N$-' !

*) *";OV":;GH::<
T!
+ )&(-"J,-$'(-"/
"5 &#(!(.>*">.) *""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""W4'4+,)3"<7;7"HXBBY";6;Z"H"ZO:["H"XBBY"()H!$) ""XBBY";[[O"H":<Z<"
ALEJANDRO
TOSELLI
319

Capitulo 19
Magmatismo de rift continental
Introduccin
El magmatismo basltico es la manifestacin ms espectacular de la tectnica extensional
en las placas continentales. Aqu se prestar especial atencin al Rift de Africa Oriental por
la gran diversidad magmtica y la actividad tectnica que lo caracteriza. Constituye adems
!"#$%&"'()&$) )&*!"+,-".#*)/ "0"-$.)$1'*&$2(3"'()"4)"2(!4+ )" #45'$()*/("/ "6778777"9+:3"
)"-4+*"*""'()"!(-";<8777"9+:"/ !"#$%&"/ "=>("?#*)/ "@ABCD"("!(-"68777"9+:"/ !"#$%&"E*$9*!"
@=4-$*D"@F$.8";GH;D8

Fig. 19-1."I$-&#$J4'$K)".!(J*!"/ "!(-"#$%&"+*0(# -3"&*)&("*'&$2(-"'(+("*)&$.4(-3"/ )&#("/ "!*-".#*)/ -"5!*'*-8"C"!*"

/ # 'L*" -M4 +*"/ !"/ -*##(!!("/ "!(-"#$%&"/ "C%#$'*3"(''$/ )&*!"0"(#$ )&*!8"@N(/$1'*/("/ "E*#J #$" &*!8";GO<D8

Las zonas de rift continental son reas de extensin litosfrica localizadas y caracterizadas
5(#"4)*"/ 5# -$K)"' )&#*!3"P*)'(-"! 2*)&*/(-"0"*/ !.*Q*+$ )&("'(#&$'*!8"R()" -&*" -&#4'&4#*"
. ) #*!+ )& " - " *-('$*" 4)" *!&(" P4S(" / " '*!(#3" *+5!$*-" Q()*-" / " ! 2*)&*+$ )&(" # .$()*!" 0"
+*.+*&$-+(8"T)". ) #*!"!(-"#$%&-"&$ ) )"5('*-"/ ' )*-"/ "9$!K+ &#(-"/ "*)'L("0"/ ' )*-"
*" ' )& )*# -" / " 9$!K+ &#(-" / " !*#.(" 0" -4-" (#>. ) -" 54 / )" / J #- " *" /$-&$)&(-" %*'&(# -"
&*! -" '(+(" '(!$-$() -" '()&$) )& H'()&$) )& " @.#*J )" / !" =L$)D3" (" '4 )'*-" / " # &#(H*#'("
# !*'$()*/*-" *" -4J/4''$K)" @=>(" R(!4+J$*D8" U #(" &(/*-" (#$.$)*)" 5#(' -(-" / " %4-$K)" )" !"
+*)&("-4J0*' )& " )"# -54 -&*"*"& '&K)$'*"/$-& )-$2*"@F$.8";GH<D8"T)". ) #*!"!*"2 !('$/*/"/ "
/$-& )-$K)" -"/ "/(-"K#/ ) -"/ "+*.)$&4/"+ )(#3"M4 "!*-"Q()*-"/ "/$-& )-$K)"(' ,)$'*-3"'()"
valores de ~1 mm/ao.
T!" -5 '&#("'(+5(-$'$()*!"/ "!(-"+*.+*-" #45'$()*/(-" -"+,-"*+5!$("M4 " )"!(-"P4S(-"
/ " J*-*!&(-" '()&$) )&*! -8" T)" . ) #*!" !(-" J*-*!&(-" 54 / )" 2*#$*#3" / -/ " &$5(-" -4J*!'*!$)(-"
&#*)-$'$()*! -"*"J*-*!&(-"*!'*!$)(-3"J*-*)$&*-"-4J-*&4#*/*-" )"->!$' 3") % !$)$&*-"0"+,-"#*#*+ )& "
magmas ultrapotsicos como leucititas. En algunos rifts las carbonatitas estn presentes y se

:<7

MAGMATISMO DE RIFT CONTINENTAL

asocian con rocas subsaturadas en slice. En general el volcanismo es altamente explosivo

0" !*-" #('*-" 5$#('!,-&$'*-" 54 / )" /(+$)*#" )" !*-" - '4 )'$*-" 2(!',)$'*-3" !(" M4 " -4.$ # " 4)"
)#$M4 '$+$ )&(" )" 2(!,&$! -" )" !*" # .$K)" %4 )& 8" T)" #$%&-" *)&$.4(-" #(-$()*/(-" @?*#/*#3"
?#( )!*)/$*\"]-!(3"Y(#4 .*D"L*)"M4 /*/(" ^54 -&*-"!*-"#*>' -3"M4 " -&,)"'()-&$&4$/*-"5(#"
#('*-"5!4&K)$'*-"'(+("-$ )$&*-3"-$ )$&*-") % !>)$'*-"0".#*)$&(-"*!'*!$)(-"M4 "/$ #()"!4.*#" )"
-45 #1'$ "*" -&#*&(H2(!'*) -"/ "&#*M4$&*"0"%()(!$&*8

