UNIT II

PART A

1.. How to select the site for foundation?

i) Soil at the building site should not be of artificially made- up type.
ii) Site should not be undulating since this leads to increase in cost for
leveling the ground.
iii) The site should have its general slope and the ground water table in the site should not
be high.
2. Define Bearing capacity, Ultimate bearing capacity and Safe bearing capacity?
Bearing capacity: It is defined as the maximum load per unit area which the
soil will resist safely without displacement.
Ultimate bearing capacity: It is the gross pressure intensity at the base of
the foundation at which the soil fails in shear.
Safe bearing capacity: It is the maximum pressure which the soil can carry
safely without risk of shear failure.
3. How to improve the bearing capacity of soil?
i) By increasing depth of foundation ii) By cement grating
iii) By draining the sub soil water iv) By compacting the soil
4. What are the loads acting on foundation?
i) Live load ii) Dead load iii) Wind load
5. List out the requirements of a good foundation?
The foundation should be so located that it is able to resist any unexpected
future influence which may adversely affect its performance
6. Mention the types of foundation?
Foundations are classified in to two types depends on the depth as i)
Shallow foundation
ii) Deep foundation
Shallow foundations are those in which the depth is equal to or less than its
width. When the depth is more than the width, it is termed as a deep
foundation
7. Mention the different types of shallow foundation?
i) Isolated column footing ii) Wall footing iii) Combined footing
iv) Cantilever footing v) Continuous footing
vi) Inverted arch footing vii) Stepped footing
8. Mention the different types of deep foundation?
1

i) Pile foundation ii) Pier foundation iii) Well foundation

9. What are the causes of failure of foundation?
i) Unequal settlement of the sub-soil
ii) Shrinkage of the sub-soil due to the variations in the depth of water table iii)
Sudden earthquake and heavy rains
10. What are the remedial measures for the failure of foundation?
i) Foundation should be taken down to a depth where no ground water
movement occurs.
ii) The soil moisture content is maintained constant.
iii) The sides of the foundation should be protected by proper drainage.
11. What is meant by Deep foundation?
Deep foundation consists of pile and pier foundation. Pier foundations
are rarely used for buildings. This consists in carrying down through the soil a huge masonry
cylinder which may be Supported on solid rock.
12. Define Superstructure.
Superstructure mainly consists of walls, doors windows and lintels.The purpose of superstructure is to
provide the necessary utility of the building, structural safety,fire safety, sanitation and ventilation.
13. Define English Bond:
English bond consists of headers and Stretchers in alternative courses of elevation .A queen closer is
placed next to the quoin header in each header course to the full thickness of wall. Each alternative
header lies centrally over a stretcher of the stretcher course.
14. What are the different types of dam?
1. Rigid Dams
Solid gravity dam
Arch Dam
Buttress dam
Timber and steeldam
2. Non rigid dams.
Earth Dams
Rock fills dams.
7. What are the different types of bridges?
Straight bridges
2

Skew bridge
Arch Bridge
SlabBridge
T beam and slab bridge
Bow string and girder bridge
Steel Arch bridge
Suspension bridge

8.Define Bearing capacity, Ultimate bearing capacity and Safe bearing capacity?
Bearing capacity: It is defined as the maximum load per unit area which the soil will resist safely
without displacement.
Ultimate bearing capacity: It is the gross pressure intensity at the base of the foundation at which
the soil fails in shear.
Safe bearing capacity: It is the maximum pressure which the soil can carry safely without
risk of shear failure
9.How to improve the bearing capacity of soil?
i) By increasing depth of foundation ii) By cement grating
iii) By draining the subsoil water

iv) By compacting the soil

10. What are the loads acting on foundation?

i)

Live load i) Dead load i) Wind load

11.what is Stretcher and Header?

Stretcher: Length of the Bricks arranged are parallel to the Wall as a layer.
Header: Length of the Bricks arranged are perpendicular to the Wall as a layer.
12.Classify Stone Masonry?
Rubble Masonry
1. Random rubble masonry
a)Coursed b) Uncoursed
2. Squared rubble masonry
a)Coursed b) Uncoursed
3. Polygonal rubble masonry
Ashlar Masonry
Ashlar fine masonry
Ashlar rough tooled masonry
Ashlar rock or quarry faced masonry
Ashlar chamfered masonry
13.Define Dam
A dam is a impervious barrier or an obstruction constructed across a natural stream or a river to
3

hold up water on one side of it upto a certain level.

