Code No: 45081 R07 Set No - 1

III B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations,Nov/Dec 2009

HEAT TRANSFER
Common to Mechanical Engineering, Production Engineering, Automobile
Engineering
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) Prove that the Emissive power of the black body is proportional to the fourth
power of absolute temperature.
(b) Two very large parallel planes with emissivities 0.3 and 0.8 exchange heat.
Find the percentage reduction in heat transfer when a polished- aluminum
radiation shield (ε=0.04) is placed between them. [8+8]
2. A chrome-nickel wire of 2 mm diameter, initially at 250 C, is suddenly exposed
to hot gases at 7250 C. If the convection heat transfer coefficient is 10 W/m2 K,
calculate the time constant of the wire as a lumped-capacity system. Take k = 20
W/m K,ρ = 7800 kg/m3 , cp = 0.46 kJ/kg K. [16]
3. (a) Derive an expression for logarithmic mean temperature difference for the case
of counter flow of heat exchanger.
(b) A hot fluid enters a heat exchanger at a temperature of 200 0 C at a flow rate of
2.8 kg/s (sp. heat 2.0 kJ/kg-K) it is cooled by another fluid with a mass flow
rate of 0.7kg/sec (Sp.heat 0.4 kJ/kg-K). The overall heat transfer coefficient
based on outside area of 20m2 is 250W/m2 -K. Calculate the exit temperature
of hot fluid when fluid when fluids are in parallel flow. [8+8]
4. (a) Differentiate between pool boiling and flow boiling.
(b) A heated brass plate at 1600 C is submerged horizontally in water at a pressure
corresponding to a saturation temperature of 1200 C. What is the heat transfer
per unit area? Calculate also the heat transfer coefficient in boiling. [8+8]
5. A steam main 75mm inside dia, and 90mm outside dia, is lagged with two successive
layers of insulation. The layer in contact with the pipe in 38mm asbestos layer is
covered with 25mm thick magnesia insulation. The surface coefficients for inside
and outside surface are 230W/m2 .K and 7 W/m2 .K respectively. If the steam
temperature is 3750 C and the ambient temperature is 350 C. Calculate the steady
loss of heat from steam of 60m length of pipe. Thermal conductivity values are :
Pipe=45 W/m.K; Asbestos=0.14W/m.K and magnesia=0.07 W/m.K. [16]
6. (a) Water at a velocity of 15m/sec. flows through a straight tube of 50mm di-
ameter. The temperature of the tube surface is maintained at 600 C and the
flowing water is heated from the inlet temperature of 20 0 C to 400 C. Find the
heat transfer coefficient, heat transfer and tube length. The properties of wa-
ter are assumed as follows: ρ = 995.7 kg/m3 . Cp = 4.174 kJ/kg-K, k=61.718
× 10−2 W/m-K. α = 0.805 × 10−6 m2 /sec. Pr =5.42.

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Code No: 45081 R07 Set No - 1
(b) What is meant by a thermal boundary layer? How is Prandtl Number related
to its thickness. [8+8]

7. (a) Draw and explain the temperature profiles in a slab with variable conductivity
(k=ko (1+αT)) when α is it positive, Negative and zero.
(b) The gas temperature in the bottom furnace of a steam boiler is maintained at
13000 C. The temperature of the air in the boiler room is 300 C. The furnace
walls are made of a layer of refractory material of thickness 25cm with k=0.28
(l +0.833 x10−3 T) W/m-K and a layer of brick with k=0.113 (l+0.206 x10−3 T)
W/m-K. The heat transfer coefficient of gasses is 30 w/m2 -K and the ambient
is 10 W/m2 -K. Calculate the thickness of the brick layer so that the heat loss
should not exceed 750 W/m2 . [8+8]

8. (a) Discuss the heat transfer from an isothermal vertical surface to surrounding
air in free convection.
(b) A horizontal steam pipe 0.3 m in diameter is maintained at a temperature of
2500 C in still air at 150 C. Calculate the free convection loss per meter length
of the pipe. [8+8]

