Cem IH im BS 4994: 1987 o Mey Be ® (© fish Standard nation Na prt of is pba may be photcaed o other era wat he pe British Standard Specification for Design and construction of vessels and tanks ® in reinforced plastics Conception et construction des récipients et réservoirs en plastiques renforcés ~ Spécifications Bemessung und Konstruktion von Behélterh und Tanks aus verstarktem Kunststolf British Standards InstitutionypuuvevevuevvuvVTwTEvUVwTUVEYYYEY EEE ee Contents Page Foreword 3 Commies’ responsible Back cover Specification Section one. General 1 Scope 4 2 Definitions 4 3 Nomenclature 4 4 Information and requirements tobe agreed and to be documented 4 $5 Categories of vertels and tanks 6 Section two. Materials and design loadings 6 Materials 10 7. Construction @f chemical bare n 8 Flammability n 9 Allowable and design unit loadings n Section three. Design 10 General 16 11 Design basis 16 12 Design details 16 13. Laminate design and thickness 16 14 Gylindrical and spherical shes 19 16 Shes subjected to wind loading 26 16 Rectangular tanks 2 17 Flat panels, 8 18 Ends 36 19 Circumferential seams 8 20 Openings, branches and compensation 8 21 Bolted flanged circular connections 2 22 Supports 8 23 Structures and fittings 7 24 Local load analysis, % Section four. Construction and workmanship 25 Approval of design and construction details 78, 26 Conditions in works 76 27 Manufacturing procedure 6 28 Constructional details 8 29 Curing 3 30 Tolerances 8 Section five. Inspection and tests 31 Inspection and test requirements a 132 Certificate of inspection and testing at 133 Principal stages of inspection. a 34 Welding procedure and welder approval tests, for thermoplastic linings 8 35 Production wold tests for thermoplastics linings 82 36 LaminatfM@ procedures and approval af operators 2 37 Production samples for’ mechanical tests on laminates a 38 Prototype testing 3 39 Testing after completion of fabrication a 40 Marking co ‘as 4994: 1987 Section six. Erection “ 441 Preparation for shipment 42 Hanating 43. Transportation 44 Temporary storage 45 Installation 45. Support of associated pipework Appendices A. General information on the materials used for reinforced plastics construction Methods of test Effects of material on water quality Worked examples of the design calculations specified in sections two and theee Selection procedute for factor kz Design calculation for tank and vessel anchorage Suesses from local loads, ee. : recommended methods of calculation H Recommended supports for vertical vesels and tanks Design of metalt Bibliography itting tugs and tenons Tables 1 Nomenclature, symbols and units 2 Minimum eategories of vessel or tank 3 Design documentation and drawing requirements 4 Quality control: tests and records 5 Minimum properties of reinforced laminate layers 6 Factor relating to method of manufacture 7 Factors to be applied to the design unit loading of continuous rovings for different winding sngles 8 Deflection and bending moment constants for flat plates 9 Detlection and bending moment constants for central local loads on rectangular flat plates 10 and B constants for sector and triangular plates 11. Shape factor for domed ends 12 Shape factors for conical ends 3 shown in figure 1212) 13 Shape factors for conical ends as shown in figure 1216), 14 Flange and bott details 15 Recommended Besign stress values for flange bolting materials 16 Permissible limits for laminate defects 17 Tolerance for shells 18 Values of K, and K; Figures 1 Factor relating to temperature, ks 2 Factor relating to eyclic loading, ke 3 Unit modulus/winging angle 8 88 97 97 na nS 15, 182 152 154 10 2 4 4 35 a 44 n 7 14 2 3BS 4994 : 1987 4 Four typical exemples of laminate construction (without thermoplastics lining) 5 Relationship between thickness and glass 6 Single taper blending at changes of thickness (suitable for vessels with or without thermo- plastics linings) 7 Double taper blending at changes of thickness (suitable for vessels without thermoplastics Hines) 8B Effective length between stiffeners under external pressure 9 Type 1 edge fixings 10 Type 2 edge fixings 1 Domed ends 12 Conical ends and reducing sections 13 Blind flanges : generat 14. Blind flanges : not suitable for vacuum vessels 15 Shape factor for semi-elliproidal ends convex. 16 Lined and unlined tanks, knuckle radius 30 mam 10 150 mm Ipreterred construction) 17 Lined tanks, fabrie-backed liner without 8 formed knuckle 18 Typical main sear joints for vessels without ermoplastis linings 19 Typical main seam joint for vessels wth thermo: plastics linings 20 Diagrams of typical branches 21 Arrangement of branch overlay for long branches 22 Gusset for branches 23 Pads for vessels 24 Flange construction 28 Details of flanges for thermoplastics lined GRP vessels 26 Full faced flange with soft gasket 27 Typical anchorage arrangements for flat-bottomed tanks (brackets or ring) 28 Supports for drop-through vessels and tanks 29 Support strangements for base-supported vertical vesels and tanks 30 Supports for horizontal vessels and tanks 31 mply laminated beam 382 Tolerances for cylindrica shells 33 Chart of apparent extension, Z, versus force, F ‘34 Test specimen for the determination of lap shear strength of laminate 35 Test specimen for the determination of shear suength of bond between thermoplastics lining and laminate 36 Test for determination of peel stength of bond 37 Test specimea for shear strength of sandwich pane! 38 Aseinbly of test specimen and grins 39 Biaxial design envelopes 40 Approximate values of Kez 41 Graphical determination of > 42 Graphical determination of k example 0 example E Page 20 2 2a 24 29 a 8 0 a 2 46 a7 ry oe 10 n 13 15 cy 90 o 3 44 45 46 a7 ey 49 50 51 52 88 56 87 58 60 6 Restriction on vessel/attachment geometrf™ \Vesse! with central radial load \Vesse! with ragial load out of centre Graph for finding equivalent length Ly Chart for finding 64r/t (Cy/rl® Gylindtical shes with radial load: circumferential moment per millimetre width Cylindrical shells with radial load: longitudinal ‘moment per