYnq/BW9aqnUq/Bnqn[annYanbU,R[9n8nU
9nRnYq91U1q1nq9Yq[qY1B9#q82GaUnq
,BnnnB9qY11qGnb:9qnq U q
b=9 WqY8qqRUYGqqa28Yq,a%n9n`YqWqB9qb9n
qR/qRnq9#Yq/a[qY
ad/Bqqa9/,R/'Wq/ 8q8
nq98Yq91nR+nb:96,,,nB9qY< q
bEBnYa:qq,qqBqq,+q#+Y/#q

qa9Y#q9a,UUq#WqRRqRa ,:n9nW9aEq,,a qU9%92an9qR

U ,J,q
9nq#,qR[qnYq9
Rqaq[r9
qqa/qbU[q6R/n:8n/Bnq%c9:98Y9RYUn%2Ya%B9U
q<q/nnbcRnq9 +q +'Wq98qqa,q8qB91ndUWqYq1qR
qR%U/Bn[<qUYqRnWoB9Yq1
RGqaqnW/*U9n#9
nR+nb:96 qqBqUG6'n9 U =G1qW1qa9U2aqRqBYW


*

&

,




B2
>

&

BI
;J

#"" <"%/.&

O#"%"'&

;BI2 'BG 



41

EB'

+B %' .

>

)+, o)%).&

.7

P#/ o*>).&



el<kG J~ '
 +{<M kmp<>`+3 4{vI~y {

&+{ ~ y

 zL {

 Rnn9Uq9U r8q89nnbcRna/[1cGnZqn1qRn9cRnn
Ucnn%qUqn8Y R[q/aRq9[nb=+qBqnq9,9qa9Uq9
BoYaUqqa q88Y`q9 1aq%*b+%nqnaaq[U
n,nb:9U
a6qa26qn8[q<qn9/%aqnWR9qanU %9nGq:9
nREGb2aqU
9q9%9Uq9 =nBi9naY<q%U*+q 19n9nWBca
[9Gnq[`nq9RJb a


n+nb:9qU,9Uq9b,qaaqY1U ona U qq[
UqWqdRG%n8n[J9[+q
iqq
2/BW9/n89Y
1q8Gq<qR
i9
qan9[%qGprYq#cnGa6qan
,qcanGZUanqYZBnU>MRYraqn qZb/
N

T3

<7

G#, &

63

E
.;<B=.E 
>B
>

%C ?;oBI
;


BI v<='BE  I
BI
>

N
%

%C ?;oBI
;
!+B
>
.2 #,*'&

J'
+B>y%%;<=>I
BI
>
m#"

&

.
>T

T *'&

BYqWqaU9BniGiRnb2aq1qWqR9Rn9Uq9En<qa99[*+q
,:nbU[9nR
,,9a29:Gnb:96E[aUnq  9anqqRGqa
:*+qB,%aRYb1<qqqY
U,YU9%qGqnnUq9o=+q
q%qR
9`9U9n9GqnW[Rq6an[o9q9#qGq  aRq9%q9Bnq
  qUnUnaaUanqUGBWqY`q9UU9qa nYaWqa
9RaUqncnn8caq9,YUnnBUn
} 0 2 5 2 2
,%9/1Rn
Eqcnq9 9
9UnoB19nn/Bn:q' $cRnnaq9R $
n9nn12aqcRaqU,Y`9Y
 /$ >*%$'&

'&

#" '&

 

 #

% Bq9 4 qn1q

EnUq bRb   
 oU9q9 /a,q9Gq9+ GnWqa/qanqn,iaUBqcq9Wb %6
E9nqG6UEYU9Y
+an  
1aq6 *Uc1
ERnYR n:%  a
B:nB:[B: 
E o UYq9a9WqaqnWqRRa9 ca
aUB:c9Rnb2aqUY   
U a  R q  a
% B9B [
EaU9
B*naUn8nqW
,G
29'  
  !BqnrYqZ9qaaaqabqaUa ZnGq`6 b
 
%E9RqnnU6 / ,Uqa8[U ,qUbY`9Y
*
9n   9,qna na 9nqb6  
  9 / nRGq9,R nnaUq9qnq98WqRR qWq9Bb %mE9nb
nUU ,UqaY[WU ,UrGYUqaqW
1aqU Uc  

[NV%[ 4[

([Na


>e;J
LB

& 

L1

#*&

#,&

!3

<3

B
EEvTKJ.E ' EHLH H

20$%0 0 .,



BIE

>

@ '
+B> @ A
>BC E * * 5#,%$* <,%$


>3

<I
BmJ 9 ;;JI
>E

$

-5



KJ
 2'BNK
.
>

#/&

F6
IiKEMJiKJ.E 'iE

#"&

E>

@ '
BI H'
>B'2


)& +

>o



49 >=>>oIE\v

<
>B

>)

<3


B
>B`KJ.ELiE

BI
. 

