Awais

Bin Sadaquat
SAMANKHALI
11-CH-110
D

02/08/20
15

Objective:
To study the behavior of closed loop system at flow
trainer. Give different values of set points and study the
behavior of controller.

Apparatus:
Flow trainer

Theory
What is set point?
In control theory, a set point is the desired or target
value for an essential variable of a system

Types of controller:
Proportional
Proportional
Proportional
Proportional

PROCESSDYNAMICCONT
ROL

controller
derivative controller
integral controller
integral derivative controller

11-CH110

Awais Bin Sadaquat

11-CH-110

Type of
Description
controller

Advantages

Disadvantages

Proportion With
proportional (1)Proportional
al
controllers there are controller
controller
two

conditions

helps

and

(1)Due to
presence of these

in

controllers we

these are written below: reducing the

some offsets

steady state
(1)Deviation should not

error, thus makes

be large, it means there the

should be less deviation
between the input and

more stable.

controllers also

should not be sudden.

The over damped

system

because

of

its

disadvantages

few

which

are written below:

It never improves the
steady state error.
It produces at uration
effects
amplifies

and

also

the

noise

signals produced in the

system.
(2)Proportional

output. (2)Deviation

Proportion It should be used in

al
combinations with other
derivative
controller modes of controllers

the

system

(2)Slow response
of
can

be

made
faster with
The
major
advantage
Of derivative
controller is that it
improves the
transient response
of the system.

in

increase the
maximum
overshoot of
the system.
It has more error
than
That of PI and
PID controller.

Awais Bin Sadaquat

11-CH-110

Proportion
al
integra
l
controll
er

As
the
name
suggests it is a
combination
of
proportional and an
integral
controller
the
output
(also
called the actuating
signal) is equal to
the summation of
proportional
and
of the error
ProportionalProportion integral
integralal
derivative(PID)
integra
control
l
is the most common
derivati
control
algorithm
ve
used
in
industry
controll
today.
The
er
popularity of PID
controllers can be
attributed to their
effectiveness in a
wide
range
of
operating
conditions,
their
functional implicity
and
how
easily
engineers
can
implement
them
using
current
computer
technology.

Due to their
unique
ability
they can return
the
Controlled
variable back to
the exact set
point following
a
disturbance
thats
why
PID controllers
are
Used
in
a
variety of
Devices
and
equipment
,
most of which
are
automated and
do
not require any
complex
processes.
They are used
in
water
purification
systems along
with
other
sensors in order
to
alter
the
level
of
solvents
and
other chemicals
in the water as
well
as
control
mechanisms
that transport

It
tends
to
make
the
system
unstable
because
it
responds slowly
towards
the
produced
Although
PID
controllers are
the
most widely
used
control
mechanism in
theworld, they
are also the
most basic.
Therefore,
PID controllers
are significantly
limited in
their
capabilities,
especially
when
complex
processes
are required
to perform
a task.PID
controllers are
only capable
of
measuring

Awais Bin Sadaquat

11-CH-110

Flow trainer Diagram:

Awais
Bin Sadaquat
SAMRANKHAL
11-CH-110
ID

02/08/20
15

Open and closed loop control system:

An open-loop controller is often used in simple processes
because of its simplicity and low cost, especially in systems
where feed back is not critical. A typical example would be a
conventional washing machine, for which the length of
machine wash time is entirely dependent on the judgment
and estimation of the human operator. Generally, to obtain a
more accurate or more adaptive control, it is necessary to
feed the output of the system back to the inputs of the
controller. This type of system is called a closed-loop system.
Forexample, an irrigations prinkler system, programmed to
turn on at set times could be an example of an open-loop
system if it does not measures oil moisture as a form of feed
back. Even if rain is pouring down on the lawn, the sprinkler
system would activate on schedule, wasting water.

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11-CH110

Awais Bin Sadaquat

11-CH-110

Open-loop control is useful for well-defined systems

where the relationship between input and the resultants
can be modeled by a mathematical formula. For
example determining the voltage to be fed to an
electric motor that drives a constant load, in order to
achieve a desired speed would be a good application of
open-loop control. If the load were not predictable, on
the other hand, the motor's speed might vary as a
function of the load aswell as of the voltage, and an
open-loop controller would there for insufficient to
ensure repeatable control of the velocity.

Procedure:
First of all, I set the Apparatus in the working
conditions.
Then
I set the Apparatus on the operation mode
from control
I selected the controller type.
Then I give the set point to controller.
And I noted the process variable.
Then I changed the set point and noted the process
variable.
SimilarlyInoted
values of process variables at
different set
Then I changed the controller type.
I noted the values of process variable at different
set points for
Similarly I repeated this process for P, PD, PI, PID.
Then I plotted set point versus process variable

Awais Bin Sadaquat

11-CH-110

Observations &Calculations
Process variable
PD
PI

Setpoint
P
42.
33.
6
24.
3
20.
8 0

Processvariable

60
50
40
30
20

43.
34.
5
25.
4
16.
3
15.
8

PID
61.
51.
2
41.
2
31.
3
19.
1

60.
50.
5
40.
2
30.
3 20

Setpointversusprocess
7
0
6
0
5
0
4
0
3
0
2
0
1
0
0
0

10

20

30

40

50

60

SetPoint

PD

PI

PID

70

Awais Bin Sadaquat

11-CH-110

Conclusion:

From the experiment I concluded that PID shows

minimum
Difference between set point and process variable

P shows max difference between set point and process

variable.
The differenceforallof fourcontrollersisgiven as

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