millimetre width Cylindrieat shes with radial load: civcurferential membrane force pet millimetre ‘wie ylingcal shells with radia load: longitudinal membrane force per millimetre width CCiccumferentist bending moment due to a radial line load variation round circumference Longitudinal moment from radial fine load ‘aviation round eieurserence Circumferential membrone stress from radial Tine load variation round circumference Longitudinal membrane forces from rail line load vaiation cound circumference Circumferential bending moment due to 2 radial line load variation along cylinder Longitudinal moment due toa raial line load ‘aration afong eylinder Circumferential membrane forces due to a radial line load variation along eylinder Longitudinal membrane forces due toa radial line load variation along eylinder Maximum radial deflection of a eylindvial she subjected to a radial load, W, uoitormly distributed over asquare 2¢ x 26 Maximum radial deflection of a cylindrical shel subjected to 2 radial load, W, unitormiy Gistributed over a square 2C x 2C Graphs for finding the square 20) x 20) equivalent 10 2 rectangular loading area 2G, x 2Ce CGicumferential moment Longitudinal moment Chart for findings anid Spherical shell subjected to raial lood Deilections of @ spherical shell subjected to 2 radial load, Moments and membrane forces in a spherical shell subjected to 9 radial load, W” Spherical shell subjected to an external moment Deltections of a spherical shell subjected to an external moment, Mt Moments and membrane forces in 2 spherical shell subjected to an externst moment, M Maximum stress in 2 sphere for internal pressure (Hiush nozztes Maxinsurs sires i 9 sphere for internal pressure {protruding nozzles} ‘aximns steess for thus foading (Hush rorstesb Page n7 n7 18 no 19 120 121 we 123 125 126 127 128 130 131 132 193 134 135 136 137 137 40 1a ut 142 143 143 144 148 148, 149Page 75, Maximum sess in sphere for thrust leading (protruding nozzles) 149 176 Manvrium st1455 in a sphere for moment loading (Mlush nazetes) 150 177 Maximum st25s in a sphere for moment loading {protruding nozzles) 150 78 Maximum sess in sphere for shear loading 151 iysh nozzles) Foreword This British Standard has been prepared under the direction of the Pressure Vessel Standards Committee and isa revision of BS-4994 = 1973, whien is now withdrawn together with its explanatory supplement PO 6480. Its purpote ito establish a general standard forthe design, fabjication and use of vessels and tanks in reinforced plastics {or industrial service This revision has been made to take account of experience with reinforced plastics vessels and tanks and opportunity hasbeen taken £0 extend the scope to include filament winding and ectangular tanks and to categorize vessals in relation to duty. In the 1973 edition of this standard the minimum value for the overall design factor was 6. In this edition that value has been increased to B. The change i made because ‘experience has shown that the overall straia limitation {does not permit lower values than 8. “The manufacture of vessels and tanks in reinforced plastics isa wide fel, ievolving a large number of materials, both plastics and reinforcing systems, and widely different methods of manufacture. It is not practicable to cover all aepects ina single standard dnd this standard covers part of the field, namely, the use of polyester, epoxy and furane resing in wet lay-Up systems. Information on the engineering properties of reinforced plastics is somewhat limited and this applies particularly to the changes in such properties over long periods, In the absence of comprehensive long term properties, therefore, the metersl properties used for design are bazed an short term tests. Maggfial property data should be presented in the form recomménded in BS 4618, Metalic vessels, Being made from materials which are ‘normally wotropic, ate conveniently designed by calculating permissible stresses, based on measured tensile and ductility Properties, In cunteast, lamninar constauetins are usually Page 19 aximu stret in sphere for het Loading toring notes ws | £0 Tunnion | 8) Parle 3 2 Lge ina plane on a iomeer 3 2 Equipaced voi it ws | 183 88 Lugs ina plane on 2 horizontal vessel anisotropic and the design method in this standard, being ‘based on unit loadings, is particularly suited to the design ‘of composites of reinforced plastics ‘The calculation of an appropriate laminate construction is baséd on the allowable unit loading and unit modulus for the type of composite proposed. In addition, the allowable strain in the laminate is limited to ensure that breakdown of the resin reinforcement bond does not oceur in any part fof the structure NOTE 1. Bsvonding occurs tw sain of sppronmataly 0.3% (See ererences [11101811 Design factors are included to cover such variables 2 (a) deterioration of the compasite properties over 8 {ong period: {6} the effect of temperature on the properties of the composite: (c) repeated or alternating loading ‘As a result of adopting what was effectively @ minimum esign factor of 8 and taking into account the other design factors, environmental stress cracking ofthe laminates in aqueous environments has not been a cause of failure in vessels and tanks produced in accordance with ths standard “This mode of failure has been a common source of trouble in other laminates. Furthermore, test work hes shown that ‘the allowable stains are below the level at which environ: mental stress cracking is ikely to occur. It hag been assured if the drafting of this British Standard _ahat the execution ofits provisions is entrusted to appro: | prately qualified and experienced people. OTE 2, The number in square brackets uted throughout the text Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity {tom legal obligations.BS 4994 : 1987 Specification. Section one Section one. General 1 Scope ‘This British Standard specifies requirements for the design, materals,construction, inspection, testing and erection of vessels and tanks in reinforced plastics, consisting of a