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March 2007
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WHETHER YOU’RE IN THE MIDDLE may need to have the net uplift value veri- they need to be resolved into an equivalent
OF A STEEL JOIST PROJECT OR ARE fied by the engineer. Many contract draw- uniform load and added to the dead and live
CONSIDERING ONE, YOU PROBABLY ings do not show the dead loads used in loads on the extension. This will allow the
ALREADY KNOW THAT JOISTS ARE A design, and even if they are shown, it’s up engineer to properly size and specify the
COST-EFFECTIVE FRAMING OPTION to the engineer to decide if some of the extension needed. The top chord exten-
FOR MANY BUILDING TYPES AND dead load could be considered collateral sions given in the SJI Standard Specifica-
CONFIGURATIONS. They are easy to and therefore not be deducted from the tions can be used for K-Series, LH- Series,
use and provide a great deal of flexibility gross uplift. or DLH-Series joists. The following are
for loading conditions, span lengths and Defining E and Em. For earthquake SJI’s “standard” bearing seat depths:
depths, member configurations, or other loads, the joist manufacturer will use differ- • K-Series: 2½ in.
special considerations. ent load combinations for E and Em loads, • LH-Series: 5 in.
It is important that the design require- so the contract drawings need to make a • DLH-Series: 7½ in.
ments established by the structural engi- clear distinction between these two types However, note that a 5-in.-deep seat
neer are clearly conveyed to the joist man- of loads. Without this information, the can be used on a K-Series joist and a 4-in.-
ufacturer so that the joist design is both project schedule could be delayed in order deep seat can be used on a LH-Series joist.
economical and meets code requirements. to procure this information. Another nega- When the joists are installed at a slope, the
tive potential result is that the joist girders minimum required bearing seat depth may
The Right Stuff might be designed too conservatively. have to be increased. Most joist manufac-
When it comes to special joists, there
are several items important to the joist Extend It!
manufacturer that should be included in Top chord extensions are a common but
construction documents, but are often forgotten advantage of steel joists. They
overlooked. Perhaps the most important are used to create eaves or awnings and can
three are: support a wide variety of elements such as
Identifying the correct load com- cantilevered walkways. In Figure 1, one can
bination. The joist manufacturer will see the two different call outs: Simple (S-
design the joists for the load combinations Type) or Reinforced (R-Type).
specified on the contract drawings. Speci- The Steel Joist Institute (SJI) standard
fying which section was used for the over- specifications have tables for top chord
all building structure will ensure that the extensions and extended ends that provide Figure 1.
joists are designed to the same load combi- the load capacity for various lengths of
nations. If a different set of load combina- types S1 through S12 and R1 through R12
tions is required, they should be specified extensions; these ranges refer to the differ-
on the contract drawings. ent angle sizes being used. It is important
Noting the amount of net uplift. It to note that although an S-type can be as
is important for the structural engineer to long as 4 ft, 6 in., the maximum load rating
provide net uplift values in areas where the for this extension is only 113 plf.
joist manufacturer is considering uplift in The structural engineer should review
the joist or joist girder design. If the uplift the top chord extension load table and
forces shown on the contract drawings are extended end load table to ensure that an
displayed as gross uplift, the joist manu- extension can be manufactured for the
facturer may conservatively design for length and loads required for the project
the full force without deducting any dead (see Figure 2). If there are concentrated Figure 2.
load—not a cost-effective move—and loads or snow drift loads on the extension,