A Novel Single-Stage Solar Inverter using Hybrid

Active Filter with Power Quality Improvement

B. Mariappan, B. G. Fernandes, M.Ramamoorty
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Indian Institute of Technology Bombay,
Powai, Mumbai-400076, India.
E-mail: bmariappan@ee.iitb.ac.in, bgf@ee.iitb.ac.in, mrmoorty@gmail.com

a two-stage topology that boosts the PV voltage by a dcdc converter in the rst stage and then inverts it into ac
voltages in the second stage was reported in [3], [4]. But,
this increases the number of stages and component count and
thus reduces the overall system efciency. Hence, single-stage
inverter topologies are gaining interest. In this inverter, serial
connection of several PV modules is necessary, so that the PV
voltage is maintained higher than the peak of input voltage
[5]. These long strings of panels (and hence cells) bring with
them many complications like large size and poor efciency,
when individual panels are running under different conditions
[6]. In [7], a current source inverter (CSI) based single stage
solar inverter has been presented. This requires bulky inductor
in DC side, which increases losses. Further, in CSI ltering
switching ripple at grid side becomes difcult [7].
The last several decades have seen a rapid increase of power
electronics-based loads connected to the utility system in
industries. However, the proliferation of these non-linear loads
has raised the resulting harmonic distortion levels of the
supply current on the power system. Hybrid active lters
are developed to mitigate the harmonics and provide reactive
power compensation. They consists of passive lter in series
with active lter. Since passive lter provides high impedance
at fundamental frequency the hybrid lter does not need to
support grid voltage for harmonic compensation. Thus, it
requires very less dc link voltage for harmonic compensation
[8-10]. However, a hybrid active lter is usually only used
Index TermsHybrid Active Filter, Active Filter, solar for harmonic compensation [11]. Since hybrid active lters
photovoltaic, D-Q Control, Harmonic Compensation.
require less dc link voltage, they can be preferred for single
stage solar inverters, along with power quality improvement.
A single phase hybrid active lter for PV application has
I. I NTRODUCTION
been presented in [12]. However this method uses a high pass
Power generation from renewable sources is increasing due to lter in parallel with active lter to lter out low frequency
several reasons including energy security and environmental switching harmonics effectively. Hence, this method requires
concerns. Solar photovoltaic is one of the major contributors high DC link voltage. In [13], hybrid lter applications for
to renewable power generation. Power electronic inverters power quality improvement utilizing renewable energy sources
are used as an interface while connecting these sources to has been presented. However, this method uses distributed
grid. Since PV modules have relatively low power conversion passive lters in parallel with active lters. Hence it does not
efciency, the overall system cost can be reduced using high use the advantage of hybrid active lter. A three phase hybrid
efciency power conditioners [1]. In general, the DC link active lter with photovoltaic generation and hysteresis current
voltage of the PV source is lower than the peak grid voltage control has been reported in [14]. This method still requires
and their output voltage varies in a wide range according to higher DC link voltage, as in this conguration, capacitor is
operating conditions [2]. For boosting PV output voltage in not connected in series with active lter.
k,(((

In this paper, a novel single stage solar inverter using pure
order to accommodate the buck-type grid connected inverter,
AbstractGrid-connected photovoltaic (PV) systems with power
electronic interfaces are becoming popular since they do not
contribute to environmental pollution. However, one of the
issues with grid feeding inverter is the requirement of high
dc-link voltage. In view of this, single stage solar inverters
using conventional inverters may not be suitable, since they
require input dc voltage higher than the peak of line-line
voltage. Therefore, two-stage topologies which typically consist
of one dc-dc power stage to boost the dc voltage, in addition
to a Current Source Inverter (CSI) for dc-ac conversion are
reported for applications where the input voltage is lower than
the peak of the output voltage. However, this increases the
circuitry complexity. In addition, CSI requires bulky inductance
in DC side, which increases losses. Hence, In this paper a novel
single stage solar inverter using shunt active hybrid lter is
presented. The inverter features a single power stage, with dc
link voltage less than the peak line-line voltage, which will
reduce the power losses and circuit complexity. In addition, the
proposed solar inverter can also provide harmonic ltering to
improve the power quality of the system. The operation and
control of the novel single stage solar inverter for active power
control and harmonic control is described. A detailed analysis,
simulation along with the hardware results for the proposed
single stage solar inverter is presented. Experiments are carried
out on a 1.5kW laboratory prototype which demonstrated
the performance of the inverter for active power control and
harmonic compensation. The proposed inverter has an efciency
of 94%, compared to an conventional active lter based solar
inverters efciency of 90%. Moreover, it has been shown that
the switching ripple injected by the proposed solar inverter is
just half of the conventional active lter based solar inverter.

