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THE WELDTNG I}{STITIJTE

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THE wp1p1p6 nrsTITuTE-

NON DESTRUCTIVE
TESTTNG
Ultrasonic inspection
Colhode - ray
IUDE

Tronsmittd pu tse
Rellected pu tse
f ine /diyonce
scole
Sen siliYily
control

pulse

Type of operatlon:
Manualor mechanised

Rellec(edputse
Probe Gre ose

Work

oelecl

Equlpment:
Main unit containingpulsegenerator,
displayoscilloscope,
probe(chosento
suitwork).
Modeof operation:
A pulseof electricar
energy.isfed to the probein whicha piezo-erectric
crystal
convertsit to mechanicalvibrationsat an ultrasonicfrequency. ne vinratiim.
are transmitted(via a rayerof greaseto excrudethe air) throughthe work: if
they encountera defectsomeare reflectedbackto the probe,wherethey
regeneratean electricalsignal. A cathoderay tubetraceis startedwhenthe
originalsignalis sent,dispraysthe reflecteddlfect signar,and from it time,
indicatingdistancefrom probe,and ampritude,
indicating
defectsize,can be
calculated.
Materials:
Most metal,exceptthosewithcoarseor varyinggrainstructure

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THE \4I-DING NSTm_rfE

Overall advantages:
lmmediatepresentationof results
n:ed to move personnelout
lo
uan De Dafterypowered
Depth locationsof defects.
Overall limitations:
Trained and skiiledoperatorrequired
No pictorialrecord
Safety
Moderatecare neededas for other electronic

equipment.

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WELDING U{STI|IJ-TE

Magneticparticleinspection

Currenl

t'lognelic t ietd

Type of operation:
Manuajor mechanised.
Equipment:
Powersupply
Contactsor coil
Ultra-violetla.rnp(optional)
Portableor fixedinstallation.
Mode of operation:
The work is magnetised
eitherby passinga currentthroughit, or through
a coil
surroundingit' Defectson or nearthe
surface
disrupt
the
magnetic
fierd
(unlessthey are para'el to
4 T;Sn;ti; p".ti"f" nriO suspensionis apptied
whichconcentrates
aroundit]
tre oetecis.-rn! ""riii! vrewecr
eitherdirecty or
by.-ultra-violet
lightsusinga dye whichfluoresces;
tfrat
is,
emitsvisibleliqht
(.nrsmustbe donewhere

normal
tishtins
is il;ili.'

be demagnetisedif required.

;iJ;'i;,i";, ;"H,;",

Materials:
Magnetic materialsonlv
Ferriticsteels
Some nickel ajlovs

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I,ELDING NSTrnJTE

Overalladvantages:
Directindicationof defectlocation
Initialinspection
by unskilled
labour(goor no_qo)
Someindicationof sub_surface
defecisOrt of il-ui,sensitivity
Not criticallydependenton surfacecondition.
Overalllimitations:
Io.use for non-magneticmaterials
uerectdetectioncriticarvdependenton arignment
Sub-surfaceflawsrequirespecialprocedures. acrossmagneticfield
Safety:
Moderatecare neededin handringerectric
equipment
and flammabre
fluids.

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T}|E !!T LDI Nc lr.'sTn-Lrf:

G a m m ar a d i o g r a p h y

Handle

Shulter
Shierding

P h al o gr a p h i c
I t g h l c o s s el l e

'-*!ource

So u r c en o l l e n V.in
0ock shteldtng

Xr

rQltoh

Type of operation:

Static
Development
maybe mechanrsed
Equipment:
Radioactiveisotopein storagecontalner
Hemotehandlinggear
Lightproof cassette
Photographic
development
facilities
uarKroomand illuminatorfor asses.sment
Mode of operation:
Gamma-rays, similarto X-rays, but
of shorterwaveleng,th
are emitted
continuouslyfrom the isotope:it cannot
o",rn i;n"J ofr, so that when not in
use it is kept in a heavy storage container
whiin J-"oro" radiation. They pass
nrough the work to be inspected. parts
of the work presentingless
gamma-rays, such as cavitiesof
inclusions,
-"
:.?:l'"]i"" i9
ajlow increased
exposure
of the firm' The firm is oevetopedl0
ro'i'ini.*n.ss
,uoiograph
with cavities
or inclusionsindicatedbv darker images.
s".tion
increases
(such as
weld) appear as les_sdense rmaqes.
Materials:
Most weldablemetalsmay be inspected_

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THE W.ELDING NSTrn,TTE

X-radiographs

rleot ed colhode

Anade

tfork
Phologrophic

t rocualed
X-my
lube

X - rn".