14.What is the purpose of dam
The stored water in the dam can be continuously used for irrigation.
The reservoir forms a very good source for water supply for areas where ground
water is inadequate
If sufficient head of water is stored, then that can be used for power generation.
The reservoir forms a good place for breeding of fish, which is a considerable
wealth for a dam
15. Classify Dams
Dams are broadly classified into,
I. Rigid Dams
1. Solid gravity dam
2. Arch Dam
3. Buttress dam
4. Timber and steel dam
II. Non rigid dams.

1. Earth Dams
2 Rock fill dams.
16. Define Bridge
A bridge is a structure providing passage over an obstacle such as an vale, road, railway,
canal, river without closing the way beneath.The required passage may be road, railway,
canal, pipeline, cycle track or pedestrians.
17. Classify Bridges
According to type of superstructure:
1.Arch Bridge
2. Slab Bridge
3. T beam and slab bridge
4. Bow string and girder bridge
5. Steel Arch bridge
6.Suspension Type Bridge.
18. What is a culvert
Culvert is a drain or water course enclosed and usually carried under a road or railway
track. The following are common types of culverts.
19. Define Roof
A roof is the upper most part of a building which is supported on structural members
and covered with roofing materials to give protection to the building against rain, wind, heat,
snow etc.,

20.Classify Roofs
1. Flat Roofs
4

a. RCC Roof
b. Madras Terrace roof
2. Inclined Roofs
a. Single roof
b. Closed roof
i)Coupled Roof
ii)Coupled collar Roof
iii)Closed Coupled Roof
21.Define Roof Trusses
The number of straight members are connected in the shape of triangle and forming a frame is
known as truss. Used for carrying Loads on the roof
22. Define Flooring
Floors are horizontal elements of a building structure which divide the building into
different levels for the purpose of creating more accommodation within a limited space
23.Classify Flooring
1. Mud or moorum flooring
2. Brick flooring
3.Stone flooring
4.Concrete flooring
5.Granolithic flooring
6.Terrazzo flooring
7.Mosaic Flooring
8.Marble Flooring
9.Wood or timber flooring
10.Asphalt flooring
11. Granite flooring
24. Define Plastering
Plastering is the process of covering the rough surfaces of walls, beams, columns
and ceilings with a protective cover.This protective layer is plastic material like cement
mortar or lime mortar.
25.What are the types of plastering
Cement Mortar
Lime Mortar
Cement-lime mortar
Water proof mortar.

UNIT II
5

PART B
1. a. List the six important points to be considered while selecting a site(08)
for construction of Dam.
b. Explain differential leveling with a neat sketch. (08)
2. Explain with neat sketch the different types of piles. (16)
3. List out the different types of bond in brick wall and explain any three in
detail. (08)
4. Draw a neat sketch of a reinforced cement concrete column and explain. (08)
5. Explain briefly about Landscaping and Interior Design (08)
6. Explain briefly the different types of pitched roof coverings.
7. Discuss the various types of bricks masonry.
8
8. Discuss the various types of stone masonry.
8
9. List out difference between bricks and stone masonry.
4
10. Explain Stress strain relationship curve in detail
(8)
11. Explain the following terms: stress, strain, youngs, modulus, Hookes and its
types in detail.
8
12. A load of 15 KN is to be raised with help of a steel wire Find the minimum diameter of the
steel wire. If the stress is not to exceed 200 M N/mm2
4
13. A hollow sheet column has to carry 2500 KN. Find the external diameter of the column it
the
internal diameter is 150mm and the ultimate stress is 450N/mm2 use a factor of safety of 4 (8)
14. Discus briefly foundation and its types with diagram.
16
15. Explain briefly beam and its types with suitable diagram.
8
16. Explain briefly columns and its types.
8
17. Discuss briefly lintels and its types with suitable diagram.
6
18. Explain the different types of flooring.
16
19. Discuss the different types of roofing.
08

20.Explain the relationship between Bulk modulus, Rigidity Modulus & shear Modulus (8)