N

<1

(,

"

M3


> J
> E

.%'#E

HLH J3

%9 =JE8 @ 
B>>H.
>B.
>

%$

,

B
EIEKJ.ELiE

/ 6U, %`+


EqnU b :
9n:U:Y[ B  
 B WUU

EnUq bEaG2U:'W B BWUq9  9

[ 1n%qn #2URqqa,
E B onaY:YUqaqW

qa6Rqnqbqq[EiWqR99a6  R
 q ,a9n UBiRnG8Unq/annnY8n+nb:9qU *%Bna
(
 ,999n
qBb
 R a  a
 q  99G UB  29q9/9nGnY%Rnnb:9UYBb
9  9

 q
,a9n 6RUnbWqRR%cnnaUqqaG*BqW19nB9+9arRq9B6q9+   
Unn/Bn  
 q  9an 6# b[nU+mRq99Ya9GEGb2nG9UBqc9nb:96
B/Jnn8`cnqG%qUqnW   
 RbaqqB98R6n
[ % a9nW
% G9, 2qGY / E+99 %% n9,
E% n,WMR9
  
RqWq9q+qnGYUqa[,qnanb:9qUWb
99n,   R  R
 9`91q oY n2BqU9UW9RnUq9Rqa*aUqJ
qanR+nb:96Wb %UUE9nqnUUUYUqaY
9n   196 UJR
EqGqY qnB:%  9
+
* UGr
E*`9U onG6   
+
* UGr
 ,
EnqW'n qaC   R
   UqaqU /
E6

Gq6a9 Uc9 YUq9+  R
 *[ 9UB ,nUqW
(9aqqRnqqUG9qG/29RGq[B9U98c

` a   B   6RnqYG
99

EnUq b ER9n:61:'W B  a
#0&

M9 %;<=8 #LBv ;JBI





9 %;<=>44 'Be<
>B

<1

&

)

&

JT
>BI


m1

J*

@ '
BI @ A
BC.EM
B

43


BI
>

%$

$&

B


0%/* <0%/%0

( @  @ .

J> 
 'BI'J
> 9 B '>HLv%oI

9e9(9 H?

BI
. 
G

&

B


>>BIEE

 HFyK 9

*&

BIE



@ 
B> @ A
>BC.E

%*

,&

)&

B>E 4

>

@ '
BI @ A
BC.E

%*



B
 J

 H

> 
 'BI'Jm


"&

@ '
BI> @ A8
>BC.E

</>)

KJ.ELiE(HLHLH

(0*

0%*0 3

/&

F6
 ;'B8E.ELiE

0&

F6
 ;'B8E.ELiE

&

(

&

&

<9 >=>>JE 

@ '
BI+H'
>B'2

\3

B
EIE

%*

F6
J
J>-J>.EE

+*

%*

BI

3`M1

 <NK
.'
eHEB
2'(>J

#*%$&

%$

3

//%"

!H 'BJ
J>


>B
>B >J'BE J*%*

8@ 
B>6JA8
>BC.E4
>BeE>J> ;JBI
.EE

)+$

5 %*

m1

,>)

/

*B+BYUn[ [BGY,,aRY,aRqnq1q/RnGb2aqU :YUqa

B6qn8``nR,EYn ,Gaq
 :  W R 9a9Q+B9qaqU
a,89W6 n   R  R
 C G9MRnGd9a%daUqqa,qUqn /Jnna9/a6qanrBq 9   
*
U 9    R
 C G9MRnGd9a%daUqqa,qUqn /Jnna9/a6qanrBq    
*
U 9     R
*[  n9
U2n*naUn8
EU
qnY  9
LR

EqnU b Ean2U
:Y[ B
  R
oB 99GB  YEq9119,UUqaa9n'aUqqaqUqnW


  R 9R

 1UU6+q:WqRR/RrnqaRq9%nnWEb %UE9nqG6UUYU9Y
Un 9a9n   196 Uc9R
qnB:  
  1U`` [ 9n Y,[`GnYYn9:nUWUb %GiaqGqnUU / 69
 
B[` ,6bUY`9Y
*
,qna
1n9 9nqb6 1aq6 *Uc1
ERnY  
  6U/B *qanB2Yq[/Gb2aqU,narY%Rqnq/Y
    R
oU[ 1W6b aRY % #:+ %qYU % o 8nYB8q#
aUq:cBq9qqGqY
U 6    R
%nU %
iqU6,q`nUq'nq9aUqqaE2UU8n6qn8
nR+nb:96W   
W  R  R
% #2,a9G Z U[ nGb2aqU/ca/qnbYda6qaqUqn8Y   
*
B9G   R9q  