polyester, epoxy or furane resin system reinforced with sass fibres, manufactured by the wet lay-up process. Constructions both with and without a ining of thermo. plastics are included, Its implicit tht vessels and tanks covered by this standard ‘are made only by manufacturers who are competent and suitably equipped to comply with all the requirements of this standard. Compliance with these requirements may be « proven by documentation of past experience, or prototype testing, 10 the satistaction of the purchaser of Inspecting ‘Authority, 26 appropriate (se clause 38), Jn addition to the definitive requirements, this standard also equites the items detailed in clause 4 to be documented. For compliance with this standard, both the definitive requirementsand the documented items have to be satisfied ‘This standard covers vessels and tanks subject to tempers tures between “30°C and 110°C. NOTE 1. Thor itexperence with votls and tanks at empertures, shove 110"Cbut tere eouie spacial consideration. (a ackated wea tks |) to) vests an tanks fore transport of liga and ses (c) buried toa | Nove 2. The eof se penton tered '2 Definitions For the purposes ofthis British Standard the definitions of, plastics, resin, thermoset, thermoplastics and reinforced plastics gen in BS 1755 : Part 1 apply, together with the following definitions and thore listed in table 1 NOTE. Vinee the mows purchaser, manulacturer and Inspecting 2.1 eure, The chemical reaction resulting in the final ‘polymerized product ‘Hoge the fst stage may. andthe second tage doe, nese the ‘Sppticationof hese Th second nape known 9 te ‘pow cone 2.2 get coat. A thin layer of resin on the surface of 8 laminae, that may oF may not be reinforced with 3 fabric, 2.3 laminate, A resin sheet oF moulding reinforced with 9 {orm of sass fibve or other suitable material 2.4 laying-up. A process of applying or producing |Naminates in position om former prior to eure. 2.5 manufacturer. The organization thaf designs nd fabricate the westel oF tank in accordance with tye purchasers requirements NOTE. The son and tabi 28 purchaser. The organization or individual that buys ‘the finshed vessel or tank for its own use or as an agent 2.7 Inspecting Authority. The body or association that ‘checks thatthe design, materials and construction comply with this standard 28 vessel. A ctosed container subject to applied pressure fF vacuum, with or without hydrostatic heed 29 tank. A container for the storage of fluids subject only toits ownhydrostatichead and freely vented to atmosphere 3 Nomenclature ‘Several terme relating to the strength and load: areying capacity of individual layers of the composite laminate are ‘sed inthis standard. Some have similar but quite distinct meanings and because of both their similarity and theit ‘application, particular care is requited in their use. ‘The terms concerned are listed i table 1, with their definitions, symbols ad units, 4 Information and requirements to be agreed and to be documented 4. Information to.be supplied by the purchaser ‘The following information shall be supplied by the purchaser and shall be fully documented. Both the defini- tive requirements specified throughout the standard and the documented items shall be satisied before 2 claim of {compliance with this standard ean be made and verified, {a) Process conditions. (1 Materials to be handled (names, concentrations and relative densities) including likely impurities or (21 Design pressure (or vacuum) including test requirements and design temperature. (31 Operating pressure (or vacuum) and temperature (4) Mode of operation, e.g, process eyeing conditions. [51 Any abrasion of erosion problems which may be ‘encountered.[Tobie 1. Nomenclature, symbols and units sien (TUS! | typecenprened as force perunit| ots minae of town Toad timiee “Tee loo permitted robe applied | Oetteminea by acing he um Timm pr Wain? as Srna “The ond permited 0 spoted | Osterminea by mutiving me [og ‘Nim per kal? as cin viniatiog | Telontpurmiied obs asta | wnchewm teat ote | ‘ire per Ka? aa ‘Untmeduis The ao of me toad per va | Ootained tom ine measured fond |X ‘rw per kom? ate ‘vera unit The calculate rato ofthe oad | Odtaines om swummation ot | Xtam | Nim ecules per unit mide tothe coves ie praaver of unitmocuws nd | (my be Bonding diet sno ut iran often gus reinforcement | tents Timmer of single or muttote | typeim sims Gee by turer os reintorcemen Be ‘sustion 2) soseriod ‘Sevan renath | The lood carving capaci of | Oolained by summing he toad | Ucany | Wm wth faminateGeugn | laminae exprescdsstorce | coumingcapacnie toting | User. Unit toadina! per untae inpersn the tominaet,, fem The nbc indicate fain Waal oF overoy (cou ibaiave 5 i nition “he tore per unit mist eavisd | Obtenea tom ste appvonrne | @ Nim wiih fremure orate toss sooted | portent velo tk ender i3s 499. £1987 Section one (b) Site conditions. (1) Nature of ambient atmosphere including any extremes of temperature, . (2) Superimposed loads, eg. wind, snow and associated pipework. (3) Loads imposed by personnel during erection and operation, (4) In the case of buried vessels snd tanks; soi! con tions and expected loading, e.g, atic. (6) Seismic loading (e) Soecial conditions. : (1) Boiling out. (2) Vibration due to adjacent plant (3) Agitation details (4) Danger af mechanical impact and damage. (8) Loads imposed during transport (6) Finish, le) Details of any special or additional tests or inspection ‘required and where these are to be carried out (see clause 33 and 38.1), (1) Exemption to apply a pigmented coating to the vessel, before final inspection (see clause 33) (a) Facitities for testing (ee table 4 and 39.1), {h) Nome of Inspecting Authority, if applicable. (i) Requiremonts for packaging, despatch and installation it fire-resisting (se clause 8) 4.2 Requirements to be agreed and documented ‘The following items tobe agreed between the purchaser, ‘or the Inspecting Authority, where appropriate and the ‘manufacturer shall be fully documented. Both the defini tive requirements specified throughout the standard