Fig. 1.

Power Circuit Diagram of Proposed Single Stage Solar Inverter

hybrid active lter is proposed for reducing the DC link

voltage requirement and ensuring a single-stage system. D-Q
current control is used for active current control. A modied
wide band current control has been used for harmonic compensation. The proposed solar inverter, lters the harmonic
currents from the source effectively and at the same time
supplies power from PV arrays to utilities.
The power stage and control strategy is described in section II.
In section III, control system analysis, mathematical modeling
and controller design is presented. Section IV presents the
simulation and experimental results along with performance
comparison of the proposed single stage solar inverter with
conventional active lter based solar inverter.

Fig. 2.

Control Strategy for Proposed Single Stage Solar Inverter

loads. For harmonic current control, a modied wide-band

control method has been used to effectively compensate the
harmonic currents from source.

II. POWER STAGE AND CONTROL STRATEGY

The proposed, single stage solar inverter consists of a passive A. Active Power Control
lter in series with an active lter along with a three phase The single-phase equivalent circuit and vector diagram of
full bridge Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) connected to a DC hybrid active lter at fundamental frequency for active power
bus capacitor and PV array. Fig.1 shows the proposed system injection are shown in Fig.3. Here, Vs is the supply voltage.
feeding a non-linear load of 6kW. In order to reduce the size of IF q is the lter current, when lter voltage (VF ) is zero. The
the passive lter (LC), it is tuned for 7th harmonic frequency lter current (IF q ) leads the supply voltage by 900 , when VF
(L = 1mH, and C= 240uF). The capacitor has been selected is zero. Equation (1) shows the relationship between IF q and
to supply 7kVAR of reactive power(at 300V(L-L)), which can supply voltage (VS ).
compensate for lagging load. Since the series capacitance of
VS
LC lter, bears most of fundamental voltage, the required
(1)
IF q =
XC
DC link voltage rating for the hybrid active lter is much
smaller than that of a conventional pure active lter [11]. When the lter voltage (VF ) is generated which is 900 lagging
Since hybrid active lter requires less DC Link voltage as with source voltage (VS ), the net voltage (VN ET ) appearing
compared to active lter, it can be preferred for single stage across the passive lter branch is the vector sum of VS and
solar inverters. Along with power quality improvement, the VF . This is shown in equation (2).
proposed system provides signicant advantage in terms of
VN ET = VS VF = VS + jVF
(2)
less switching ripple as compared to pure active lter based
through the lter (IF ), leads the
solar inverter and reduced installation space. Moreover, the Now the current owing
0
voltage
(V
)
by
90
.
This
is shown in equation (3), and in
N
ET
efciency of the proposed single stage solar inverter is higher
the
vector
diagram.
as compared to pure active lter based solar inverter.
The control strategy for the proposed single-stage solar in

N ET
jV
VS + jVF
verter is shown in Fig.2. The control system has two control
IF
=
=j
XC
XC
loops. One is the active power control loop, which is used
to inject the power from solar panel to grid. The active
VS
VF
=
j

= IF d + jIF q
power control is done using D-Q control method. The other
XC
XC
control loop is harmonic current control loop, which is used
VF
VS

Here IF d =
, IF q =
(3)
to compensate the harmonic current produced by non linear
XC
XC

reference frame where the presence of dc quantities allows the

use of Proportional Integral (PI) controllers for these loops.
Since, the control is done using D-Q method, the model of
hybrid active lter in D-Q reference frame needs to be derived.
In this sub-section, mathematical model of hybrid active lter
in D-Q reference frame is derived. The design of PI controllers
in D-Q reference frame is explained and step response of
the system is examined. The power circuit and active current
control loop of proposed solar inverter are shown in Fig.4. The
mathematical model of the hybrid active lter is given by:
Fig. 3.