Fig. 19-2. N(/ !(-"/ "/ -*##(!!("/ "#$%&-3"5*-$2(-"0"*'&$2(-"@_ )";GO6D8

Petrografa
Dada la amplia diversidad de las ZRC se han seleccionado tres tipos considerados
# 5# - )&*&$2(-V
*D"B4$& "/ "J*-*)$&*H%()(!$&*"/ "Y0*+J #$"#*). "0"T"/ "_ )$*8
JD"B4$& "J*-*!&("*!'*!$)(H&#*M4$&*"/ !"#$%&"?# .(#0"/ "_ )$*8
'D"B4$& "&#*)-$'$()*!"J*-*!&(H#$(!$&*"/ !"' )&#("E($)*"/ "T&$(5$*8
`*"*!'*!$)$/*/"@Y*2]a_2]"bD"/ " -&*-"-4$& -"/ '# ' "/ -/ "@*D"*"@'D3"'()"*+5!$*"2*#$*'$K)"
& ^&4#*!"/ -/ "&$5(-"*%>#$'(-"*"%4 #& + )& "5(#%>#$'(-3"-$ )/("-$+$!*# -"!(-"+$) #*! -"/ "!(-"
% )('#$-&*! -"0"/ "!*"5*-&*8"`(-"+$) #*! -"5# - )& -"-()"5!*.$('!*-*3"(!$2$)(3"'!$)(5$#(^ )("
#$'(" )" R*3" K^$/(-" / " F " 0" W$3" 0" *5*&$&(8" `(-" +$) #*! -" L$/#*&*/(-" $)'!40 )" L(#)J! )/*" 0"
J$(&$&*"0" -&,)"# -&#$).$/(-"*"!(-"+$ +J#(-"+,-" 2(!4'$()*/(-"/ "!*"-4$& "J*-*)$&*H%()(!$&*3"
al igual que la nefelina.

Composicin qumica
Elementos mayores: `*-"!*2*-"/ "!*-"-4$& -"2(!',)$'*-"/ "!*-"c=R"54 / )"- #"'!*-$1'*/*-"
4-*)/("!(-"/$*.#*+*-"@Y*2]a_2]D"2 #-4-"B$]2"@R(^" &"*!8";GdGD"@F$.8";GH:\";GH[D3"0*"M4 "!(-"
lcalis son incompatibles hasta estadios avanzados de fraccionamiento.

ALEJANDRO TOSELLI

321

T)". ) #*!" !"Y*2]e_2]3"*4)M4 " )"- '&(# -" -"!("$)2 #-(8"T)"!*"1.8";GH:3"- "+4 -&#*"
M4 "*!.4)*-"-4$& -"2(!',)$'*-"/ -*##(!!*)"4)" -5 '&#("/ "'(+5(-$'$() -"/ "J,-$'("*",'$/(3"
+$ )&#*-" M4 " (&#*-" -()" +*#'*/*+ )& " J$+(/*! -8" U*#*" !*-" M4 " +4 -&#*)" 4)" #*).(" / "
variacin continua es razonable suponer que los magmas ms cidos seran producidos por
'#$-&*!$Q*'$K)"%#*''$()*/*"/ -/ "!(-"J*-*!&(-"*-('$*/(-8"N$ )&#*-"M4 " )"!*-"-4$& -"J$+(/*! -3"
las relaciones entre magmas bsicos y cidos no son obvias.

Fig. 19-3."I$*.#*+*"&(&*!"/ ",!'*!$-"2-8"B>!$' "@R(^" &"*!8";GdGD8

Tabla 19-1. CV"C),!$-$-"M4>+$'(-"/ "!*"-4$& "J*-*)$&*H%()(!$&*"0"EV"J$+(/*!"J*-*!&(H#$(!$&*"/ !"=$%&"N()& "_ )0*8"

322

MAGMATISMO DE RIFT CONTINENTAL

En general los diagramas de variacin responden a los efectos combinados de

'#$-&*!$Q*'$K)"5(!$J,#$'*3"L & #(. ) $/*/ -"/ "!*"%4 )& 3"/ -*##(!!("/ "%4-$K)"5*#'$*!"2*#$*J! "0"
'()&*+$)*'$K)"'(#&$'*!8"U(#"%4 #*"/ "!*"*5*# )& "'(L # )'$*"/ " -&*-"& )/ )'$*-3"/ J "& ) #- "
cuidado en la interpretacin de los datos que representan lneas descendentes de lquidos
2 #/*/ #(-3" M4 "-K!(" -()" *2*!*/(-" '4*)/(" -&,)" *'(+5*f*/(-" 5(#" -&4/$(-"/ " ! + )&(-"
&#*Q*-" "$-K&(5(-"#*/$(.g)$'(-8"U(#" S +5!(" )"!*"F$.8";GHZ3"+4 -&#*"!*"2*#$*'$K)"/ !"5(#' )&*S "
/ "_2]"2 #-4-"B$]2"/ "!(-"J*-*!&(-"/ !"#$%&"/ "T&$(5$*8"T!"_2O se correlaciona positivamente
'()"!*"->!$' 3"'()"& )/ )'$*"-$+$!*#"*"!(-"F!4S(-"E*-,!&$'(-"]' ,)$'(-8"`*"2*#$*'$K)"/ " -&(-"
! + )&(-"# P S*#>*"2*#$*J! "%4-$K)"5*#'$*!"/ "4)*"+$-+*"%4 )& 3"("&*+J$g)"'()&*+$)*'$K)"
'(#&$'*!"5#(.# -$2*3"!("M4 "54 / "/ & #+$)*#- " )"J*- "*"!(-"$-(&(5(-"/ "B#HY/"0"UJ8
T)" !" *+J$ )& " & '&K)$'(" '(## -5()/$ )& " *" !*-" c=R3" !*-" !*2*-" +*-" -,!$'*-" 54 / )"
producirse por cristalizacin fraccionada desde magmas baslticos temporal y espacialmente
*-('$*/(-3" )" '(+J$)*'$K)" '()" 2*#$*J! " '()&*+$)*'$K)" '(#&$'*!8" C!& #)*&$2*+ )& " 54 / )"
5#(/4'$#- "5(#"%4-$K)"/ "4)*"%4 )& "$)/ 5 )/$ )& 3" )"'()/$'$() -"/ "*J4)/*)'$*"/ "2(!,&$! -8

Figuras 19-4 y 5. h*#$*'$K)"/ "b"5 -("/ "N.]"0"C!2O3"2-8"B$]23" )"!*"-4$& "E($)*"0"'*+5(-"/ "2*#$*'$K)"/ "_2O
2-8"B$]2 en Etiopa.