Lighr- tighl
cosJe//e

rposure
View

Type of operation:

Staticor transportable.
Equipment:
X-ray tube
Standand controlqear
Ught-proof casset6
Photographic
development
facilities
uarK roomand illumination
for assessment.
Modeof operation:
X-rays are emittedfrom the
yf-" Td. eay throrlOhthe work to be inspected.
presentingtessobstruction
to Xlrays, sucn as cavitiesor
l^:P,:i!. alrow
,york
Incrusrons,
increasedexposureof the firm. 'r" dr r.
oevetofeJto rurm
a radiographwith cavities incrusions
i"oi*i"o
oy
ourr"'
images.
section
-orwetd
thicknessincreases(suchas
under-beaJi.oJ"o as ressdenseimaoes.
Materials:
Mostweldablemetalsmay be inspected.

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THE \IELDINC INSTit-L-ta

Overall advantages:
AccuTatepictorialpresentation
of results
Radiographsmay be kept as a pernnanent
record
Not confined to welds
O v e r a l lI i m i t a t i o n s :
Personnelmust be clearof area duringexposure
Cracksparallelro film amy not show up
F m expenstve.

gog
INTERNATIONAL
RADIATIONWARNINGSYMBOL
Safety:
Cumulativeradiationrisk to personnelrequires
stringenrprecaLjtions.

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THE WELDING L\STMJTE

EXAMPLE OF IMAGE OUAUW INDTCATORS

Step-hole type

B S3 9 7 1

9FEI5

Wire t ype

18.8

Duplex t vDe

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rTHE ILDING

TNSTmI|E

Dye penetrantdetection

t:.t-2:?r,y,!r rbiii,,,u,o,,
pouderdevetoper
and exomine

utio-'ii'orct

Type of operation;
Manuajor mechanised
Equipment:
Min:
Max:

Aerosolscontaining
dye, developeretc.
Tanks_ worxhanJlini gear (in ir"
"ou" uttra_violet
tamp).

Modeof operation:
A specialdye is appriedto the surfaceof the
articreto be tested. An intervalof
1-10 min arrowsit to soak.into.any
"urru"" o"r".i"i The surfaceis then freed
from surplusdye and the dye in the crack
r*""Ll'Oy "rtn"r,
(a)

applyinga whitepowderdeveloperintowhicn
the dye is absorbed
producinga colourcontrastindication.
or

(b)

i'uminatingwith ultra-vioret
rightunderwhichthe dye fluoresces;
that
is, emitsvisibtelight. Thismust be donerrnur"
noi,nilidt,.;;"-.
subdued.

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TiG WELDINC INSTm_rt:

M at e r i al s :

O v e r a l la d v a n t a g e s :
Low cost
Directindicationof defectlocation
Initialexaminationby unskilledlabour(go
or no go)
Overall limitations:
Surfacedefectsonly detected
Uetectscannotreadilybe^rewelded
due to entrappeddye. Roughwelds
producespuriousindications.
Further reading:
Non-destructive
testjnq
GenerajDynamics
ConvairDiv
ban urego

usA (1s67)
Safety:
Low flash pointdye and properrant
gases.

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T}G WELDING [\STMT-E

OUESTIONS
NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING

01

Q2

Q3

04

Q5

Name four (4) NDT methods

State the two typesof rays used

in radiograpnyand a limitationof

What processuses mechanical

vibrationsto detect defects?

Name a limitationof Mpl.

what is the mainrimitation

of usingthe 'dye'methodof inspection?

QSlE