Power Circuit and Vector Diagram for active current control

From equation (3), it can be observed that the current (IF )

has active (IF d ) and reactive (IF q ) components. The active
component is directly proportional to the inverter voltage
(VF ), which is 900 lagging with source voltage. The reactive
component is directly proportional to source voltage (VS ).
The control strategy of hybrid lter for active power control
is shown in Fig.2. The three phase currents are transformed in
to the D-Q reference frame and the D-axis current (Active
Current) is controlled by generating Q-axis voltage, which
is proportional to PI Controller output. This is multiplied
by coswt, which is a unit vector 900 lagging with source
voltage derived from PLL. The PI controller has been designed
for 20 Hz bandwidth, since the photovoltaic system is very
slow response system.
B. Harmonic current control
For harmonic current control, a modied wide-band control
method has been used to effectively compensate the harmonic
currents from source. Proportional (P) controllers are widely
used for wide-band harmonic current control [16]. However,
they cannot track the reference signals composed by substantial harmonics without any steady-state error. In addition, the
proportional coefcient of P controller, for harmonic compensation cannot be very large to guarantee stability of the system
and enough attenuation for switching ripples. In [8]-[10], a
composite control strategy with grid current feedback and fth
harmonic current feed-forward for improved compensation is
proposed. However, both load and grid current are required to
be sensed and the passive impedance is brought into control
loop. In this paper, an effective closed loop PID controller
has been implemented with grid current feedback. The PID
controller has been designed to reduce the steady state error
and the bandwidth of closed loop control is designed at 5 kHz.

[vS ]abc = [iF ]abc R +

A. Active Power Control Loop

(4)

Differentiating Equation 4;
d [vS ]abc
d [iF ]abc
d2 [iF ]abc
=
R +
L+
dt
dt
dt2
d [vF ]abc
1
[iF ]abc +
C
dt
Using D-Q transformation,

sinwt
coswt
iF a
iF b = sin(wt 120) cosw(wt 120) iF d
iF q
sin(wt 240) cosw(wt 240)
iF c

(5)

(6)

Similarly, other parameters can also be derived using D-Q

transformation. Using D-Q transformation, Equation 5 can be
written as follows.
dvSd
d2 iF d
diF q
diF d
= R(
wiF q ) + L(
w 2 iF d )
2w
dt
dt
dt2
dt
iF d
dvF d
+
+
wvF q (7)
C
dt
Using small signal analysis and taking laplace transform on

(a) Single Line Diagram

III. CONTROL SYSTEM ANALYSIS

The control system analysis is presented in two sub-sections.
Initially, the D-Q control method used for active power control
is presented. Later the wide-band harmonic current control
loop used for harmonic compensation is presented.

d [iF ]abc
L
dt
1
[iF ]abc dt + [vF ]abc
C

*V

,)GUHI

3,

0T

9'&

9IT

Z/
VV5//&

,IG

(b) Closed Loop Control Model

The active power control has been implemented using D- Fig. 4. Power Circuit and Active Current Control Loop of Proposed Single

Stage Solar Inverter
Q control method. The controllers are implemented in D-Q

B. Harmonic Current Control Loop

(a) Bode Plot without controller

Fig. 5.

(b) Bode Plot with controller

Bode Plot of Open Loop System of Active Current Control Loop

The voltage-mode control is used to control the power converter for harmonic compensation. The power converter generates a compensating voltage that is converted into a compensating current in order to lter harmonic currents generated
by nonlinear loads. Here, the grid harmonic currents under
the condition of ideal ltering are regarded as the control
reference and the real-time harmonic currents of the grid are
considered as the feedback. The control system of hybrid
active lter for harmonic compensation is shown in Fig.7.
When the characteristics of hybrid active lter are ideal, the
harmonic currents of the grid are equal to zero, so the reference
current is set as zero. From Fig.7, the open loop transfer
function of harmonic current control loop is given as follows.
G(s) =

Fig. 6.

R
1
L
vSd
= iF d [s2 +s +(
wL)]+iF q (s2L+R)
w
w
w
wC
vF d
vF q + s
(8)
w
From Equation (8), iF d can be written as follows
s

s2 +

w
L

sR
L

1
LC

s2

iF q w
L (s2L + R)
s2 + s R
L +

s vLF d

sR
L

1
LC

s2

1
LC

vSd
+ sR
L +

1
LC

(9)

Neglecting the last three terms (disturbances), iF d can be

written as follows:
iF d =

vF q w
L
1
s2 + s R
+
L
LC

1
1000s
= 2
(14)
Zf h(s)
s + 100s + 4.1 106
The Bode plot of above open loop transfer function is shown
in Fig.8(a). From the above Bode plot the resonant frequency
is found to be 350Hz. The phase shift of the system below
resonant frequency is +90o, and phase shift of the system
above resonant frequency is 90o . Designing controller for
5kHz bandwidth, the Bode plot of the open loop system with
controller is shown in Fig.8(b). Here the controller has been
designed for phase margin of 45o . The controller is designed
to reduce the steady state error by providing lagging phase
angle before resonant frequency and leading phase angle after
resonant frequency. The transfer function of the controller is
given as follows.