Las tendencias fuertemente segmentadas se interpretan como dominadas por

cristalizacin fraccionada de olivino y plagioclasa en estadios tempranos. El clinopiroxeno
)(" -"/(+$)*)& "0"54 / "'#$-&*!$Q*#"S4)&("'()"!*"5!*.$('!*-*8"T-"-$.)$1'*&$2("M4 " )"!*"-4$& "
J*-*)$&*H%()(!$&*3" !" '!$)(5$#(^ )(" /(+$)*" !*" - '4 )'$*" / " %#*''$()*+$ )&(3" +$ )&#*-" M4 "
)"!*"-4$& "&#*)-$'$()*!"J*-*!&(H#$(!$&*3"!*"5!*.$('!*-*" -"!*"%*- "+,-"$+5(#&*)& 3"!("M4 "M4 /*"
/ +(-&#*/(3"5*#*"*+J*-"-4$& -" )" !"/$*.#*+*"C!2O3"2 #-4-"B$]2.

Elementos trazas
`*"W*J!*";GH<3"+4 -&#*"!*-"'(+5(-$'$() -"M4>+$'*-"/ "J*-*!&(-"0"!*2*-"+,-" 2(!4'$()*/*-"
de suites volcnicas del rift de Africa oriental y Etiopia que se consideran representativos
de los magmas de ZRC. Los elementos trazas incompatibles son particionados en la fase
%4)/$/*3"/4#*)& "!(-"5#(' -(-"/ "%4-$K)"5*#'$*!" "'#$-&*!$Q*'$K)"%#*''$()*/*8"`(-"+$ +J#(-"

ALEJANDRO TOSELLI

323

+,-"J,-$'(-"/ " -&*-"-4$& -"&$ ) )"'()' )&#*'$() -"J*S*-"/ "Y$3"!("M4 "-4.$ # "M4 "L*)"-4%#$/("
%#*''$()*+$ )&(" / " (!$2$)(" )" !" '*+$)(" L*'$*" !*" -45 #1'$ 3" M4 " &$ )/ " *" $)'# + )&*#" !*"
'()' )&#*'$K)" / " !(-" ! + )&(-" &#*Q*-" $)'(+5*&$J! -" )" !" +*.+*" J*-,!&$'(3" '()" # !*'$K)"
*" !(-" +*.+*-" 5#$+*#$(-" #$'(-" )" N.]8" A)*" '*#*'& #>-&$'*" / " -&*-" -4$& -" 2(!',)$'*-" / "
Africa Oriental son las relaciones relativamente constantes de algunos elementos trazas
$)'(+5*&$J! -"&*! -"'(+(V"YJic#3"R ic#3"`*ic#"0"=Jic#3" )"#('*-"'()"*+5!$*"2*#$*'$K)"/ "!*"
B$]28"BK!("!*"'#$-&*!$Q*'$K)"%#*''$()*/*"54 / "5# - #2*#"!*-"# !*'$() -"/ "!*-"'()' )&#*'$() -"
/ "!(-" ! + )&(-"$)'(+5*&$J! -"0*"M4 "'4*!M4$ #"5#(' -("/ "'()&*+$)*'$K)"'(#&$'*!3"&$ )/ "
a cambiarlos.

Istopos radiognicos
`(-"/*&(-"/ "Y/HB#"/ !"+*)&("-45 #$(#"+4 -&#*)"'()-$/ #*J! "2*#$*'$K)"$-(&K5$'*"0" !"
+*)&(" !$&(-%g#$'(" -4J'()&$) )&*!3" 5# - #2*" !*-" L & #(. ) $/*/ -" $-(&K5$'*-3" M4 " 5# - )&*)"
magmas en diferentes regiones fuentes de la placa intracontinental.

Tabla 19-2. T! + )&(-"+*0(# -"0"&#*Q*-"5*#*"!*"-4$& "J*-*!&(H*)/ -$&*"/ !"=$%&"/ "_ )0*8

:<Z

MAGMATISMO DE RIFT CONTINENTAL

C4)M4 "!*"'(+5(-$'$K)"M4>+$'*" "$-(&K5$'*"/ "!(-"# - #2(#$(-"-()"& +*-"/ " -5 '4!*'$K)3"