#* &

%0 L*%//%*

%0%")+"

%0

#*%*&

.5

KJ.ELiE

> (
 >J

4%BoE <*$ * 5 )$>) )

#*%,&

> (
 >J

4%BoE <*$ * 5 )

)+,"

BIE M



KJ.EL

#*%"&

%$

K<B
<
BI =>4%;  

>
B2B >-o
BI4JA8
>BC.E

#*>)&

BIE M



%$

.5

KJ.ELiE

%' .
> 
 
>BN
B 
E''B

%0

#*%/& 3

<3

0<5#* 0 <*

#*%0&

K'oI

%00

o3



<9 >=>>oIE

@ '
BI+H'
>B'2


B
EEv KJ.ELiEH

*

<,

3

#* &

3

>

BI
. 4

 <

#* &

<3

%5#*

y@ 
BI

<* )

 +1

3

+3

<1

d@ '
BI> @ A
BC E " ) 5#" %" </%$,

#, & 

ENKJ
mBeK
.
>


>e;J
L.
>

#,%$& 3

3


><oI
><EI



%*

BIE 4

>

@ '
+B> @ A
>BC E

5 ) <*%0

%$

#,%*& 1


>B
>oKJ.ELiE

.%.J

<*%,

$

%i
iqanY
Rq29aqqR,J9a9/nb:9U /UYa9Un%9
qaUqa
  
qW98aUn,UqW2Rq9B6q9+9qY99`n ,nR/YBb
U9n     

+YU9
n6U,G
2aq  R
*q #66:Un
=qYU 9ana q:qnnqn:,qnnaUq9qnq9YqB

b GE9nqnUU / ,Uq9+m[U ,qUbYU9qW
*
9n  U,qRn9 1n9 ,9GqqbU  
[   ``n

a,G
29' #YUa  R
%   nqW / , ,UqaE [ B /Y! YqUqGqqnRqnnU986

nq9:969ab %  ,8ni U8n  n:nYUqaqW
 +
*
aRqn B9G 
U, 1b
EnqW  
 *[ %RanY qqGrqqRqY9Ranb:9(c9cBq9 W1d9`
UGq9BBqanY   
U a    R  9
 U*:
E8Gqb  rYBnE9aqq c9q%cnY6c9 1GiRnb

:9qUWb
9nq    R
Ua oE[/qW9GiBnnq9R*,qR*`nUW1999q

b WUE9RqnnU6+YUqaY
9n
 R 9qU *Uc1
EqGqY  

E`qqa9 
`qanb
n  
oBU9GUY`9W
EnUG*nB
E+:   
oUUan/ /[ *+UqqRqUnUq'nq9/cnG/Unb

  R  R
 r[EU+ ,nq8qqqUG6'n9
dMa9%nb:9qoBqW
cGnoUcnn
qUqn
  
`nqG/n  rR9qa6G
 rU B q  99G 6R+*q9Gb2aqBqW8cnGq'nq9+Eb
+
9  

#,%,&

B


(1

J
J> 
 'BI'J
>

@ '
BI> @ A
BC E

(" %, /%$$

#,%"&

B


4

.1



KJ
 2'BNK
.
>

*,

N3

>y>J.EE 43

#,%/& 1
#,%0&

,%/*

#, &

/

BI' MEB'
%L

%3

I;o
>B.
>E vT<

.%'#E

%$

<*


<J
<E

y1

B
EIE

H' 'B?

%0

F

>BI
->Je
 E.ELiE

#,>)&

GH

B
.EB
<
BI


><
 
 =>
>


(,

/

BIE 4

>

#, &

3

@ 
BI @ A8
>BC.E <* * 5#* " <* %, %3

BI
. y

H'LBo.
>J

 
>.BJN
> @ '
BI> @ A
>BC.E

y)

+)/

%$

)+$&

49 >=>>JE\

,,

)+$ +3

J'
+B>8
B.
>`;JBI
.EEE.EIL' EmH

JB(;oBI>
>T
B22<.>4.EE4
Bm%; => E.ELiE

) &

$

HJ
%EB ;;J.

>Em
4

B
>

)+*& 3
)+,& 3

5 " <,%,

%"

F
NKE >J2KJ.E 'iE

)%)&

B>E 4

>

@ '
BI @ A
BC.E

*

B
 

e

)+"&

;<>?

