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1.
2.
3.
4.
The transfer of current from one valve to another valve in the same row is called commutation. In this analysis
source inductance has been assumed to be negligible. Therefore commutation occurs instantly i.e., without overlap.
5.
The grid or gate control can be used to delay the ignition of the valves. The delay angle delay angle is denoted by
and it corresponds to time delay of /.
6.
7.
The ignition may be delayed upto t=1800 for phase y. beyond this ey is no longer greater than er. hence valve-3
will not ignite.
From t = 60 0 to t = 0 0 , e rb is available at output. In this case valve-1 and valve-2 conduct and each valve
conducts from t=600+ to t= (i.e., total angle of 600)
(
cos ( 90
= 3Em
Vd =
600 + t = 3E m cos t + 30 0
6
e rb d (t )
2 60 0 +
3 3Em
[ (
sin + 30
) (
[Here Vd 0 =
600
= Vd 0 sin + 30 0 sin 30 0
[Assuming t = ]
6
0
3E m cos t + 30 d(t )
2 60 0 +
6
0
3E m cos + 30 d
2 60 0
)]
3 3E m
= Vd 0 2 sin 30 0 cos
Vd = Vd 0 cos
Now, Vd 0 =
Again,
3 6E ph
3 3E m 3 3
=
2E ph =
Vd 0 =
3 6 E ph
E
3 2E L
L =
3 6
Note that
Fundamental component of I = I1 =
B
A12 + B12 tan 1 1
A1
Output current: The voltage and current waveform for phase R is shown below:
0
2
600
2 60
I
cos
I
sin
=
60 0
3
3
Id
2 2
2
2
3 2 3
Id 2
=
Id
2
0
2 60
and B1 = 2 Average of I ( ) sin =
I d sin d = 0
I1 =
I1rms =
60 0
B
2 3
A12 + B12 tan 1 1 =
I d 0 0
A1
2 3
1
2
I rms = I1rms =
Load current,
Id
V
IL = d =
RL
3 2EL
cos
R L
3 2EL
Q
V
=
d0
If losses in the converter be neglected, the AC power input must be equal to DC power output.
PAC = PDC
3E ph I rms cos =
Or,
Or,
3E ph I rms cos
3 6 E ph
cos
I rms
= 3E ph I rms cos
3 6 E ph
cos and I d =
I rms
Q Vd =
cos = cos
At = 90 ,0 P = 0 , Q = Qmax
(for phase R )
If
90 0 , P = Negative
At = 180, 0 P = Pmax , Q = 0
Therefore we see the converter whether is acting as rectifier or as an inverter, draws reactive power from ac system.
Different types of HVDC links used in HVDC transmission:
A. MONOPOLAR LINKS:
1.
It uses one conductor, usually of negative polarity. The return path is ground or water (sea).
2.
Instead of ground return a metallic return may be used in situations where earth resistivity is too high or possible
interference with underground or underwater metallic structure is objectionable.
B. BIPOLAR LINKS:
1.
2.
Each terminal has two converters of equal rated voltage, connected in series on the DC side. The junction between
the converters is grounded.
3.
Normally the currents in the two poles are equal and there is no ground current.
4.
The two poles can operate independently. If one pole is isolated due to fault on its conductor, the other pole can
operate with ground and thus carry half the rated load or more by using overload capabilities of its converter and line.
5.
From the view point of lighting performance, a bipolar HVDC line is considered to be effectively equivalent to double
circuit AC transmission line.
6.
Under normal operation it will cause considerably less harmonic interference on nearby facilities than
MONOPOLAR links.
7.
when ground return is not possible (due to high earth resistivity), metallic return is used. It serves as the return
path when one pole is out of service or when there is imbalance during bipolar operation.
8.
The third conductor requires low insulation and may also serve as a shield wire for overhead lines. If it is fully
insulated, it can serve as a spare.
C. HOMOPOLAR LINKS:
1.
Two or more conductors have same polarity, usually negative polarity because it causes less radio interference due
to corona.
2.
The return path is ground. When there is a fault in one conductor entire converters is available for feeding the
remaining conductors which having some overload capability can carry more than normal power.
3.
In the contrast, for BIPOLAR SCHEME reconnection of the whole conductor in one pole is more complicated and
usually not feasible. HOMOPOLAR configuration offers advantage in this regard in situations where continuous
ground current is acceptable.
4.
The ground current may have side effects on gas or pipeline that lies within a few miles of the system electrodes.
Pipelines acts as conductors for ground current which can cause corrosion of metal. Therefore configuration with
ground return may not be possible.
Cascaded group of several converters each having transformer bank and group of valves.
2.
The converters are connected in parallel on AC side and in series on DC side to give desired voltage level from
pole to ground.
Following are the types of application for which HVDC transmission line has been used:
1.
AC transmission is impractical for underwater cable longer than 30KM due to high capacitance requiring
intermediate compensation station.
2.
Asynchronous link between two AC system where AC ties is not feasible because of system stability problem
or a difference in nominal frequency of the two systems.
3.
For large amount of power transmission over long distances by overhead line, HVDC is a competitive
alternative in excess of about 600KM.
= Vd 0 cos
If > 900 converter will act as inverter. Therefore HVDC terminals can be designed to operate both in rectifier and
inverter mode by controlling delay angle .
Method of reversal of power flow:
For forward power flow (from Stn-1 to Stn-2), is controlled between 00 to 900 at Stn-1 and between 900 to 1800 at
Stn-2. The -control is just opposite for reversal of power flow.
No stability problem with Dc line, hence there is no longer length limitation with DC.
There is no skin effect with DC, hence power loss are reached marginally.
A DC transmission line requires no reactive compensation.
Power flow through DC tie lines can be controlled more rapidly and accurately.