!(-" ^ )(!$&(-" 4!&#*+,1'(-" '()& )$/(-" )" 9$+J #!$&*-" 0" )" J*-*!&(-" *!'*!$)(-" '()&$) )&*! -3"
'()1#+*)"!*" ^$-& )'$*"/ "L & #(. ) $/*/ -"M4 " ^' / )"/ "! S(-"*"!(-"#*).(-"/ "!(-"J*-*!&(-"
N]=E" 0" ]XE8" `*" F$.8" ;GH[" +4 -&#*" !*" 2*#$*'$K)" / " ;Z:Y/i;ZZY/" 2 #-4-" OdB#iO[B#" 5*#*" 4)"
amplio rango de volcanes de la ZRC.
N4'L(-"J*-*!&(-"- "5#(0 '&*)"/ )&#("/ !"'*+5("+*)&g!$'("M4 "- "/ 1) )"'(+("J*-*!&(-"
(' ,)$'(-")(H'()&*+$)*/(-"@N]=E"a"]XED3"+$ )&#*-"M4 "(&#(-"- "5#(0 '&*)"%4 #*"/ " - "
'*+5(8"T!"#*).("/ "2*#$*'$K)"$-(&K5$'*"/ "!(-"J*-*!&(-"/ "c=R3"5(/#>*" ^5!$'*#- " )"&g#+$)(-"
/ "-4"/ #$2*'$K)"/ -/ "4)"# - #2(#$(" )" !"+*)&(8"T)". ) #*!"!*"%4 )& "+*)&g!$'*"N]=E")("
constituye el mayor componente de los volcanes de ZRC. En su lugar se debe considerar la
5(-$J$!$/*/"/ "M4 "!*"+*0(#>*"/ #$2*#>*)"/ "4)*"5!4+*"/ "+*)&("/ "%4 )& "]XE"@#$%&-"*'&$2(-D"
("/ -/ "!$&(-% #*"-4J'()&$) )&*!"@#$%&-"5*-$2(-D8
`(-"$-K&(5(-"/ "UJ"5# - )&*)"2*#$*'$() -"/ "!*-"# !*'$() -"<7dUJi<7ZUJ"2 #-4-"<7[UJi<7ZUJ"
5*#*"!*-"#('*-"2(!',)$'*-"/ "!*-"c=R3"5 #+$& )"'()-$/ #*#"!*" ^$-& )'$*"/ "*)(+*!>*-"$-(&K5$'*-"
*".#*)" -'*!*" )" !"+*)&("-45 #$(#3"/$% # )& -"*"!(-"J*-*!&(-"]XE3"N]=E"0"!*-"9$+J #!$&*-"
.#45(-"X"0"XX"@F$.8";GHdD8"
`*"'(+5(-$'$K)"$-(&K5$'*"/ "UJ" )"'!$)(5$#(^ )("0"*)%>J(!"/ "!(-"^ )(!$&(-"/ "!L #Q(!$&*"
/ #$2*/(-"/ "!$&(-% #*"-4J'()&$) )&*!"0"/ "4)*"-4$& "/ ".#*)4!$&*-"+,1'*-"/ #$2*/(-"/ !"!>+$& "
'(#& Q*H+*)&(3"# 5# - )&*)" !"#*).("/ "'(+5(-$'$K)"$-(&K5$'*"/ "!*"!$&(-% #*"-4J'()&$) )&*!8
`*-" !*2*-" 5(J# -" )" B$]2" 0" 4!&#*5(&,-$'*-" / !" '*+5(" _$9(#().(" / !" #$%&" (''$/ )&*!" / "
C%#$'*3" +4 -&#*" 2*#$*'$K)" $-(&K5$'*" / " UJ8" T-&*" !*2*" &$ ) " *!&(" '()& )$/(" / " R#" 0" N.]" "
$)'!40 "^ )(!$&(-"/ #$2*/(-"/ !"+*)&(3"!("M4 "-4.$ # "M4 "L*)"-4J$/("#,5$/*+ )& "*"&#*2g-"
/ "!*"'(#& Q*3"-$)"L*J #"-4%#$/("'()&*+$)*'$K)"*5# '$*J! 8"U(#"(&#*"5*#& "!*-") % !$)$&*-"/ "
Y0$#*.().("+4 -&#*)"*+5!$*"2*#$*'$K)"$-(&K5$'*"/ "UJ"'()"# !*'$() -"<7[UJi<7ZUJ"e"[<8"U*#*"
^5!$'*#" -&*-"*!&*-"# !*'$() -"$-(&K5$'*-#3" -") ' -*#$("M4 "!*"# .$K)"%4 )& "L*0*"-4%#$/("%4 #& "
+ &*-(+*&$-+("5*#*"'*4-*#" !"%#*''$()*+$ )&(" ^&# +("/ "A"0"UJ8

Fig. 19-6. Diagrama de variacin ;Z:Y/i;ZZY/" 2-8" OdB#iO[B#3" '(## -5()/$ )& -"*" !*-" #*+*-" -& "0"( -& "/ !"#$%&"/ "
C%#$'*"]#$ )&*!3"5*#*"!(-"/$-&$)&(-"&$5(-"/ "2(!'*)$&*-8"

ALEJANDRO TOSELLI

:<6

Fig. 19-7."h*#$*'$K)"/ "!*-"# !*'$() -"$-(&K5$'*-"/ "UJ3"5*#*"!*-"9$+J #!$&*-3"]XE3"N]=E"0"=$%&"/ !"T"/ "C%#$'*8

Modelo petrogentico
Actualmente se acepta que la formacin de cuencas sedimentarias y rifts intracontinentales
estn conectados por extensin y deformacin de la corteza y del manto litosfrico. Los
modelos tericos asumen que el componente mantlico de la litosfera es adelgazado ms
1'$ )& + )& "M4 "!*"'(#& Q*"0"'(+("'()- '4 )'$*" !"'*!(#"&#*)-% #$/("L*'$*"*##$J*"/ -/ "
la astensfera produce una aureola trmica que genera el levantamiento o domamiento de
!*-" #('*-" '(#&$'*! -" -45 #54 -&*-8" I(-" '*-(-" -()" '()-$/ #*/(-V" CD" =$%&" *'&$2(V" !" *-' )-("
astenosfrico causa el levantamiento de la litosfera y controla la formacin del rift. El ascenso
/ " +*& #$*!" '*!$ )& 3" *-('$*/(" '()" !*-" /(#-*! -" + /$(H(' ,)$'*-" (" *" 4)*" 5!4+*" / " +*)&("
-$+g&#$'*"*"4)" S 8"T)" -&(-"*+J$ )& -"!(-"2(!'*) -"/ J )"5# ' / #"*!"#$%&$).8"ED"=$%&"5*-$2(V"
es causado por deformacin diferencial en la litosfera. En este caso el rift se forma primero
0" !" ! 2*)&*+$ )&(" / " !(-" P*)'(-" '()&$)4*#>*" / J$/(" *!" / -*##(!!(" / " 5 M4 f*-" ' !/*-" / "
'()2 ''$K)"/ J*S("/ " !!(-"@F$.8";GHOD8"B "*5!$'*"'(+("+ '*)$-+("5*#*" !"(#$. )"/ "*!.4)*-"
cadenas lineales de islas ocenicas.
T)" !(-" +(/ !(-" 5 &#(. )g&$'(-" / " Q()*-" / " #$%&" '()&$) )&*!" @c=RD" - " / J " ^5!$'*#"
!*" .#*)" /$2 #-$/*/" / " +*.+*-3" / -/ " + !$!>&$'(-" 5(J# -" )" ->!$' 3" J*-*)$&*-" 0" ) % !$)$&*-3"
5*-*)/("5(#"'*#J()*&$&*-"0"+*.+*-"4!&#*5(&,-$'(-3"*->"'(+("#('*-"+ /$*)*+ )& "*!'*!$)*-"
0"J*-*!&(-"&#*)-$'$()*! -8"T)". ) #*!" -&(-"+*.+*-"/ ")*&4#*! Q*"*!'*!$)*3" )#$M4 '$/(-" )"
! + )&(-"!$&K1!(-"/ "#*/$(".#*)/ 3"-4.$ # )"/ #$2*'$K)"+*)&g!$'*"0"/ -/ "4)*"%4 )& "N]=E"
*-& )(-%g#$'*" )#$M4 '$/*8" T-&(" 5(-$J! + )& " - " # !*'$()*#>*" *" M4 " 5(#" / J*S(" / " !(-" #$%&-"
'()&$) )&*! -" !*" %4 )& " )#$M4 '$/*" $)2(!4'#*/*3" '(## -5()/ " *" !$&(-% #*" -4J'()&$) )&*!"
antigua.
En la evolucin de un rift se puede observar una progresin temporal desde erupciones
& +5#*)*-"/(+$)*/*-"5(#"+*.+*-"/ "(#$. )"!$&(-%g#$'(3"*"&*#/>(-"/(+$)*/(-"5(#"%4 )& -"
astenosfricas.
A)" 5#(J! +*" $+5(#&*)& " )" !" -&4/$(" / !" +*.+*&$-+(" / " !*-" c=R" -()" !(-" #(! -"
# !*&$2(-"M4 "S4 .*)" !"+*)&("*-& )(-%g#$'("0" !"!$&(-%g#$'(" )"!*"5 &#(.g) -$-"/ !" -5 '&#("