and ‘the documented items shall be satisfied before a claim of compliance with this standard ean be made and verified (a) Resin system to be used (see 6.1) (0) Use of reinforcing materials other than those complying with 853396, 853496, 85.3691 or 8S 3749, 25 appropriate (se 6.2). (c) Mechanical properties of materials (see 6.4.1) (2) Type of chemical barrier to be used (see 7.1 and 27.3). (e) Where 2 thermoset lining is used on tanks and vesels ‘which are constructed in accordance with categories | and Il, whether itis permisible to reduce the backing layer (see 7.3), (1) Design detats (se clause 11) (1) Extentia dimensions, including tolerances (see 2140 30.2.7), preferably on a drawing (2) Design caleviations with references, (3) Nominal thickness, including tolerance of corrosion: resistant lining (thermoplastics or get coat) which does not contribute to strength (4) Forms) of reinforcement including type, number and arrangement of individual layers. (5) Form(s) of local stiffening, where uted. ~ (6) Detals of welds in thermoplastics Hnings. 12) Bolting and flange materials and detail (see also figure 24). (8) Gasket materials and detais, {} Details of external finish, including steelwork (eee sito 28.6). (10) Requirements for access and inspection openings {see ato 20.5), (a) Where the design incorporates reinforcement with irectional properties, the orientation ofthe fibres (see clause 11. {h) Lining and taminate system to be employed (see 13.41, (i) Supports (see 22.1), {i) Any modification to the approved design (see clavre 25). () Where site fabrication is employed, the special procedures to be adopted (see clause 26) (0) Repair of laminate detects and method of repair (see 272). lon) Whether hor plate welding isto be used (see 27.3) {0} For cylindrica shells, the tolerance on the cizcum: fecence where this it not 5 men for shells up to and including 600 mm outside diameter or 0.25 % of the calevlated circumterence for larger shells (see 30.2.2), {0} Arrangements for access to manulacturer's premises (see 31.4) (o} The provision of special test taminates and the ‘extent of mechanical testing to be earied out ether on cut outs or prepared laminates [zee 37.1) (q) If the prototype tests are not to be witnessed by the ppurchater, and the Inspecting Authority, where applic: able, (see 38.1). (0) The nature of prototype tests, the hydraulic test pressure if tis higher tham the design pressure and the limite of evelic variations to determine fatigue strength (oor 38.3), 5 Categories of vessels and tanks 5.1 General The design, documentation and inspection and test rents for vessels and tanks shal be related to ane of three Categories that shall be determined from all the Factors given in table 2 when considered in combination. 5.2 Design documentation ‘The design documentation shal be as given in table 3. 5.3 Quality contro (tests and records) The quality conto! shall be as given in table 4‘Section one Table 2. Minimum catego Cetepery E Ccaogory (category IL Contents” Toxic Highly corrosive x Corrosive Flammable Others ‘Chemical compatibility of liner with process fluid Known long-term compatibility based on service experience Compatibility based on related performance data Design temperature, T T<60°Cand 7 (HOT! - 40°C) 7? 60°C and T<(HOT - 40°C) T> (HOT - 40°C) and T-< {HOT -20°C) x Design pressure and/or vacuum Static head only ‘<5 mbart (above static head) P25 mbar (above static head) x <10m? 50m? 10 m? > 50m ‘of vessel oF tank (capacity) Geometry and supports Flat bottom full support ‘Any other, e.g. legs, skirts, saddles, rings and frames ‘Other eriteria If item i ertical to safety x Toni Highiy Corrosive Flammante omnert. of contents casitication “Tne contents ould present a significant ik 1 health of pertons exports. “The content could severly burn blind, disque or maim an individu ‘Tha contents have a ah point equ to or less shan 55 °C. “The content are not consisted to burn, ind or inure fave, ‘Heat distortion temperature of resin (ee 6.42) Hest = 100 N/a = 100 fs i i i ' iBS 4yy4 : 1987 ‘Section one “Table 3. Design documentation and drawing requirements ‘cauory category I Design calculations (2) Independent approval required {) Calculations to cover (1) Hydrostatic loadings (2) Applied pressure (3) Applied vacuum (4) Wind toads (5) Lifting arrangements (6) Supporting (2) Seismic loading (if applicable} x x OK XO Drawing requirements Vesse/tank general arrangement Fall fabrication drawings showing method of manufacture Installation procedure xe EI AS met et et nt ane mms 7Table 4, Quality control: tests and records ‘Section one eatery F ‘category It | Category Itt Material records Record of resin type and quantity Record of glass type and quantity Record of personnel on the fabrication Record of layers and type of glass Record of cure system Record of post cure (when used) XXX xxx ‘Quatity control tests Spark test on thermoplastics liners ‘Adequate documented information on the mechanical properties of ‘the particular cesin/glas laminate to be provided. Uf this is aot available for categories Il oF Ill, production test samples to be tested as required for category 1 A production test coupon to be laminated with the vessel oF ‘obtained from nozzle cut-outs. The coupons to be tested, 2s follows. Ukimate tensile unit strength Unit modulus Lap shear steength Visual examination of nozzle cut-outs ‘Aah test on nozzle cut-outs “Thickness measurement” Acetone test (polyester resin) Barcol hardness measurement Residual styrene (polyester cesin} Aso, in the case of thermoplastics lined glass reinforced plastics (GRP) tanks and vessels, the following to be demonstrated. Weld strength Bond strength OOO x x x xX ‘uality control records Hardiness test (Barco!) “Thickness measurement Nameplate details Documéntation requirements Pressure/vac-/nydrostatic head Ultimate tensile unit strength Unit modulus Lap shear strength Weld steength Bond strength Ash test on cutout 3X Independent inspection 21994 : 1987 . tion two sction two. Materials and design Materials Thermosetting resin systems . resin system(s) to be used shall be agreed between the haser and the manufacturer (see 4.2(a) resin selected shall be ofa suitable commercial : whieh complies withthe technical requirements of pplication and for polyester resins the irements of BS 3532. 