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The calibrated value was 1.021010 Pa for unretted fibre and 1.051010 Pa for retted fibre.
bond modulus, elongations of fibre were simulated using the model. The simulation results showed that the elongation
increased linearly with the increasing fibre length; whereas the elongation was not affected by the fibre diameter.
Keywords: hemp, fibre, PFC3D, tensile, strength, elongation, simulation
Citation: Sadek M. A., L. Guzman, Y. Chen, C. Lagu, H. Landry.
discrete element method. Agric Eng Int: CIGR Journal, 16(2): 126135.
Introduction
2008).
did not deal with single fibres, but with fibre bundle
Retting is a
June, 2014
127
et
2011).
al.,
2003).
particles.
Materials
2.1
2.1.1
3D
PFC
to the base of the frame, and the top clamp was connected
to the crosshead through the load cell (2 kN capacity).
data.
2.1.2
The
128 June
In total
2.1.3
Tensile tests
Selected fibres
The
humidity
of
the
environment
where
the
three days.
Then the
2.1.4
Measurements
measured
using a
analytical
scale
4f
(1)
June, 2014
129
calibration.
The
2.3.1
Load-extension curve
As the
and the fibre sample suddenly broke and the load dropped
This
The
Another
The modulus of
4c.
curve is zero.
2.2
2.3.2
Data processing
For
Fibre properties
0.05.
It is
130 June
fineness.
Although the
Similar specific
study.
tests: (a) linear curve and sudden failure, (b) polynomial curve and
sudden failure, (c) gradual failure; the triangle sign on the figure
stands for the point where the maximum load and strain were taken
Table 1 Summary of measured properties of the unretted and
3.1
retted fibres
Unretted fibre
Retted fibre
Property
Mean
SD[1]
Mean
SD[1]
Fineness, tex
139
59.6
107
39.0
clusters or clumps.
Diameter, mm
0.34
0.071
0.30
0.057
Maximum load, N
31.6
15.6
24.5
15.9
358
173
343
157
forces. Clumps are also group of balls, but they are not
24.2
11.7
23.2
10.6
Maximum strain, %
3.55
1.78
3.20
2.34
Elongation, mm
0.88
0.44
0.80
0.58
Work of rupture, mJ
17.1
14.4
12.9
14.6
Modulus, cN/tex
1136
651
1397
603
Therefore, clumps do
In this study, a
All the balls had
June, 2014
l
1
D
(2)
131
be equal to k .
was set to
On the other
kn 4 REc
fibres
Ec
L
The PFC3D
(3a)
(3b)
Examples of
In
this
study,
the
previously
calibrated ball
Breaking of
The ball
This
virtual fibre.
Thus, only c
(Figure 6).
condition.
132 June
below.
3.2
Simulation results
When a
As the virtual
Retted
Source
25
25
0.34
0.30
74
84
Determined using
Equation (2)
1.25107
1.25107
Ball friction
1.0
1.0
3.58108
3.43108
Average maximum
stress measured
0.34
0.30
Model parameters
Length of the fibre, mm
June, 2014
RE
em es 100
133
(4)
em
As
The corresponding
Either increasing
Table 3 Summary of calibration results using the data from the unretted and retted fibres
Bond modulus,
Ec /Pa
Unretted
Retted
Measured elongation
/mm
Simulated elongation
/mm
Relative error
/%
Measured elongation
/mm
Simulated elongation
/mm
Relative error
/%
9.0109
0.88
0.98
11.36
0.80
0.95
18.75
11.25
9.510
0.88
0.93
5.68
0.80
0.89
1.021010
0.88
0.87
1.14
0.80
0.84
1.051010
0.88
0.85
3.41
0.80
0.81
1.25
1.101010
0.88
0.81
7.95
0.80
0.77
3.75
3.2.3
elongation
Here, virtual
diameter.
To
The
This result supports the hooks law where the strain rate is
As
134 June
retted fibre.
However, the
Conclusions
element software.
Acknowledgements
Among the
References
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2011.
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