:<[

MAGMATISMO DE RIFT CONTINENTAL

composicional de los magmas baslticos primarios. El adelgazamiento de la litosfera

54 / "5#(/4'$#"4)*"%4-$K)"-$.)$1'*&$2*"5(#"/ J*S("/ !" S "/ !"#$%&"/ -/ "!*"%4 )& "/ "+*)&("
astenosfrico. Esto genera un cambio progresivo desde la fuente astenosfrica a la litosfrica.
`*" *+5!$&4/" '(+5(-$'$()*!" / " !(-" ^ )(!$&(-" &#*)-5(#&*/(-" *" !*" -45 #1'$ " 5(#" !(-" J*-*!&(-"
*!'*!$)(-" '()&$) )&*! -" 0" 5(#" !*" 9$+J #!$&*-3" +4 -&#*)" +*#'*/*-" L & #(. ) $/*/ -" )" !(-"
$-K&(5(-"/ "B#HY/HUJ8
E*$! 0"@;GO:D"'()-$/ #*"M4 "!*-"c=R" -&,)"'*#*'& #$Q*/*-"5(#"/(-"*-('$*'$() -"+*.+,&$'*-"
/$-&$)&*-8"`*"5#$+ #*"$)2(!4'#*"*"J*-*!&(-"/ "&$5(-"&#*)-$'$()*! -"*"+ /$*)*+ )& "*!'*!$)(-3"
%4 #& + )& "*!'*!$)(-"0"J*-*)$&*-3"!(-"'4*! -"%#*''$()*)"5#(/4'$ )/("&$5(-"+,-" 2(!4'$()*/(-"
'(+("L*j*$&*-3"+4. *#$&*-3"J )+(# $&*-3"&#*M4$&*-"0"#$(!$&*-"*!'*!$)*-8"N$ )&#*-"M4 "!*"- .4)/*"
*-('$*'$K)" +,-" *!&*+ )& " *!'*!$)*" 0" -4J-*&4#*/*" )" ->!$' 3" $)'!40 " *" ) % !$)$&*-3" + !$!$&*-" 0"
! 4'$&$&*-3"!*-"'4*! -"%#*''$()*)"*"4)"# -$/4("%()(!>&$'(8

Fig. 19-8. Comparacin de las caractersticas isotpicas de diversos reservorios magmticos involucrados en la
5 &#(.g) -$-"/ "@*D"$-!*-"(' ,)$'*-"0"@JD"J*-*!&(-"/ "#$%&"'()&$) )&*! -"*'&$2(-"@N'I()(4.L" &"*!8";GO6D8

E*#J #$" &" *!8" @;GO<D" L*)" '!*-$1'*/(" *" !(-" #$%&-" $)&#*'()&$) )&*! -" )" &$5(-" / " *!&(H
2(!'*)$-+(" 0" / " J*S(H2(!'*)$-+(3" -(J# " !*" J*- " / !" 2(!4+ )" / " +*& #$*!" #45'$()*/(8"
TS +5!(-"/ "#$%&-"/ "J*S("2(!'*)$-+("-()"!*"#*+*"(''$/ )&*!"/ !"#$%&"/ "C%#$'*3" !".#*J )"/ !"