1. The tected closes of retin vas forthe praparation of “ter ate polyester reins epoxy resis and furane resins. There ‘ecorimendations of the resin supplies forthe use of ners, catalysts and accelerators shall be followed. £2, The amount ofthese rateras used is rte as it ean ‘bo he rae of the vesction and extent of te cure. ‘ents shall not be used except in the external finish clause 33()). 3. Limited use of thinotopic ates can be made proved 1. procedures and figures in ths standard refer to ‘ates containing no fille materials. Where special ‘ose additives are used, special consideration shall be 1 to design and manufacture as there may be an effect 18 laminate properties Reinforcing materials reinforcing material shall bea suitable grade of glass hhaving a glass finish compatible withthe resin sed shal either comply with BS 3396, BS 3498, BS 3691 5.3749, ax appropriate, or be the subject of agreement ‘een the purchaser and the menulacturer (see 4.2(b)) ‘Thermoplastics lining material imber of thermoplastics, for example, polyvinyl ‘ide (PVC), polypropylene (PP), polyvinylidene fluoride OF), ethylene chlorotrifluoroethylene (ECTFE), rinated PVC (CPVC) and fluorinated ethylene propylene ilymer (FEP) are available as lining materials and the ‘oplasties selected shall comply with 7.1. loadings The thickness of PVC shall not be less than 2.5 mm. I cate of other thermoplastics, the minimuny thickness shill, bbe 2.00 mm except in the cate of pipes and branches of 100 mm diameter or less, when the minimum thickness shall be 1.5 mm, NOTE. Exosience has Shown thatthe ust of PVC Hines in excess ‘of 4.5 mm thickness ean ea to problems in service when the ‘operating temperature is above 40°C. 6.4 Mechanical properties 6.4.1 The mechanical properties of the laminate layers. shall be agreed between the purchaser and.the manufacturer (see 4.2(c)) and shall be not less than the values given 1a table 5, when tested in accordance with appendix 8. The values given in table 5 apply to laminates incorporating only E glass reinforcement complying with BS 3398, 8S 3496, BS 3691 or BS 3749 and having a glass content bby mass within the range 28 % to 45 % for chopped strand ‘mat (CSM), 45 % to 55 % for woven roving (WR) cloth and {65 % 10 75% for filament windings and values for laminates including other types of reinforcement or other glass contents shall be on the basis of test results ‘Where WR cloth with a directional bias is used, the figure for ultimate tensile unit strength shal be 500 P, where P is the proportion of glass fibres running in the direction concerned. The unit modulus in the warp andweft direction ‘will be different to that given in table 5 and shall be established by test, Where the bias is greater than 5 to 1, the strength in the Wvelt direction shall be ignored, 6.4.2 The heat distortion temperature of the fully cured ‘esin system used for the reinforced laminate shall be not less than 20°C higher than the design temperature Of the vessel when determined as described in BS 2782 Method 121A {see also B.4}, 6.5 Chemical properties [As the chemical resistance of ining materials varies with the source and type of polymer, the suitability of the material, including adequate corrosion and erosion resistance, shall be established by tests a suitable reference document i BS 4618 : Section 4.1. tis important in any such tests ‘that the test liquors are Fully representative of the process, able 5. Minimum properties of reinforcad laminate layers SM (resins other than furane) SM (furane) R cloth plain weave (warp and weft directions) sins other than furane) R cloth plain weave (warp and weft directions) rane) niditectionat filament (Fibre direction) timate tere oi sent tOTUS Nim agin Nim wigin | Nim? erin vow | pert poss 200 14.000 70 140 14.000 50 250 16.000 69 160 16 000 40 509 28.000 60 10 PEELS ET ET TY Oe ofparticularly with respect to the presence of trace organics, nd, where possible, the test specimens shall be subjected to 8 level of strain not less than the design strain, 6.6 Water quality When selecting materials, acegunt shall be taken of the effects of materials on water quality (see appendix C). 7 Construction of chemical barrier 7.1 The type of chemical barrier to be used shall be agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer (see 4.2(4) 7.2. Where a thermoplastics lining is used, the mjnimum ‘bond strength of the reinforcement to the lining shall be 7 Niman® in direct shear and § N/mm width in peel when tested in accordance with B.10 and 8.11 NOTE. This bod strength may be achieved by the inclusion of & minimum of 0 43 Lglm™ chopped gars stand or CS immeciately 7.3 Where a thermoset lining is used, in order to achieve the optimum properties the construction of the laminate in| contact with the cofrodent shall consist of the following (2) Surface layer. A resin-rich surface layer ceintorced with C glass surfacing mat, synthetic fibres or other suitable material, with a thickness between 0.25 mm ‘and 0.50 mm, (b) Backing layer. A backing layer normally containing a ‘minimum of 1.2 kg/m? chopped glass strand or CSM with a soluble binder with between 25 % and 33 % glass content, by mass For tanks and vessels which are constructed in accordance with categories IL and III it is permissible to reduce the backing layer to 0.6 kg/m? chopped glass strand or CSM if agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer (see 4.2(eH) 8 Flammability Where a vessel or tank is intended to contain flammable fluids the external surface layers shall be modified so as to have a surface spread of flame characteristic which atleast ‘complies with the class 1 requirements of BS 476 : Part 7. In other cases the finish shall be as specified by the purchaser (s0e 4.1(6)(6)). 