K

 KJ>e;
E

9 y

!F4 > 9


2
>
)+*

*

 r[UU1  q  9an 6+Gnqq'Gqa/Y899RaGb2aqU /ann

a9qW   
 EbU8qqWn
 r[` B q  99G UB
Eq Un RGqa/Jnnqnn
nb:9UYb
 R
'+
 [R9aB/n W6qb:qUq9GJnn8qYq9RR
U a   R  a

*[99
Uan nq991Jnno9Uq9qnc9U19Bnq9 9Uq9
9q9W

Uan   9  
*[99 '`9nRRnGUnUq'nq9
:qUqn[B1q[Rnq9Rq18``nR
B9Uq9b   
*
 R   

a,qR9aqB96aq%q cnn%qWqa[8nqUb <9 o R 8/9 

6aU99  9 #
,9GYY`9Y
9n

R6 9qU ,aaqn


  
  dRnGqUqn8 q9GqiqWqaqYBb
 n9B q  R
  dR*B B o 1n`nbRnn[Bq+cBq9+9GqRqWq9n#9q9a9
Y,aqnWqRR   
6`nqG/n  rR9q9Un
[%  dq9W1
Yqoa9qcaaYq9/nb:9q 1RY 99UnU%nU
  

,aRY98Yab

9n    9
*W% oGan % , ,8nYW[W ,Rn6:9abqaUqan:n9Ubbnq
B8qnG[qWUq9+b %EaqnnU6 / U9B1[U ,UrBY`9Y

*
an  ,qG9 1n9 9nqb6
 R
*U on9nB %   nqWm/9% Gq nGYq9%U:n9Ubbnq
,qn9/caqYGq,b BBE9nqnUUY`9W
U9n      196 `c9 nB:  a
)+/&

BI>E 4



@ 
BI @ A8
>BC.E

*

)+0&

J5

L
 E
<'mLi

) & 1

>B'


>BIEIEm


@ '
BI> @ A
BC E
H 'BJ
J>

J1

.E
< 6" , 5

) &

<* *

P3

9 J.EE

#"%$&

.7

KJ>(; 2



("%" /$

F6
OH.
>B.
>

o
>AG

 ;JBE 'L.
>>J

,

P3
H

BI>E 4

!KJ.ELiE

 (
 >J

4%I'BJE

#" &

."<5 ./

,0

)

#"%*&

L1

%"


>B J 9 ;;JI
>E

%0

BI
. 4

N<GH




>' BoI
>`F6
% KJ.ELiE

#"%,&

.,%*

23

9 =JEN F
NK

%3



<3

H 'BJ
J>

%*

>3

BIE



@ 
B> @ A
>BC.E

#">)&

%*

65

BI
. (

NH

N/

#"%"&

/*%0

HL'BJ.
J> 
 'BI'J
>

>



@ '
+B> @ A
>BC.E

>1

#"%/&


+B'J>y
 9 ;%;JB
>.L

BI
. m

!HF 9

'E
>

%,


<J
<E

!

B
 G



61

.%'#E Ko
+ BiK

.
>

.$%"

./

%$

+1

!

9 >=>>oIEm

B
EIEmKJ.ELiE(HLH H

%0%"

%* 3

)+,

!3

@ '
BIJH'
>B.


#"%0&

E oGqB9Y

E qGqY 9 9nqbU  

E B onqB9WanqUnEnRnb2aqU,J9,9Uq9b   
*

W  a UUq  a
Uqd aUqYqW

EnUq r Ean2U%:Y[ B
  R
UqoB # UqnW6 nGq+c9a9+qn[[aRq9Bqnq%qW9aq9
  
U9n    
%B q8n [:qn9U
Rqn U9n  +,9qU ,a
=q/:98UU  
R
aUn:GnnqW
    R 
E%
aUno8*<n69q
q1U#*aoqUqn/BoUYqa
`nqnY   
*
U Y    66Bq  

D(%
JNBI >BIEE
> @ 'ATL

#EJ
B6;JB>
>>J J>.EEi<G<>=.
>B>E 'JE

#" &

5 )+$ +)

%0)


(;o
 'B

#/%,&

B
EIE

L1

(*" ,

3

H'BI
.>
<
!L
J
><J>B
;<  .
> ;oBI
%''cE'
=.

;;JB


#/%*&

.%.J

%"

#/ &


BI
>oKo.EIL' E

J9 %;<=dKJJ

#/%$&

#"&

o1

N/

,

./%*

L1

H'
>B.
P>J

B>E 4

>`KJ.E 'iE




B
> <5#,%,

J

)%)

,"%,

4%I'BJE ,

0

%/"

5#*

+))

0%,