ALEJANDRO TOSELLI

:<d

=L$)"0" !".#*J )"/ !"E*$9*!3"M4 "*/ +,-"/ !"J*S("2(!4+ )"/ "+*& #$*!" #45'$()*/(3"+4 -&#*)"
J*S*""2 !('$/*/"/ " ^& )-$K)"'(#&$'*!3"2(!'*)$-+("/$-'()&$)4(3"'()"4)"*+5!$(" -5 '&#("/ "
+*.+*-" J*-,!&$'(-" 0" 5 M4 f(-" 2(!k+ ) -" / " /$% # )'$*/(-" ,'$/(-8" U# /(+$)*)" +*.+*-"
-4J-*&4#*/(-"%4 #& + )& "*!'*!$)(-"@) % !$)$&*-3"J*-*)$&*-3"! 4'$&$&*-D3"'()"&$5(-"&#*)-$'$()*! -"
que se vuelven ms abundantes cuando el volumen de las erupciones se incrementa. En este
*+J$ )& "E*$! 0"@;GO:D"-4.$ # "M4 "!*-"%#*'&4#*-"!$&(-%g#$'*-"5#(%4)/*-"5 #+$& )" !"P4S("/ "
2(!,&$! -"/ -/ "!*"*-& )(-% #*"'*4-*)/("+ &*-(+*&$-+("/ "!*"!$&(-% #*3"M4 "*!"-4%#$#"%4-$K)"
parcial provee los componentes mayores para el magmatismo.
T)"'()&#*-& "!(-"#$%&-"/ "*!&("2(!'*)$-+(3"&$ ) )"+*0(#"2 !('$/*/"/ " ^& )-$K)"'(#&$'*!3"
5# /(+$)*)/("!(-"J*-*!&(-"+ /$*)*+ )& "*!'*!$)(-3"'()"/$-&#$J4'$K)"J$+(/*!"/ "+*.+*-"
,'$/(-" 0" J,-$'(-8" R(+(" S +5!(-" - " '$&*)" - '&(# -" / " _ )$*" 0" T&$(5>*" / !" #$%&" / " C%#$'*"
]#$ )&*!"0"- '&(# -"/ !"#$%&"=>("?#*)/ "@ABCD8"T)". ) #*!"+4 -&#*)" -&# 'L*"# !*'$K)"M4>+$'*"
con los magmas bsicos y cidos que erupcionan en los mismos sectores del rift. As las
%()(!$&*-"- "*-('$*)"'()") % !$)$&*-"0"J*-*)$&*-\"!*-"&#*M4$&*-"'()"J*-*!&(-"*!'*!$)(-\"!*-"#$(!$&*-"
peralcalinas con basaltos medianamente alcalinos y riolitas subalcalinas. En la mayora de los
casos el magmatismo cido se habra originado por cristalizacin fraccionada de basaltos
*-('$*/(-8"T!"/ '# '$+$ )&("/ "!*"*!'*!$)$/*/"/ "!(-"+*.+*-" #45'$()*/(-"'()" !"&$ +5(3"
podra explicarse por incremento de la fusin parcial con el ascenso de material astenosfrico
desde el manto.
La composicin qumica de los magmas erupcionados en zonas de rift de placa
intracontinental dependen de una variedad de factores que incluyen la heterogeneidad qumica
0"+$) #*!K.$'*"/ "!*"%4 )& "+*)&g!$'*3" !"/ -*##(!!("/ "%4-$K)3"!*"5#(%4)/$/*/"/ "!*"%4-$K)"0"
!*"# !*'$K)"/ "&#*)-% # )'$*"/ "+*.+*"*"!*"-45 #1'$ 3"*->"'(+("!*" ^$-& )'$*"/ "# - #2(#$(-"
/ "+*.+*" )")$2 ! -"'(#&$'*! -"-(+ #(-8"? ) #*!+ )& " -&*-"5#(2$)'$*-" -&,)"'*#*'& #$Q*/*-"
5(#"'*+5(-"/ "'()(H'$)/ #"0"!*2*-"J*-,!&$'*-"M4 "L*)"*-' )/$/("# !*&$2*+ )& "#,5$/("L*-&*"!*"
-45 #1'$ "-$)"L*J #"-4%#$/("'#$-&*!$Q*'$K)"%#*''$()*/*"("'()&*+$)*'$K)"'(#&$'*!"-$.)$1'*&$2*8"
T-&*-"5#(2$)'$*-"- "'*#*'& #$Q*)"5(#" !"/ -*##(!!("/ ".#*)/ -" -&#4'&4#*-"2(!',)$'*-"' )&#*! -3"
con reservorios de magma cortical en los cuales la cristalizacin fraccionada produce un
*+5!$(" -5 '&#("/ "'(+5(-$'$() -"$)& #+ /$*-3"&#*M4$&*-3"%()(!$&*-"0"#$(!$&*-"*!'*!$)*-8"T-&("
+4 -&#*"M4 "!*"'#$-&*!$Q*'$K)"%#*''$()*/*" )"'(+J$)*'$K)"'()"!*"'()&*+$)*'$K)"'(#&$'*!3"-()"
procesos que controlan la evolucin geoqumica en muchos magmas de las ZRC.
N'_ )Q$ "@;GOZD"-4.$ # " !"*-' )-("'()2 '&$2("/ "5!4+*-"/ "+*)&("M4 "- "(#$.$)*)" )"!*"
/$-'()&$)4$/*/"->-+$'*"*"[d7"9+"0"!(-"%4)/$/(-"5*#'$*! -"*-' )/ #>*)"$)/$-&$)&*+ )& 3""&*)&("
5(#"/ J*S("/ "!*-"#('*-"(' ,)$'*-"'(+("/ "!*-"'()&$) )&*! -8"T-&("-4.$ # "M4 "L*0"-$+$!$&4/ -"
)&# "!(-"#$%&"/ "$)&#*5!*'*"'()&$) )&*! -"0"!*-"$-!*-"(' ,)$'*-8"`*""F$.8";GHd3"5# - )&*"+(/ !(-"
-$+5!$1'*/(-"/ " -&(-"/(-"*+J$ )& -3"'()" -&$+*'$K)"/ "!*-"'(+5(-$'$() -"$-(&K5$'*-"B#HY/"
/ "2*#$(-"# - #2(#$(-"+*)&g!$'(-" )"5#(' -(-"/ "%4-$K)"5*#'$*!3"M4 "-()"&(+*/(-"/ "J*-*!&(-"
]XE"0"N]=EHY8
T)"*+J(-"'*-(-3"'()&$) )&*! -"0"(' ,)$'(-3"!*"$)&#4-$K)"/ "5!4+*-"/ "+*)&(" )"!*"J*- "
/ " !*" !$&(-% #*3" *4+ )&*" !*" & +5 #*&4#*" " $)$'$*" !*" %4-$K)" 5*#'$*!8" U(#" !(" M4 " !(-" %4)/$/(-"
/ !"+*)&("!$&(-%g#$'(3"-()"4)*"+ Q'!*"'()"%4)/$/(-"/ #$2*/(-"/ "!*"5!4+*3". ) #*)/("4)"
espectro de composiciones qumicas e isotpicas.
En las ZRC los basaltos derivan de lherzolita de espinela o granate y los estudios
^5 #$+ )&*! -"$)/$'*)"M4 "*"J*S*"%4-$K)"5*#'$*!"/ "5 #$/(&$&*"'()"P(.(5$&*"*"5#(%4)/$/*/ -"
5(#"/ J*S("/ !"'*+5("/ " -&*J$!$/*/"/ !"*)%>J(!3"- "5#(/4' )"%4)/$/(-"5*#'$*! -"*!&(-" )"_2O.
La fuente de magmas ultrapotsicos se ha atribuido a metasomatismo asociado a estadios
tempranos de rift continental.