9 Allowable and design unit loadings 9.1 Symbols a For the purposes af clause 9 the following symbols apply. circumferential factor Tongitustinal factor Jk, factor relating to method of m ky. factor relating to long-term behaviour ks factor relating to temperature utacture Section two ka factor relating to cyclic loading factor relating to curing procedure overall design factor detérmined from equation (1) tu, design unit loading (in N/mm per kg/m? glass) for layer of typez 44, load imited allowable unit loading, i, ultimate tensile tit strength (in Nim per kg/m® glass) divides by K lus. staintimited allowsble unit loading, ie, unit modulus {in N/mm per kg/m glass) multiplied by allowable sain Unit modulus in ciccumferential direction (in N/mm per ka/m? lash tunit modulus in longitudinal direction tin Nimmm per kg/m? glass) X__ unit modulus of layer of type z (in Nim per kg/m? ss) 4 strain under unit foading uy, 6° maximum allowable strain cq. least stain, determined from allowable loadings and tesin properties em. extension to failure (fracture strain) of unreinforced ‘resin determined in accordance with appendix B angle to the longitudinal axis of filament winding 9.2 Design calculations 9.2.1 When designing in reinforced plastics, it is desirable 10 work in terms of unit load, Le. force per unit width, father than stresses, i forew per unit area, and therefore ‘the following caleulations shall be adopted. ‘The maximum allowable unit load for each type of layer shall be determined fom the material properties given in table 535 follows (see appendix D for worked examples and abbreviated method). Where the design calculations (see section three) require the use of allowable compressive unit loadings, these shall be determined in accordance with 9.2.2 to 9.26, substitut- ing the ultimate compressive unit strength for the ultimate tensile unit strength in equation (2). Ultimate compressive unit load shall be determined, when required, for each laminate layer concerned, in accordance with 8.8. 9.2.2 The design factor K shall be determined from equation (1) Ke Bxky xh Khy Khe Kk a ‘where the factor 3 represents a constant which allows for the reduction of material strength caused by long-term loading (required even for loading in ar), and ky to ks represent factors detegmined by the method of manufacture ‘and operating conditions. No vessel or tank shall have @ ‘design factor K of less than 8. NOTE. For 2 ately oceuitng, short-term emergency condition Uae than 10 time in hie ofthe eee each duration les t890 ‘30 min) 9 cesgn factor less than the calcuisted deign factor, ‘but not les than 8, may be ued The chemical liner, see clause 7, shall be ignored in strength calculations.BS 4994 : 1987 Section two Values for factors k shall be determined as follows. (2) Factor relating to method of manufacture, ky. “This factor shall be the value taken from table 6 appropriate to the method of manufacture to be adopted. ‘When rovings are chopped for spray application, the length of individual strands shall be not less than mm. Table 6, Factor relating to method of manufacture Mathod of manutactre Factory Handwork 18 Machine-controlled filament winging | 18 Machine-controlled spray application | 1.5 Hand held spray application 30 (b) Factor for chemical environment fand associated strength loss, k. Ths factor shal be 1.2 for vestels having a thermoplastics lining unless lack of experience (or suitable test data suggests that a higher value is required. The factor for vessels without a thermoplastics lining shall be selected within the range 1.2 to 2.0. NOTE. A guide to ertablishing the valve of ks sopendi E. (6) Factor relating to temperature, ky. This factgpehall bbe within the range 110 1.25, dependent upon the heat distortion temperature and be determined {rom figure 1 (8) Factor relsting to eyclie loading, ka. This factor shall bbe determined from figure 2, having regard to the ‘expected operating conditions of the vessel {el Factor relating tothe euring procedure, ks. Where the vessel i subjected to a complete cuting procedure, including a fll posture at elevated temperature appropriate to the resin system, at the manufacturer's works the factor ks shall be taken as 1.1. Copies of the ‘temperature chart shall be supplied to the Inspecting ‘Authority (information to be obtained from the resin supplien). Vessels not subjected to full post cute shall have the factor ky taken ab 1.3 when they ae designed {or operating temperatures upto and including 45°C and 115 when they ate designed for operating temperatures over 45°C. NOTE, Th poseuring temperate should be choten to ensure snd cheriea performance eared by the devian Hah Berormance ei ystems genera rere 9 pon eure Temperture ofa feast °C 1 dveop ther atm od, wherever pots, te tak or vers! shouldbe Figure 1. Factor relating to temperature, ks 12 op pgp yp yp ao of af J Ea YY 4 105 to ° 2 ‘0 ro +0 woo Design temperature (°C) NOTE. Experience inthe cnge above 100°C it ited and ite therlore recommended there it ull ry PHHNONDNNAANHDHHHAAHRANHSsection two 29) — 18 16 E14 12 ——| 10 = L J 10 10 w 10° ws to! Number of cycles Figure 2. Factor relating to eyelic loading, keBs 4994 : 1987 ‘Section two 9.2.3 The load limited allowable unit toading, ut. shalpb determined from equation (2): wre ‘where u ig UTUS from table 5. 