2.

0 Literature Review
2.1 Definition of Working Part Time Job among the UTMSPACE Student
Working part time job can be defined as working fewer hours per week than a full time
job. Nowadays, student who are working part time job is also a phenomena and has been a
feature of the university experience. Working part time among the student does not occur in
Malaysia but also in other country such as United Stated, Australia, Indonesia and many more.
This literature review section will examines the number of student working part time, the reason,
the duration of this occurrence and also to look at their positive and negative impact.
2.2 History of Working Part Time Job
Students decide whether to working part time is an important decision which is closely
related with the time management. For some students, especially those in traditionally
underserved populations, taking a job is not a matter of choice, but necessity. According to David
Robotham (2011) there is a rise in the number of students those are studying while working in
part time employment in United Kingdom.
2.3 Numbers of Student Working Part Time Job
In the difference country in this world there is a difference number of people who lives
there. As well as the numbers of student working part time, this is influenced by several aspects
such as area, economy and so on. Nor Aishah Buang and Noorazman Hasan (2011) in the 2000
population census more than 560,000 persons in Malaysia between the ages of 10 and 19 years
were reported to be working in small industries. Salamonson and Andrews (2006) was
conducted a survey of 267 nursing students and they found that more than three quarters of
students held a part time job during their studies. However, there is no established tradition of
student being engaged in employment, in the study of 446 undergraduates in Greece it was found
the majority did not work during term time (Mihail and Karaliopoulou, 2005). The research will
find out the numbers of UTMSPACE students working part time job whether they are involved
or not in this situation.

2.4 The Reason by Working Part Time Job

The reasons for working part-time vary from individual to individual. It may be that they
want to have a different work-life balance, or they may have caring responsibilities. Barke
(2000) find some previous studies also reported the presence of financial pressures is one of the
reasons they are looking for a part time position. According to Nor Aishah Buang and
Noorazman Hasan (2011) students holding part time jobs, namely to buy electronic gadgets,
wearing famous brand-name clothes and shoes, so that they will be able to lead a luxurious life.
There are other reasons for this occurrence, and the research that will be carried out hopefully
can answer why actually the reason is by doing part time job.
2.5 The Duration of Working Part Time Job
Term-time working is a type of part-time working where they can reduce their hours or take time
off during school holidays, semester break or any free time. The sample were employed for up to
10 hours per week is 44%, work more than 20 hours per week, 10% and work more than 30
hours per week is only 4% in United Kingdom University (David Robotham, 2011). The duration
of working part time will be known by doing this research.
2.6 Positive impact of Working Part Time Job
Working part time can be a good way of balancing the work and the personal commitments. If
they work part-time, they have the right to be treated fairly in comparison to their full-time
colleagues. This is supported by Lucas and Lammont, (1998) that students working part time can
develop their team working, communication, customer care and practical skills. Students can
improved their academic knowledge, motivation and employment prospect (McKechnie, Hobbs
and Lindsay 1999). The research will find out the positive impact of working part time for the
working adults of UTMSPACE students itself to support the statement above.

2.7 Negative Impact of Working Part Time Job

To get into a college should cost much money; therefore, lots of students would look for a parttime job for helping to share the burden of their parents. And other students who want to have a
part-time job are mostly because they want to get some experiences. However, the students who
have a part-time job have less time to keep interpersonal relationship, stay healthy, and study.
Based on statement from Steinberg and Dornbusch (1991), they founded that students holding
part time jobs involving long hours of work correlated with low academic performance, high
psychological pressure, more social problems, more autonomy from parents and low moral
values. There are some negative impact to be carried out after this research will conducted and
hopefully can answer this impact.