:<O

MAGMATISMO DE RIFT CONTINENTAL

Carbonatitas

Introduccin
Las carbonatitas son rocas carbonticas que pueden ser divididas entre las compuestas
5#$)'$5*!+ )& " 5(#" '*!'$&*" @-l2$&*-D" 0" *M4 !!*-" '(+54 -&*-" 5#$)'$5*!+ )& " 5(#" /(!(+$&*" ("
*)9 #$&*8"`*"+*0(#>*"'()&$ ) )"K^$/(-"'(+("+*.) &$&*"0"L +*&$&*3"'(+("*->"&*+J$g)"*!.4)(-"
+$) #*! -"-$!$',&$'(-3"'(+(V"+()&$' !!$&*3"+ !$!$&*3"*5*&$&("0"5$#('!(#(3"!(-"'4*! -"54 / )" -&*#"
)"'()' )&#*'$() -"M4 "54 / )"& ) #"$)& #g-" '()K+$'(8"`*"'!*-$1'*'$K)" )"'*#J()*&$&*-"/ J "
# *!$Q*#- "-K!("'4*)/("!*-"#('*-"'()&$ ) )"+,-"/ !"67b"+(/*!"/ "'*#J()*&(-"@B&# '9 $- )"
;GdGD"0"54 / )"- #"&*)&("5!4&K)$'*-"'(+("2(!',)$'*-8
`*"*-('$*'$K)"/ "'*#J()*&$&*-"'()") % !$)$&*-" "$S(!$&*-3"('4## )" )"5 M4 f(-"'(+5! S(-"
'()&$) )&*! -" ' )&#*! -" 0" *)$!!(-" $)&#4-$2(-" '(+5! S(-3" !(-" '4*! -" &$ ) )" '()' )&#*'$() -"
$)4-4*!+ )& "*!&*-"/ "YJ3"E*3"B#"0"&$ ##*-"#*#*-"0"M4 "- #>*" !"5(-$J! " -!*JK)"/ "- 5*#*'$K)"
/ !"+*.+*"'*#J(),&$'("$)+$-'$J! 3"/ !"+*.+*") % !$)>&$'("5*# )&*!"@F$.8";OH<7D8

Tabla 19-3."R!*-$1'*'$K)"'*#J()*&$&*-8

La mayora de las carbonatitas estn ntimamente asociadas con nefelinitas pobres en

(!$2$)("("-4"'()&#*5*#& "5!4&K)$'*3"$S(!$&*8"T-&*-"*-('$*'$() -3"/ "(#$. )"+*)&g!$'(3"('4## )" )"
algunos rift continentales como en el sistema del este de Africa y en regiones tectnicamente
-&*J! -"'(+(" )" !"-4#"/ "C%#$'*"0" )" !" -& "/ "E#*-$!8"T-&*"*-('$*'$K)" -"/ -'()('$/*" )"
regiones ocenicas.

Fig. 19-9. B ''$K)"$/ *!$Q*/*"/ "!*"*-('$*'$K)"'*#J()*&$&*"m") % !$)$&*"0"!(-"% )K+ )(-"/ "% )$&$Q*'$K)" )" !"#$%&"/ "
Africa oriental.

ALEJANDRO TOSELLI

329

`*-" *-('$*'$() -" SK2 ) -" / " '*#J()*&$&*H) % !$)$&*3" - " 5# - )&*)" )" 2(!'*) -" SK2 ) -"
'(+54 -&(-"5(#"!*2*-"0"#('*-"2(!'*)$'!,-&$'*-"@58 S" !"2(!',)"]!/($)0("` ).*$3" )"W*)Q*)$*3"!*"
& +5 #*&4#*"/ " #45'$K)" -"/ "6d[H6G:n"RD\"+$ )&#*-"M4 " )"!(-"+,-"2$ S(-"- "5# - )&*)"'(+("
*-('$*'$() -"5!4&K)$'*-"'(+5! S*-"-(+ #*-8"W>5$'*+ )& "&$ ) )"%(#+*-"'$#'4!*# -"4"(2*! -"0"
se presentan en asociacin comn con fenitas. La fenita es una roca metasomtica producida
)" -&*/("-K!$/("5(#"&#*)-%(#+*'$K)"/ "!*"2$ S*"5*# /"/ "!*"#('*3"'(+54 -&*"5(#".) $-"'4*#Q(H
% !/ -5,&$'(3" 5(#" $)1!&#*'$K)" / " .*- -" # *'&$2(-" '*!$ )& -" (" -(!4'$() -" L$/#(& #+*! -" #$'*-"
)"Y*"0"_"/ #$2*/(-"/ !"+*.+*") % !$)>&$'("("'*#J()*&>&$'(3"M4 "(#$.$)*)"* .$#$)*3"*)%>J(!"
*!'*!$)("0"*"2 ' -"% !/ -5*&("5(&,-$'(3"*/ +,-"/ ") % !$)(3"P(.(5$&*"0"'*#J()*&(-8
`*"5 &#(.g) -$-"/ "!*"*-('$*'$K)"'*#J()*&$&*H) % !$)$&*"- "/ -*##(!!*"J,-$'*+ )& " )"/(-"
%*- -V";D"]#$. )"/ !"5*#"/ "!*"*-('$*'$K)") % !$)$&*H'*#J()*&$&*8"<D"T-&*"*-('$*'$K)"-$!$'*&(H
'*#J()*&("# 5# - )&*"4)"-$-& +*"+*.+,&$'("4)$1'*/(3" )"M4 " !"+*.+*"+*/# "- "%(#+K"
)"4)"*+J$ )& "& '&K)$'(" -&*J! 3"(" )"4)"*+J$ )& "/ "#$%&"'()&$) )&*!8"`*-"$)2 -&$.*'$() -"
^5 #$+ )&*! -" -4+*#$Q*/*-" 5(#" ` E*-" @;GddD" $)/$'*)" /(-" 5(-$J! -" + '*)$-+(-" 5*#*"
5#(/4'$#" !*" *-('$*'$K)" +*.+,&$'*" '*#J()*&$&*H) % !$)$&*V" ;D" *" J*S*" & +5 #*&4#*" @oO77pRD"
5(#" %#*''$()*'$K)" '#$-&*!H!>M4$/(" / " 4)" +*.+*" 5*# )&*!" ) % !$)>&$'(8" <D" *" *!&*" & +5 #*&4#*"
@eO77pRD"5(#"$)+$-'$J$!$/*/" )&# "%4)/$/(-") % !$)>&$'(-"0"'*#J()*&>&$'(-8

