Sarah Lim

4-9-09
Period 3

Chapter 30—The Cold War Era and the Emergence of the New Europe

Cold War

As World War II drew to a close, the two superpowers, the US and the USSR , moved from being cautious allies to being open enemies. Each
gathered its allies into defensive organizations, NATO and the Warsaw Pact, as it struggled to gain ascendancy over the other. As well, each
offered financial, military, and political aid to nations through the Marshall Plan, the Truman Doctrine, and Cominform. As the students study
this maneuvering, it is essential for them to see this as a process of actions and reactions as each country’s fear of the other escalates the
simmering Cold War.

European Union

The attempts at union of the peoples of Europe stretch back to the days of ancient Rome . This dream of one Europe continues with such leaders
and nations as Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire , Napoleon, and Hitler. The first efforts at voluntary unification of any European nations in
the post-World War II world was the Benelux Treaty of 1948, which focused on joint efforts of Belgium , the Netherlands , and Luxembourg .
However, the first efforts at voluntary unification of major European nations began in 1951 with the European Coal and Steel Community and
were economic in nature. This movement grew into the European Economic Community (the EEC or Common Market) in 1957. The European
Free Trade Area was begun in 1959 as a smaller version of the EEC. In 1993, the European Union was born from the EEC, with its most well-
known achievement, the Euro, a single European currency, being launched in 1999.

Collapse of European Communism

With the rise of Khrushchev to power in the Soviet Union , Soviet leaders began to offer a more “liberal” view of authority, as Stalinism was
officially denounced. However, as the Soviets attempted to spread their ideology of communism worldwide, they, as well, attempted to refine
their internal brand of communism. In the 1950s and 60s in nations where the Soviets had placed their control, several outbreaks occurred and
were promptly put down. When Brezhnev came to power there was, as well, a moderate return to internal repression and an invasion of
neighboring Afghanistan . However, Brezhnev followed a policy of détente with the US and did sign the Helsinki Accords. Gorbachev, though
never repudiating socialism, began rapid programs of change to end inefficiencies in the Soviet system and to improve the Soviet standard of
living. These programs of glasnost and perestroika soon led to open, free elections. As the Soviet system softened within, so it did without as
well. In 1989, as its satellite states moved toward more liberal governments, it did nothing to stop them. And so, with carte blanche, the domino
effect of liberal revolutions moved across Eastern Europe, eventually rolling toward, and encompassing, the Soviet Union itself in 1991.

Invasion of Hungary A Nationwide revolt against the Stalinist government of Hungary and its Soviet-imposed policies

Solidarity A First non-communist trade union in a communist country

Slovak politician and briefly leader of Czechoslovakia famous for his attempt to reform the
Alexander Dubcek A Communist regime

Berlin Airlift A Formed by Western Allies to bring supplies to the people of Berlin . Supply the German Army at
 Stalingrad and required 300 tons of food per day

Berlin Blockade A “German hold-up” one of the first major international crises of the Cold War.

Physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic ( East Germany ),
including East Berlin . Both borders came to symbolize the Iron Curtain between Western Europe
Berlin Wall A and the Eastern Bloc

Boris Yeltsin A First President of the Russian Federation .

Soviet foreign policy. Announced to justify the Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968
Brezhnev Doctrine A to terminate the Prague Spring

British Balfour Declaration A Formal statement of policy by the British government.

The ideological and geographical struggle between the US and its allies and the USSR and its allies
Cold War A that began after WWII and lasted until the dissolution of the USSR in 1989

Economic organization of communist states and a kind of Eastern Bloc equivalent to-but more
COMECON A geographically inclusive than-the European Economic Community

First official forum of the international communist movement since the dissolution of the
Cominform A Comintern

Members of the Common Market envisioned more than a free-trade union: they sought to achieve
the eventual elimination of tariffs, a free flow of capital and labor, and similar wage and social
Common Market A benefits in all their countries

The U.S. policy during the Cold War of resisting Soviet expansion and influence in the expectation
Containment A that the USSR would eventually collapse

Cuban Missile Crisis A Confrontation between the US , the Soviet Union, and Cuba in the early 1960s during the Cold War

Colonized peoples agitated for independence and colonial powers withdrew their administrators
Decolonization A from Africa

Détente A Policy of better relations

Euro A The common currency created by the EEC in the late 1990s

6 nation international organization serving to unify Western Europe during the Cold War and
European Coal and Steel creating the foundation for European democracy and the modern-day developments of the
Community (ECSC) A European Union.

Executive branch of the European Union. Responsible for proposing legislation, implementing
European Commission (EC) A decisions, upholding the Union’s treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union

European Economic Community A The economic association formed by France , Germany , Italy , Belgium , the Netherlands , and
(EEC) Luxembourg in 1957. also known as the Common Market

European Union (EU) A The new name given to the EEC in 1993. It included most of the states of Western Europe

Meaning “openness” The policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s of permitting open
Glasnost A criticism of the policies of the Soviet Communist Party

Final act of the Conference of Security and Co-operation in Europe held in Helsinki , Finland . 35
states signed the declaration ( USA , Canada , and all European states except Albania and
Helsinki Accords A Andorra ), an attempt to improve the relations between the Communist block and the West

Imre Nagy A Hungarian politician, appointed Prime Minister of Hungary

Symbolic, ideological, and physical boundary dividing Europe into 2 separate areas from the end of
WWII until the end of the Cold War. Both sides of the curtain, the states developed their own
international economic and military alliances: the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance and
Iron Curtain A Warsaw Pact on the east side with the Soviet Union

Lech Walesa A Co-founded Solidarity, president of Poland from 1990 to 1995

General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union , served the position longer than
Leonid Brezhnev A anyone other than Stalin