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2
Code No: 45081 R07 Set No - 2
III B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations,Nov/Dec 2009
HEAT TRANSFER
Common to Mechanical Engineering, Production Engineering, Automobile
Engineering
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. Saturated steam at one atmospheric pressure condenses on a 3 m high and 4 m

wide vertical plate that is maintained at 900 C by circulating cooling water through
the other side. Determine

(a) the total rate of heat transfer by condensation to the plate

(b) the average heat transfer coefficient over the entire plate. [16]

2. A large steel plate 50 mm thick is initially at a temperature of 4250 C. It is suddenly

exposed on both sides to a convective environment with an average heat transfer
coefficient of 300 W/m2 K, and a temperature of 600 C. Determine the cenre-line
temperature and the temperature inside the body 1.25 cm from the surface after
24 minutes. (Take, for plate, k = 40 W/m K, α = 1.12 × 10−5 m2 /s.) [16]

3. (a) Derive an expression for effectiveness of a parallel flow heat exchanger using
NTU method.
(b) A hot gas at the rate of 16.2 kg/Sec at 648 0 C (Cp=3.52 kJ/kg-K) is used to
heat 20.2 kg/sec of The increasing fluid from 100 0 C (Cp=4.2 kJ/kg K) in a
heat exchanger. If the overall heat transfer Coefficient is 0.92 kW/m2 -K for
an effective area of 43.8m2 , find the fluid outlet temperatures for counter flow
and parallel flow arrangements. [8+8]

4. (a) Explain the Reynold’s Analogy in forced convection.

(b) Air at 20 0 C and at 1 bar is flowing over a flat plate at 3 m/s. If the plate
is 280mm wide and at 60 0 C, calculate the boundary layer thickness, local
friction coefficient, Average friction coefficient, shearing stress due to friction,
thickness of boundary layer, local and average heat transfer coefficients, heat
transfer rate and total mass flow rate through the boundary. [8+8]

5. A certain super insulation material having a thermal conductivity of 2 × 10−4

W/m.K is used to insulate a tank of liquid nitrogen that is maintained at -1960 C;
199 kJ/kg is required to vaporize nitrogen at this temperature. Assuming that the
tank is a sphere having an inner diameter (ID) of 0.52 m, estimate the amount of
nitrogen vaporized per day for an insulation thickness of 2.5 cm and an ambient
temperature of 210 C. Assume that the outer temperature of the insulation is 210 C
and neglect the thickness of the tank. The heat transfer coefficient between the
tank wall and liquid nitrogen is 5 W/m2 .K . [16]

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Code No: 45081 R07 Set No - 2
6. (a) Derive a general expression for interchange factor for radiation between two
black parallel surfaces of same area.
(b) Two opposed, parallel infinite planes are maintained at 4000 C and 4600 C re-
spectively. Calculate the net radiant heat flux between these planes if one has
an emissivity of 0.6 and the other an emissivity of 0.4. [8+8]

7. (a) Derive the general heat conduction equation in Cartesian Coordinate system.
(b) A square plate heater (15cm × 15 cm) is inserted between two slabs. Slab A
is 2cm thick (K= 50W/m.K) and slab B is 1 cm thick (K=0.2 W/m.K). The
outside heat transfer coefficients on side A and side B are 200 W/m2 .K and 50
W/m2 .K respectively. The temperature of surrounding air is 250 C. If rating
of heater is 1 kW, find maximum temperature in the system and outer surface
temperature of two slabs. Draw an equivalent electrical circuit. [8+8]

8. (a) An electrical heater in the form of a horizontal disk of 400mm diameter is used
to heat water in a tank. The heater disc is fully immersed in the tank. Water
in the tank is at 200 C. Calculate the power required to maintain the heater
surface temperature at 800 C. Neglect radiation heat transfer.
(b) The heat transfer coefficient is less in natural convection compared to forced
convection. Why? [8+8]

