Isolated Spread Footing: Pile Appl Pile Appl Appl G Appl G

2.7 STAAD.
foundation Program Theory
Page 1 of 5
2.7 STAAD.foundation Program Theory
STAAD.foundation performs structural design of foundations in accordance with the ACI 318 -05
Code. The available foundation types are: isolated spread footing, pile cap, strip footing, mat
foundation and octagonal footing.
Isolated Spread Footing
The program uses the following criteria:
a. Soil bearing capacity,

b. Shear and flexural strength of footing (no shear reinforcing assumed),
c. Compressive and flexural strength of pedestal
Step 1 - Determine footing plan geometry based on loading and bearing resistance of the soil.
Stress distribution under the footing is assumed to be linear. For eccentrically loaded footings, the
stresses may become tensile under part of the foundation. In such cases the program sets stress
values in uplift zones to zero and calculates new values elsewhere for the revised equilibrium
condition. The final plan dimensions of the footing are established iteratively from the condition
that the maximum stress should not exceed the factored bearing resistance of the soil.
Step 2 - Calculate footing thickness based on structural capacity in shear and bending.
Structural design of the footing consists of the following:
a. Punching shear check, in accordance with Section 11.12.2, at a distance of d/2 from the
pedestal. The critical section comprises four straight -line segments, parallel to the
corresponding sides of the pedestal.
b. One-way shear (beam action), in accordance with Sections 11.1 through 11.5, at a distance of
d from the face of the pedestal, in both orthogonal directions. The critical plane is assumed to
extend over the entire width/length of the footing.
c. Bending, in accordance with Sections 15.4.2 and 10.3.4, with the critical planes located at
both orthogonal faces of the pedestal and extending across the full width/length of the footing.
2. Pile Cap
The program produces the following design output:
a. Required pile quantity and layout to satisfy loading applied to the footing, based on bearing,
uplift and lateral pile capacity,
b. Geometry of the pile cap based on shear and bending strength requirements at critical sections
of the footing.
Step 1 - Pile Arrangement
The user provides the following pile properties: capacity (bearing, uplift, and lateral), diameter,
spacing, and edge distance. Based on these parameters, the program determines the required pile
configuration as well as plan dimensions of the footing from the condition, that the force
transferred to any pile should not exceed its capacity. For a general case of vertical and horizontal
forces, and bending moments acting on the cap, that stipulation is equivalent to satisfying the
following two equations:
H pi l e > = H ap p l / N
V pi l e > = V ap p l / N + Mx ap p l * Ry / Ix g + My ap p l * Rx / Iy g
mk:@MSITStore:C:\Staad.foundation%204\Help\Staadfoundation.chm::/2.7_STAAD... 15/09/2010
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Where:
H pi l e - single pile horizontal capacity

V pi l e - single pile vertical capacity
H ap p l - total horizontal load applied
V ap p l - total vertical load applied
N - total number of piles in footing
Mx ap p l - applied bending moment about X -axis
My ap p l - applied bending moment about Y-axis
Rx - distance from Y-axis to the farthest pile
Ry - distance from X-axis to the farthest pile
Ix g - pile group moment of inertia about X -axis
Iy g - pile group moment of inertia about Y -axis
Note: X and Y-axes above are centroidal axes of the pile group, Ix g and
Iy g are calculated treating each pile as a unit, and are equal (1*y i 2 ) and
(1*x i 2 ), respectively.
The program includes a library of possible pile layouts for quantities from 1 to 25 piles. Based on
the user input, the program recommends the most economical (least number of piles) layout. The
user may select any other layout/quantity if desired, however. In addition, changing the
coordinates of individual piles may modify the selected pile layout. Alternatively, the user may
input the entire configuration by hand.
The layout recommended by the program is guaranteed to satisfy the load/capacity ratio for all
piles. Should the user-modified or manually input layouts result in pile overstressing, the program
will flag this deficiency in the design output.
Step 2 - Design of Pile Cap
Proportioning of the pile cap involves satisfying the shear (one and two way) and bending
requirements at applicable critical sections, in accordance with Chapter 15 of ACI 318 -02.
One way shear is checked in two areas:
i. At outer piles, with the critical section located at a min. distance d from the face of a
corner pile or faces of a pile group along the edge of the footing,
ii. At the distance d from two orthogonal faces of the pedestal.
The critical shear plane is assumed along a shortest straight line connecting free edges of the
footing. The design is then performed for the total pile reaction force on one side of the shear
plane, in accordance with Sections 11.1 through 11.5.
Two way shear is checked in three areas:
i. At outer piles, with the critical section located at a min. distance d/2 from the face of a
corner pile or faces of a pile group along the edge of the footing. The critical plane is
assumed to be positioned along a straight and curved line, so that the total section length
is minimized.
ii. At the distance d/2 around the pedestal. The section comprises four straight -line
segments, parallel to corresponding sides of the column.
iii. At the distance d/2 around a pile.
The design is performed for the total pile reaction force acting within the perimeter of the critical
section, in accordance with Sections 11.12.2 through 11.12.6.
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Flexure is checked for critical planes located at both faces of the pedestal. The bending moment is
calculated as an aggregate of moments due to pile reactions on one side of the plane.
Determination of an individual pile contribution to the forces at a critical section is based on