President of Yugoslavia , directed the rebuilding of a Yugoslavia devastated in WWII and bringing
Marshal Tito A together of Yugoslavia ’s different peoples til his death

The U.S. program named after Secretary of State George C. Marshall of providing economic aid to
Marshall Plan A Europe after WWII

Mikhail Gorbachev A Russian politician, attempts at reforms contributed to the end of the Cold War

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, military alliance est. by the signing of the North Atlantic
Treaty, organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to
NATO A mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party

Nicolae Ceaçescu A President of Romania , his government was overthrown and he was shot

Responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the USSR , for backing the progress of the world’s
Nikita Khrushchev A early space program

Perestroika A Meaning “restructuring” The attempt in the 1980s to reform the Soviet government and economy

Period of political liberalization in Czechoslovakia during the era of its domination by the Soviet
Prague Spring A Union after WWII

Ordered a massive military buildup in a arms race with the Soviet Union , forgoing the strategy of
Ronald Reagan A détente
 Report to the 20th party congress by Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev. Criticized actions taken by
Secret Speech of 1956 A the regime of Stalin

Southeast Asia Treaty International organization for collective defense created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense
Organization A Treaty.

Sputnik A Series of robotic spacecraft missions launched by the Soviet Union

Strategic Arms Limitation Refers to 2 rounds of bilateral talks and corresponding international treaties between the Soviet
Agreement A Union and the US -the Cold War superpowers

After the Cold War, the most common belief held that only the United States fulfilled the criteria to
Superpowers A be considered a superpower

Three Crises of 1956 A Military attack on Egypt by Britain , France , and Israel

Between the members of the European Community, created the European Union and led to the
Treaty of Maastricht A creation of the euro

Two of the treaties of the European Union, first est. the European Economic Community and
Treaty of Rome A second est. the European Atomic Energy Community

Set of principles of US foreign policy declared by President Truman, address to Congress to request
$400 million in aid to Greece and Turkey, as well as authorization to send American economic and
Truman Doctrine A military advisers to the 2 countries

Organization of communist states in Central and Eastern Europe . Initiative of the Soviet Union and
Warsaw Pact A was in direct response to W. Germany joining NATO

Series of nation-wide centralized exercises in rapid economic development in the Soviet Union .
Plans developed by the Gosplan based on the Theory of Productive Forces that was part of the
Five Year Plans A general guidelines of the Communist Party for economic development

Chapter 31—Faces of the Twentieth Century: European Social Experiences

Changing Roles of Women

Women during the early 20th century generally had more opportunities than did their mothers and grandmothers. In many countries they could
attend universities and work in previously men-only professions. Eventually, because of their work during World War I, women began to expect
rights in social and political arenas. Yet, in the totalitarian states of Russia , Germany , and Italy , the post World War I world brought a more
restrictive role for women. They were expected to be the perfect women, wives, and mothers that these societies needed to produce their perfect
worlds, fascist or communist.

Changing Secular and Religious Thought

During the turmoil of the early 20th century with two world wars and a major depression, thinkers rejected traditional ways of reasoning as they
attempted to analyze their world. The irreconcilability of Soviet Communism and Marxism led to alternative communist governments or the
redefinition of Marxism itself. Existentialism, with its criticism of reason and man’s rational achievements, showed an intellectual and ethical
crisis that equaled the social, political, and economic crisis of the times. At the same time as existentialism offered its response to a world in
turmoil, Christian churches offered faith in God and His ability to redeem man from his sin. This return to conservative Christianity did not end
the liberal beliefs which had preceded it. These theologians believed that man should look for God in himself rather than in heaven. The Roman
Catholic Church in the post-World War II period attempted some liberal changes in practices, such as masses being said in vernacular, however it
stayed true to its foundational doctrines, such as clerical celibacy.

Americanization A Influence of the US on the culture of other countries

Consumer society A Economic policies placing emphasis on consumption

Colonized peoples agitated for independence and colonial powers withdrew their administrators
Decolonization A from Africa

European Union A The new name given to the EEC in 1993. It included most of the states of Western Europe

The post-WWII Western philosophy that holds human beings are totally responsible from their
Existentialism A acts and that this responsibility causes them dread and anguish

Belief that women should have political, social, sexual, intellectual, and economic rights equal to
Feminism A those of men

Greens
A Political party in the US

All reality is capable of being expressed in rational categories, his goal was to reduce reality to
Hegelian philosophy A more synthetic unity within the system of transcendental idealism

John-Paul II A Reigned as pope and only Polish pope

The theory of John Maynard Keynes that governments could spend their economies out of a
depression by running deficits to encourage out of a depression by running deficits to encourage
Keynsian economics A employment and stimulate the production and consumption of goods

The U.S. program named after Secretary of State George C. Marshall of providing economic aid
Marshall Plan A to Europe after WWII

National Front A Far-right and whites-only British political party, widely considered a racist group

North Atlantic Treaty Organization, military alliance est. by the signing of the North Atlantic
Treaty, organization constitutes a system of collective defense whereby its member states agree to
NATO A mutual defense in response to an attack by any external party

Purge trials A Series of campaigns of political repression and persecution in the Soviet Union done by Stalin

Solidarity A First non-communist trade union in a communist country.

 Major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted coup d’etat by a group of Spanish Army
Spanish Civil War A generals

Between the members of the European Community, created the European Union and led to the
Treaty of Maastricht A creation of the euro

Vatican II A Opened under Pope John XXIII and closed under Pope Paul VI

International Jewish political movement that originally supported the reestablishment of a

Zionists A homeland for the Jewish People in Palestine

Nuclear reactor accident in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine , then part of the Soviet
Chernobyl A Union