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4
Code No: 45081 R07 Set No - 3
III B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations,Nov/Dec 2009
HEAT TRANSFER
Common to Mechanical Engineering, Production Engineering, Automobile
Engineering
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. A solid copper cylinder of 5 cm diameter was dropped into ice water after recording
the temperature as 20 0 C. After 3 minutes the temperature of the cylinder is again
measured and recorded as 1 0 C. Calculate the corrective heat transfer coefficient
by taking density and specific heat of copper as 8600 kg/m3 and 334.94 J/Kg-K
respectively. Neglect the thermal resistance of the cylinder. [16]

2. (a) Define the terms:

i. absorptivity
ii. reflectivity and
iii. transmissivity.
(b) Differentiate between specular and diffuse reflections.
(c) Derive Stefan-Boltzmanns law from Plank’s Law. [16]

3. (a) Define the overall heat transfer coefficient? Obtain the expression for compos-
ite cylinder.
(b) A wall consists of three layers of 0.2 m concrete, 0.08 m of fiber glass insula-
tion and 0.015 m gypsum board (0.04 W/m.K). The convective heat transfer
coefficients at inside and outside surfaces are 15 and 45 W/m2 K respectively.
The inside and outside surface temperatures are 25 0 C and -10 0 C respectively.
Calculate the overall heat transfer coefficients for the wall and heat loss per
unit area. [8+8]

4. (a) Write the Fourier rate equation for heat transfer by conduction. Give the
physical significance of each term.
(b) Determine the steady heat transfer per unit area through a 3.8 cm thick homo-
geneous slab with its two faces maintained at uniform temperatures of 350 C
and 250 C. The thermal conductivity of wall material is 1.9×10−4 kW/m-K.
[8+8]

5. The condenser of a steam power plant operates at a pressure of 7.38 kPa. Steam
at this pressure condenses on the outer surfaces of horizontal pipes through which
cooling water circulates. The outer diameter of the pipes is 2 cm, and the outer
surfaces of the pipes are maintained at 30 0 C. Determine

(a) the rate of heat transfer to the cooling water circulating in the pipes and
(b) the rate of condensation of steam per unit length of a horizontal pipe. [16]

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Code No: 45081 R07 Set No - 3
6. (a) In an industry 0.6 kg/s of oil (Cp=2.5 kJ/kg-K) is to be cooled in a counter
flow heat exchanger from 110 0 C to 350 C by the use of water entering at 200 C.
The overall heat transfer coefficient is 1500 W/m2 -K. Presuming the exit water
temperature should not exceeds 80 0 C, using NTU method, Calculate
i. water flow rate
ii. surface area required
iii. the effectiveness of heat exchanger.
(b) Draw temperature profiles of a counter flow heat exchanger when
i. hot fluid condenses
ii. cold fluid boils. [8+8]

7. (a) Air flowing through a long tube of 2.5 cm diameter at a flow rate of 30 m/s
is heated from an entry temperature of 200 C to an exit temperature of 400 C,
while the temperature of the tube is maintained at 500 C. Estimate heat
transfer coefficient between the air and the inner tube.
(b) Show by dimensional analysis that data for forced convection may be corre-
lated by an equation of the form Nu =f(Re ,Pr ). [8+8]

8. (a) What is the criterion for transition from laminar to turbulent boundary layer
in free convection on a vertical flat plate.
(b) Estimate The electrical power required to maintain a vertical heater surface
at 1300 C in ambient air at 200 C. The plate is 15 cm high and 10 cm wide.
Consider equivalent radiation heat transfer coefficient as 8.5 W/m2 K. [8+8]

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Code No: 45081 R07 Set No - 4
III B.Tech I Semester Regular Examinations,Nov/Dec 2009
HEAT TRANSFER
Common to Mechanical Engineering, Production Engineering, Automobile
Engineering
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
?????