9.2.4 Themaximumallowsble stain, shal be determined, {a) The maximum allowable strain shall not exceed 0.1 ep oF 0.2%, whichever isthe smaller, (b) For chemically resistant resin surface layers, the extension to failure of the unreinforced resin shal be determined in accordance with B.5. The maximum allowable strain for the whole of the laminate shall be ‘that value determined from the smallest extension to (of the resins to be incorporated. NOTE. For thermoplaticeningt» maximum allowable erin of 10.2 % wibe satisfactory 20 that thee lining wll no Introduce 8 ‘move severe sin fanitation into the veel deg, 9.2.5 The straindimited allowable unit loading, vs, shall ie determined from equation (3) us=Ke @ 9.2.8 The design unit loading, ue, for each type of layer shal be determined, (a) tf ug is smaller than uy for al ayers, the appropriate value of ug shall be taken as the design unit loading, 4, for each layer. NOTE. A laminate design is traintimited when ug tamer ‘than forall he ayes (6) If,for some or all ofthe layers, uy. is smaller than us, the svain foreach layer concerned shall be determined from equation (4): act @ Considering all the layers making up the laminate, the allowable strain or that laminate, eg, shall be the smallest ofthe values of ¢, s0 determined. The design unit, loading for each layer, ue, shal then be determined from quation (5) 5 =X 6) The design unit loadings for each type'of layer, up, 4etermined from (a) oF (b), as appropriate shall then be ‘ubstituted as required in the design equations in section hee. . a 14 9.2.7 The procedure in 9.2.6 does not spply wien, continuous fovings are filament wound at an angle Bt 8 fin degizes) tothe vessel or tank axis and inthis case values of Circumferential and longitudinal unit modulus Xp and for individual layers shall be obtained by reference to figuee 3. Values of circumferential and longitudinal O 6) NOTE 1, trmay Maopen mat he salu of mare than one ng i Lndeternined. The enece should then Be by 8 Wal and error 1" FANH NH HONDO H AA enej Alternatively ll bt one for two interdependent) value. If the sum of the terms is less than Q, one or more of the values of shall be increased or a different laminate construction proposed and the calculations repeated until the requited condition is satisfied. If the sum of the tems ‘exceeds Q by a large margin, the laminate is overdesigned for the region concerned. NOTE 2. Worked examples ofthis design method ar given in NOTE 2. Additions consideration is necssry i the veil or tank Ietlament wound and subjected to Banal loading. fis important ornate that the response of famentround vetl or tank combinations of load applied simultaneously referent om he ‘erponte of thost loads appli Independenty. To arses the behaviour ofa flament-wound vessel or tank to combined loads either: {a} a complete anisotropic stress/strain analysis shall be carried out, the response of the material to those ‘combined loads examined, and the shear or normal strain present within each layer shall be less than that calculated in 9.2.6; oF {b) 2 biaxial failure envelope shall be constructed as shown in the worked example given in appendix O (see reference (1611 NOTE 4, Where WA ae 1 be used in the construction af vessels BS 4994 : 1987 Section three 13.3 Thickness [Wmere values of thickness are required in the equations ia this section, the thickness of the laminate in the region under consideration shall be taken as the sum of the thick ‘esses of the individual layers making up that laminate The thickness of each layer, for design purposes, shall be termined from the glass content for that layer by using ‘the graph (se figure 5). Glass content shall be specified fon the vessel drawings (see 8.2 for test method). {na cate shall the laminate thickness (excluding any fining) be less than 3 mm for tanks subject only to hydro: static head of liquid contents, and § mm for vessels subject to internal pressure or vacuum. ‘Abrupt changes in laminate thickness shall be avoided The blending taper between regions of differing thickness shall not be steeper than 1 in 6 (soe figures 6 and 7} 134 Choice of construction “The lining and laminate system to be employed shall be specified in full on the drawing and agreed between the purchaser and the manufacturer before manufacture commences (see 42(h)). NOTE. The outermost layers ofthe vessel or tank should normaly ‘be C34 (300 gm minimum ane tsue with a resinih sure v7BS 4994 : 1987 Section three (a) Effective thickness 24 mm (b) Etfective thickness 24 mm (c} Effective thickness 16.7 mm fee clause 7 308 9.22) 3 Chopned sana mat 06 Kam? '5 Woven rviog clot O8 gm? NOTE, Consrvtion (sb) aod (4 a ave 3 sea ond carving pacity lee appendix) FFiguee 4. Four typical examples of laminate construction (without thermoplaties lining)14 Cylindrical and spherical shells NOTE.The aquations in thi lute ae derived tom sin set pester than 10% of the sel ingeanal diarete 14.1 Symbols For the purposes of clause 14 the following symbols apply. 4 relative density of resin Dy inside diameter of shell in mm) Dg outside diameter of shall (a ev} Dy diameter of neutral axis of stiffening ting (in mem) Ean Young's modulus (in N/mm?)* of laminate under consideration F factor of safety against collapse by buckling (see equations (13), (18), (16) and (19)) ‘hy internal height of end (in men) aa second moment of aces of stifening ring fin mm*) L-_efectve shell length (in mm) (see figure 8) 4 length of shell which may be regarded as contribut to the second moment of area ofa stiffening ing tin ene} ‘M- bending moment (in Nim) due to weight of vescel ‘or tank and contents af point under consideration and wind or ether applied loadings percentage glass content by mass tien = tts, Section three mass of reinforcement per unit area (in kglen® sass) Inone layer of type z ‘number of layers of type 2 in constrvetion under consideration total effective pressure (in N/mm}, Le. design pressure (negative if vacuum) plus hydrostatic head at point under consideration maximum longitudinal unit load tunder consideration ‘maximum circumferential unit load fin N/mm) at point under consideration Niemen) at point ‘maximum permissible compressive unit food {in Némm) (see equation (13)) ‘outside radius of spherical shel (in mm) laminate thickness of shell (in mm) ealeulated from laminate details laminate thickness of shell (in mm) derived from buckling criteria (see equations (15), (16) and (181) taper length in mn) ‘weight of contents and/or vessel depending on support detail (in N) overall unit modulus (ia N/mm of laminate under Consideration (see equation (12)) Unit modulus (in N/mm per kg/m glass) of layer sien" \Nimm per kg/m glass) of tayBS 4994 : 1987 Section three (85010 jo 9/64 224 ou) ssouypr va Resin/ glass ratio (by mast) Figure 5, Relationship between thickness and glass content FNON KANN ANNHANDHNDDFHHH HOE Z3.4994 : 1987 setion three fo af {b) Reducers and conical sections (a) stiffener rating steel angle or tee ring) NOTE. Tm nan 196 na or Figure 6. 