Origen de las Carbonatitas

q*0"&# -"'*+$)(-"5(-$J! -"5*#*" !"(#$. )"/ "!(-"+*.+*-"'*#J()*&>&$'(-V"*D"'(+("5#(/4'&("
$)$'$*!"/ "%4-$K)"5*#'$*!" )" !"+*)&(3"'()"'()& )$/(-"5 M4 f(-"/ "+$) #*! -"'*#J(),&$'(-\"
JD"'(+("5#(/4'&("1)*!"/ "/$% # )'$*'$K)"/ "%4)/$/(-"-$!$',&$'(-"M4 "'()&$ ) )"'*#J()*&(-"
/$-4 !&(-3"0"'D"5(#"$)+$-'$J$!$/*/"!>M4$/*"/ -/ "4)"%4)/$/("-$!$',&$'("L(+(.g) (3"M4 "'()&$ ) "
carbonatos.

Fig. 19-10. = !*'$() -"/ "%*- -"/ "5 #$/(&$&*-3"'()"J*S(-"'()& )$/(-"/ "R]2"@+(/$1'*/("/ "r0!!$ ";GOGD8

::7

MAGMATISMO DE RIFT CONTINENTAL

I -/ "4)"%4)/$/("$)$'$*!V"!*"'*#J()*&$&*"- #>*"4)"+*.+*"5#$+*#$("5#(/4'$/("5(#"%4-$K)"
5*#'$*!"/ !"+*)&("M4 "'()&$ ) "'*#J()*&(-3"J*S("'()/$'$() -"5*#&$'4!*# -3"'(+("5(#" S +5!("
5(#"!*"# *''$K)V"T)"a"I(!(+$&*"s"I$"a"F("a"R]23"M4 "$)& #- '&*"*!"-(!$/4-" )" !"-$-& +*"
R*]HB$]2HN.]HR]23"*"U"s"<6H<G"_J*#"@F$.8";GH;7D8"T)" -& "'*-(" !"+*.+*"'*#J()*&>&$'("
-" !" 5#(/4'&(" $)$'$*!" / " !*" %4-$K)" 0" !" $)'# + )&(" / " & +5 #*&4#*" !(" )#$M4 ' " )" B$]2.
r )/!*)/&" 0" N0- )" @;GO7D" )'()&#*#()" ^5 #$+ )&*!+ )& " M4 " !" %4)/$/(" '*#J()*&>&$'("
se producira a partir de lherzolita granatfera en presencia de CO2" *" U" t" :7" 9J8" R(+("
!(-"+*.+*-"'*#J()*&>&$'(-"&$ ) )"+40"J*S*"2$-'(-$/*/3"54 / )"- #" ^&#*>/(-"'()"%#*''$() -"
/ "%4)/$/(-"&*)"J*S*-"'(+("73;b3" )"'()&#*-& "'()"!(-"%4)/$/(-"-$!$',&$'(-"M4 "'()"/$'L("
2(!4+ )"/ "%4-$K)3")("- "5(/#>*)"- 5*#*#"/ "!*"%4 )& 8
F#*''$K)" / " %4)/$/(" 1)*!V" T!" -$-& +*" Y*C!B$]ZHR*R]3Hq2]3" *" ;" 9J3" M4 " -4%# "
'#$-&*!$Q*'$K)"%#*''$()*/*3"+4 -&#*"M4 " !"!>M4$/("'*#J(),&$'(" -"#$'(" )") % !$)*" )" M4$!$J#$("
'()" 2*5(#" 0" -4' -$2*+ )& " /*" !*-" *-('$*'$() -V" ) % !$)*\" ) % !$)*H+ !$!$&*\" L*40)*H+ !$!$&*\"
'*)'#$)$&*H+ !$!$&*" 0" '*!'$&*H'*)'#$)$&*H+ !$!$&*3" '()" )#$M4 '$+$ )&(" / !" !>M4$/(" # -$/4*!" )"
'*#J()*&(8" T-& " # -4!&*/(" ^5 #$+ )&*!" +4 -&#*" .#*)" - + S*)Q*" '()" !*-" #('*-" 5!4&K)$'*-"
(J- #2*/*-" )"*!.4)(-"'(+5! S(-"'*#J()*&>&$'(-3"-4.$#$ )/("M4 "!*-"+$-+*-"5(/#>*)"L*J #- "
formado por este mecanismo.
X)+$-'$J$!$/*/"!>M4$/*V" )"!(-"-$-& +*-"5 &#(. )g&$'(-"%(#+*/(-" )"5# - )'$*"/ " ^' -("
/ "2(!,&$! -3"&# -"%*- -"P4$/*-"54 / )"'( ^$-&>#V"*D"!>M4$/(-"-$!$',&$'("-4J-*&4#*/(3"5 #*!'*!$)("0"
J*S(" )"'*!'$(\"JD"!>M4$/("'*#J(),&$'("M4 "'()&$ ) "R*"0"Y*"0"M4 " -"*),!(.("*!"+*.+*")*&#(H
'*#J()*&>&$'(3"0"'D"2*5(#"#$'(" )"R]2"m"q2O que contiene disuelto cantidades importantes
/ "Y*"0"B$3"M4 "- #>*"'(## !*'$()*J! "'()"!(-"P4$/(-"M4 "'*4-*)"!*"% )$&$Q*'$K)8"T-&("&*+J$g)"
*2*!*#>*"!*"- 5*#*'$K)"/ "!(-"!>M4$/(-"'*#J()*&>&$'(-"0") % !>)$'(-3"/ -/ "4)"+*.+*"5*# )&*!"
comn.

Lecturas Seleccionadas
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MAGMATISMO DE RIFT CONTINENTAL