1. (a) An iron pipe of outside diameter 100 mm and the surface is maintained at
0 0 C is covered with 50 mm thick asbestos material of 0.2 W/m.K thermal
conductivity and 25 mm thick glass wool (k=1.2 × 10−4 W/m.K). Which
insulation should be provided next to the pipe surface to achieve maximum
insulating effect, if the outer surface temperature is 500 C in either instance?
(b) Explain the concept of critical radius of insulation on a cylinder. [8+8]

2. (a) In a heat exchanger hot fluid enters at 180 0 C and leaves at 118 0 C. The cold
fluid enters at 99 0 C and leaves at 119 0 C. Find the LMTD and effectiveness
in the following cases. Also find NTU values.
i. counter flow
ii. one shell passes and multiple tube passes
(b) Derive the expression for the Logerithemic mean Temperature Difference (CMTD)
in a counter flow heat exchanger. List assumptions made. [8+8]

3. (a) Using Buckingham Π - Theorem obtain relation for natural convection in terms
of dimensionless numbers.
(b) A hot square plate of 75cm × 75cm at 1200 C is exposed to atmospheric air at
40 0 C. Find the heat lost from both surfaces of the plate if it is kept in
i. Vertical position and
ii. Horizontal position. [8+8]

4. Two large parallel planes having emissivities of 0.25 and 0.5 are maintained at
temperatures of 1000 K and 500 K, respectively. A radiation shield having an
emissivity of 0.1 on both sides is placed between the two planes. Calculate

(a) the heat-transfer rate per unit area if the shield were not present,
(b) the heat-transfer rate pe r unit area with the presence of the shield, and
(c) the temperature of the shield. [16]

5. Hot air at the mass flow rate of 0.08 Kg/s flows through an uninsulated sheet
metal duct of 20cm diameter. The inlet temperature of air is 100 0 C. The air
gets cooled in its passage due to cold outside air at a distance of 4m, the inside air
temperature is 80 0 C. The temperature of ambient is 6 0 C and the outside heat
transfer coefficient is 6 W/m2 -K. Calculate the following.

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Code No: 45081 R07 Set No - 4
(a) The heat loss from duct over its 4m length.
(b) the heat flux and duct surface temperature at the length of 4m.

The properties of air can be assumed as ρ = 0.972 Kg/m3 . Cp =1.009 kJ/Kg-K,

K=3.127 × 10−2 W/m-K, α =22.1 × 10−6 m2 /s.
Pr =0.69 µ =22.14 × 10−6 kg/m-s. [8+8]

6. A large slab of aluminum has a thickness of 10cm is initially uniform in temperature

at 400 0 C. Suddenly it is exposed to a convection environment at 900 C with h=1400
W/m2 . K. How long does it take the centerline temperature to drop to 1800 C?
[16]

7. (a) State and explain about different parameters which effect the convection heat
transfer coefficient in the condensation process on vertical substances.
(b) The outer surface of a vertical tube of 1.5m length and outer diameter of 10cm
is exposed to saturated steam at atmospheric Pressure and is maintained at
50 0 C by the flow of cool water through the tube. Calculate the rate of heat
transfer to the coolant and the rate of condensation of steam. The properties
of saturated vapour at atmospheric pressure are as follow. Density = 0.596
kg/m3 , latent heat of condensation is 2257 kJ/kg. The properties of water are
ρ = 975 kg/m3 µ = 375 × 10−6 W.S/m2 K=0.668 W/m-K. [8+8]

8. (a) Derive the three dimensional heat conduction equation in Cartesian coordi-
nates for a homogeneous and isotropic material with uniform heat generation
under unsteady state.
(b) A concrete wall 15cm thick and thermal conductivity 0.76 W/m K is exposed
to air at 200 C on the inner surface and -200 C on the outer surface. The
heat transfer coefficients for the inside and out side surface per meter of wall
surface. [8+8]

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