whether the pile is outside this section (full reaction value assumed), inside the section (reaction
ignored), or at an intermediate location (partial reaction assumed), as per Section 15.5.4.
3. Mat (Raft Foundation)
Analysis and design of mats is based on finite element method (FEM) coupled with slab -onelastic-subgrade principles. First, the user creates a finite element model of the proposed mat
foundation. This may be accomplished in one of two ways:
Importing a STAAD file of the superstructure, thus providing reference points for initial mat set up and load information, and defining boundaries of the mat, or Creating the foundation slab from
scratch and inputting loading information manually.
Modeling of the foundation involves meshing of the slab to generate grid of finite elements. As
with any FEM project, the denser the grid (smaller elements), the more precise results will be
obtained. In addition to the slab, the raft may include a number of beams between the column
locations. Since the beams would normally be part of the foundation, the slab polygonal meshing
algorithm accounts for the presence of the beam and ensures that they become continuously
integral with the slab. New nodes are purposely created on the centerline of the beam and the
beam is split between those points into a number of segments.
Once the mat is defined and all material/soil properties are input, the program may proceed with
the analysis of the structure. It is performed by the state -of-the-art STAAD Analysis Engine.
Realistic soil response is achieved by employing non -linear (compression only) spring supports to
model subgrade reactions. Pile reactions, if present, are proportional to linear displacements of
the supported node and include both compression and tension (uplift).
The program calculates internal forces and deflections for all slab and beam elements of the
foundation. This information is then used in the design stage of the program to:
Establish the required top and bottom flexural reinforcing in two orthogonal directions, check
punching shear capacity at column locations.
The flexural design is done in accordance with Chapter 10 of the Code. The reinforcement areas
are computed for a notional band one unit of length wide.
The program allows the designer, as an option, to use the Wood -Armer equations for
reinforcement calculations, as follows:
Mx, My, and Mxy are fetched or calculated, as described above. They are used to compute the
values of design moments, Mxd and Myd.
For top reinforcement, the program computes:
Mx1 = Mx + abs(Mxy)
My1 = My + abs(Mxy)
Mx2 = Mx + abs(Mxy 2 / My)
My2 = My + abs(Mxy 2 / Mx)
If both Mx1 and My1 are positive, Mxd = Mx1 and Myd = My1.
If both Mx1 and My1 are negative, Mxd = 0 and Myd = 0.
If Mx1 is negative and My1 positive, Mxd = 0 and Myd = My2.
If My1 is negative and Mx1 positive, Mxd = Mx2 and Myd = 0.
For bottom reinforcement:
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Mx1 = Mx - abs(Mxy)
My1 = My - abs(Mxy)
Mx2 = Mx - abs(Mxy 2 / My)
My2 = My - abs(Mxy 2 / Mx)
If both Mx1 and My1 are positive, Mxd = 0 and Myd = 0.

If both Mx1 and My1 are negative, Mxd = Mx1 and Myd = My1.
If Mx1 is negative and My1 positive, Mxd = Mx2 and Myd = 0.
If My1 is negative and Mx1 positive, Mxd = 0 and Myd = My2.
Mxd and Myd are then used in lieu of Mx and My for calculations of the required reinforcing. Use
of the modified bending moments brings about more accurate distribution of the reinforcing,
better matching critical areas of the slab.
Flexural design notes:
Reinforcement calculations for slab panels are based on Chapter 10 of ACI 318 -02. The minimumreinforcing ratio complies with the limits prescribed for shrinkage and temperature reinforcement in
Section 7.12. Maximum spacing of rebar is 18 in. The maximum reinforcing ratio corresponds to the
net tensile strain at nominal strength equal to 0.004 (Clause 10.3.5). Strength reduction factor is
established in accordance with Section 9.3.2.
Punching shear design notes:
Design for two -way shear is carried out in accordance with Section 11.12. The unbalanced moment
transfer by eccentricity of shear is based on Clause 11.12.6. Shear strength of concrete is based on
Clause 11.12.2.1. Strength reduction factor used is 0.75, in accordance with Section 9.3.2.
The program computes shear stress values at four corners of the rectangular critical section located at
the distance of d/2 from edges of a column. The calculations include the unbalanced moment transfer
effect, if applicable, in accordance with 11.12.6.2.
Strip Footing design
The program uses the following criteria:
d. Soil bearing capacity,

e. Shear and flexural strength of footing (no shear reinforcing assumed),
f. Compressive and flexural strength of pedestal
Step 1 - Determine footing plan geometry based on loading and bearing resistance of the soil.
Stress distribution under the footing is assumed to be linear. For eccentrically loaded footings, the
stresses may become tensile under part of the foundation. In such cases the program sets stress
values in uplift zones to zero and calculates new values elsewhere for the revised equilibrium
condition. The final plan dimensions of the footing are established iteratively from the condition
that the maximum stress should not exceed the factored bearing resistance of the soil.
Step 2 - Calculate footing thickness based on structural capacity in shear and bending.
Structural design of the footing consists of the following:
d. Punching shear check, in accordance with Section 11.12.2, at a distance of d/2 from the
pedestal. The critical section comprises four straight -line segments, parallel to the
corresponding sides of the pedestal.
e. One-way shear (beam action), in accordance with Sections 11.1 through 11.5, at a distance of
d from the face of the pedestal, in both orthogonal directions. The critical plane is assumed to
Page 5 of 5
extend over the entire width/length of the footing.

f. Bending, in accordance with Sections 15.4.2 and 10.3.4, with the critical planes located at
both orthogonal faces of the pedestal and extending across the full width/length of the footing.

Isolated Spread Footing: Pile Appl Pile Appl Appl G Appl G

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2.7 STAAD.

foundation Program Theory

2.7 STAAD.foundation Program Theory