VDC
w
iF d (s)
= 2 2R L 1
Mq (s)
s + s L + LC

Gc (s) = Kp

(10)

From equation (10), the closed loop control system for active
current control can be drawn as shown in Fig.4(b). From
Fig.4(b) the open loop transfer function of the system is given
as follows.
G(s) =

Zf h(s)

G(s) =

both sides of equation (7),

vF q

s
L
R
sL

(13)
1
s2 +
+ LC
The following values of parameters are considered, L =
1mH, C = 240uF, R = 0.1 which gives the open loop
transfer function as follows.

Closed Loop Step Response of Active Current Control

iF d =

(11)

The following values of parameters are considered, VDC =

400V, L = 1mH, C = 240uF, R = 0.1 which gives the
open loop transfer function as:

(1 +
(1 +

s
wz )
s
wp )

(1 + wl )
s

Here Kp
=
12, wz
=
12500rad/sec, wp
62800rad/sec, andwl = 500rad/sec

(15)
=

IV. SIMULATION AND EXPERIMENTAL

VERIFICATION
The simulations based on PSIM software are executed to
validate the performance of the proposed single stage solar
inverter and the above analysis of proposed solar inverter. The
simulation parameters considered are given as follows:
AC Voltage = 300V (L L), 50Hz, Filter Active Power
= 1.5kW, (IF dRef : 4A), Filter fund. Reactive Power =

iF d (s)
62.8 106
= 2
(12)
Mq (s)
s + 100s + 4.1 106
The Bode plot of above open loop transfer function is shown in
Fig.5(a). Designing PI Controller (Kp = 0.0189, Ki = 10) for
20 Hz bandwidth, the Bode plot of the open loop system with
PI controller is given in 5(b). The closed loop step response
of the above system from the above mathematical model is
shown in From Fig.6. From this gure, the calculated step

Fig. 7.
response of the system is 50 ms.

Harmonic Current Control Loop

(a) Bode Plot without controller

(b) Bode Plot with controller

Fig. 8. Bode Plot of Harmonic Current Control Loop with and without
Controller

7kV AR, Filter Harmonic kVAR = 1.5kV AR, Load Power

= 5.2kW , DC Voltage = 300V , L = 1mH, C = 240uF , R
= 0.1
PWM frequency used is 12.8kHz. Fig.9, shows the
steady state simulation results for 1.5kW power injection and 1.5 kVAR harmonic compensation. The current
reference(IF d Ref ) given is 4 A. From Fig.9, it can be
observed that the proposed control regulates the lter active
current and effectively controls the harmonic current, so
that the source current is free from harmonics. The active
current(IF d) injected to grid is 4 A, which corresponds the
active power of 1.5kW. The inverter reactive current (IF q )
is 19 A, which corresponds to reactive power of 7 kVAR.
Here, we can observe that the source current is free from
harmonics and its THD is 4%, while the load current THD
is 27%. Fig.10, shows the simulated transient response of
the system, when IF d Ref changes from 4A to 6A, with the
controllers designed as given in Section-III. From Fig.10, it
can be observed that the transient response of the simulated
system is around 50 ms. Comparing Fig.6 and Fig.10, it can
be observed that the transient response of mathematical model
and simulation model are in close agreement.
Experiments are performed for IF d Ref = 4A, 1.5kVAR harmonic compensation and 7kVAR reactive power compensation, with 300V(L-L) AC Voltage. The experimental setup
parameters are similar to the simulation circuit parameters,
except for the inductive loading (Load Reactive Power) being
absent. The control algorithm is implemented by using TI

Fig. 9.

Steady State Simulation Results for Proposed Solar Inverter

Fig. 10.