8 changes of thickness (suitable Out thermoplastics linings) PPT maT eT To De il FeSection three (2) Cylindrical shett (b) Reducers and conical sections = NOTE. The tapes shown a T ae not to be steeper than 1 in 6 tnd arto extend over a ditance ot les than VOT 7. Double taper blending at changes of thickness (suitable for vessels without thetmoplsstics linings) : | | : | 14.2 Cylindrical and spherical shells subject to internal pressure" “The maximum circumferential unit load, Qa, shall be determined from equations (7) or (8) For eylindrical shells 2d, a a 2 For spherical shells: po a, 2 @ 4 14.3. ylindrical shells subject to combined loads 14.3.1. Vertical vessels and tanks. The maximum longitu: inal unit load, Qy, resulting from the combined effects (a) total effective pressure; (b) bending moment due to wind loads (calculate accordance with CP 3 : Chapter V : Part 2) or other {e) total wef of vessel or tank, fittings, attachments ‘and contents; shall be determined from equations (9) and (10). NOTE 1. Negative value of denote compressive loads NOTE 2, Pressure, excludes static head. Negative values of 9 For points above the plane of support: pd) AM Ww 4 "nD xd, @ where Wis the weight of those parts of the vessel or tank and fittings, attachments and fluid content supported above the point considered For points below plane of suppor: pd, AM Ww 4” aD aD, a, = (10) where Wis the weight of thote parts of the vessel or tank end fittings, attachments and fluid content supported below the point considered. NOTE 3. n equation (16), 17 normally includes the totaisBS 4994 : 1987 ‘ Section three Effective length (0) Unsttfened cylinder Tangent péint X06; a {) Stiffened cylinder Tarn 1 Ny 1 yD a ‘ Tangent ' pent Tangent Lot stiffener point 1 tangent |p (Conical setions e Figure 8, Effective length between stiffeners under external pressure14.3.2 Horizontal vessels and tanks. The maximum longitudinal unit load resulting from the combined effects of (a) total effective pressure: {b} bending moment due to the weight of vessel or tank and contents, as determined by the support configuration; shall be determined from equation (11), po, 4M 4° roF The maximum tensile and compressive values of longitu dinal unit loads for the full cange of possible loading conditions shall be determined. a 14.3.3 Permissible compressive load. Where there isa ‘compressive axial load, check calculation shall be made to ‘ensure that the region of the shell subject fo the greatest compressive load is adequate to resist collapse by buckling. ‘To make this check the overall unit modulus, Xan. {or the laminate construction decided upon shall be determined from equation (12): Xam = Ximimy +Xzmgng +o Ketmey 2) “The permissible maximum compressive unit load shall then bbe determined from equation (13): O.8tX Law 0, = SStX tam 03) FD, F shall be taken as 4, The maximum compressive unit load shall in no case exceed the value of Q, so obtained. NOTE. The laminate constaetion may need tobe mosited, ration shall be given to the laminates where Circumferential and longitudinal modulii are different, 2g. filament-wound tanks or vessels. In such circumstances 2 rigorous anisotropic analysis shall be carcied out to assess the permissible maximurn compressive Unit load. In the sonce of such an analysis the lower of the two moduli shall be used in equation (13). ‘Sev also 9.2.7 and D.A for cases of simultaneous application Cf ciccurnferentiat and longitudinal loads to laminates incorporating filament winding, where a check shall be ‘made using a biaxial design envelope. 144 Cylindrical and spherical shells subject to external pressure 14.4.1. Cylindrical shell. The circumferential unit 1024, g, shall be determined from equation (7). The maximum direct longitudinal unit load, Qj, shall be determined from equations (gt, (10) and (11), as appropriate. The greater of these values skal be substituted in equation (6). Using as a basis a laminate construction which complies with this requirement, the total thickness of the laminate, ¢, shall be otermined in accordance with 13.3, The composite Section three ‘modulus of the laminate shall also be determined from equation (14): Xease Eva = (ay “The minimum permissible tamingtethicknes, fm, to prevent buckling shall be determined from equations (15) er (16), {5 appropriate. fi Fem” 0 E> tas (Aut) a pF Then pen tm = De ( = 5} 2E Law Euan) And if — <135 a a Then p, (28ef, LY) tm xe a Ean” De ns F shall be taken os 4 [I shall be ensured that ¢ isnot less than fy. NOTE, t/Dginereases a6 £10y increases up to limiting value, Beyord this Valve, fy/Dy is independent of LD If the proposed design does not comply with this require ‘ment, the design shall be changed either by redesigning the laminate or by providing additional stiffening rings. ‘The calculations shall then be cepested until an acceptable construction is indicated, 14.4.2 Cylindrical shells with stiffening rings. Where the calculations in 14.4.1 ingicate an unacceptable laminate thickness it may be preferable to redesign wo include stiffening rings and the first step shall be to obtain a new effective shell length, L, from: (a) direct subdivision of the effective length of the Unstiffened shell: (©) requirements for the support of internal fittings, such as trays, ete; oF (6) considerations of the design of the supports, in the cate of horizontal vestels of tank. For a proposed stiffening ing profile end composition it is then necessary to determine the diameter, Dy, of ts + neutral axis. Ie hall then be ensured that the second moment of area Any of the stiffening ring section is greater then or equa to: i oieostos 2 om | j Fu - “The appropriate Ear shall be determined from equation (14). Where a steel stiffening ring fully bonded to the shell (see {igure 6(d)) is used, the modulus for stet shall replace E am. In this case the stel section only shall be considered asthe stiffener,