Step Response Simulation of Proposed Solar Inverter

TMS320F2812 DSP Processor to perform signal processing,

such as harmonic calculation, frame transformation, implemenation of PI controllers, lters, and PWM algorithm. The DC
Power Supply used is Chroma DC Power Supply of 3kW.
Fig.11, shows the experimental results of the proposed singlestage solar inverter. From Fig.11(d), it can be observed that
the source power before compensation is 5.2kW and the
source power after compensation for proposed solar inverter is
3.72kW. So, the power injected to grid (Pg ) is around 1.48kW.
So the active current (IF d ), injected to grid is
Pg /3
) 2 = 4.02A
IF d = (
VS / 3
It can be seen from above that, that active current injected is
almost equal to IF d Ref .
Fig.11(f), shows the experimental transient response of the
system when IF d Ref changes from 4A to 6A. From Fig.11(f),
it can be observed that the transient response of the system is
around 50ms. Fig.11(f), shows the DC current value because
direct measurement of IF d component in lter current is not
possible. Since, change in IF d component will directly affect
the DC current its response can be taken as the response
of IF d component. Comparing Fig.6, Fig.10 and Fig.11(f), it
can be observed that the transient response of mathematical
model, simulation model and experimental system are nearly
the same. Also, the close agreement between these three results
is clear.
From Fig.11(e), it can be observed that the DC power for
proposed solar inverter is equal to 309 5.10 = 1.57kW .
Hence, the efciency of the proposed converter is evaluated
to be 94%. To compare the performance of the proposed solar
inverter with conventional active lter based solar inverter,
the conventional solar inverter is operated for the same value
of compensation as proposed solar inverter. Fig.12 shows
the performance of the conventional active lter based solar
inverter for IF d Ref = 4A, along with 7 kVAR reactive power
and 1.5 kVAR harmonic compensation. Note that the DC
voltage in the proposed solar inverter is 300 V, while that

in the conventional active lter based solar inverter is 500 V.

(a) Source Voltage and Current Be- (b) Source Voltage and Current After
fore Compensation
Compensation

(a) Harmonic Spectrum of Proposed Solar Inverter

(c) Source Power Parameters Before (d) Source Power Parameters with
Compensation
Proposed Single Stage Solar Inverter

(b) Harmonic Spectrum of Conventional Active Filter based

Solar Inverter
Fig. 13. Comparison of Harmonic Spectrum of conventional active lter
based and proposed solar inverter.
(e) DC Voltage and Current of Pro- (f) Step Response of Proposed Single
posed Single Stage Solar Inverter
Stage Solar Inverter
Fig. 11.

(a) Source Power Parameters After (b) DC Voltage and current, After
compensation for Conventional Ac- compensation for Conventional Active Filter based Solar Inverter
tive Filter based Solar Inverter
Fig. 12.
Inverter

V. CONCLUSION

Experimental Results for Proposed Single Stage Solar Inverter

Experimental Results for Conventional Active Filter based Solar

In this paper, a novel single-stage solar inverter is proposed

for a three-phase grid-connected inverter which employs a
single power stage for power conversion from a low dc
voltage source to the ac grid system, along with power quality
improvement. A control method for combined active current
control and harmonic current control is presented. Analysis
of active current control and harmonic current control loop is
also presented. The modeling and control system analysis are
explained and some design guidelines are presented. Simulation and experiments are carried out with 1.5kW active power,
7 kVAR reactive power and 1.5 kVAR harmonic kVAR. Step
response of the system is presented and is shown that the
experimental and simulation results are in close agreement
with the results predicted by the model. Further, the efciency
of the proposed solar inverter with the conventional active lter
based solar inverter is compared. It is shown that, the efciency
of the proposed solar inverter is 94%, while the conventional
active lter based solar inverter efciency is 90.8%. In addition
it is shown that the ripple current injected by the proposed
solar inverter is half of the conventional active lter based
solar inverter.

This distinct feature of the extremely low DC voltage allows

the proposed solar inverter to result in higher efciency and
less switching ripples. From 12(a) the source power after
compensation for conventional active lter based solar inverter
is 3.73kW. So the power injected to grid is around 1.48kW.
From Fig.12(b), the DC power for active lter based solar
inverter is equal to 509 3.20 = 1.62kW . So the efciency of
the conventional active lter based solar inverter is evaluated
[1]
to be 90.8%. Moreover, by comparing, Fig.13(a) and Fig.13(b)
it can be observed that the conventional active lter based solar
[2]
inverter produces twice the ripple current as compared to the

proposed solar inverter.

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