Introduction to A&P

(Chapter 1)
Lecture Materials
for
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.
Suffolk County Community College
Eastern Campus
Primary Sources for figures and content:
Marieb, E. N. Human Anatomy & Physiology 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin
Cummings, 2004.
Martini, F. H. Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology 6th ed. San Francisco: Pearson
Benjamin Cummings, 2004.

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Anatomy & Physiology = study of

characteristics
Common Characteristics Of Living Things:
1. Organization: pattern that differs from
environment, involves regulation of
internal conditions within limits
2. Responsiveness: (irritability), responding to
changes in environment.
Adaptation = long term response
3. Growth and Differentiation
Growth = increase in size/cell number
Differentiation = specialization of cells to
perform particular functions
4. Reproduction
5. Movement
Internal transport substances in body
External move around environment
6. Metabolism and Excretion
Metabolism = all chemical processes in
the body (building and breaking
molecules)
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Form Follows Function

the shape of a structure is related to its use
Anatomy = study of internal and external
structures of body and their relationships
to each other: Form
Gross Anatomy = macroscopic, see by eye
Microscopic Anatomy = cell and molecule
level, need microscope
Cytology = study of cells
Histology = study of tissues (groups of
specialized cells that work together
to perform functions)
Physiology = study of how organism perform
functions: (Function)
Human Anatomy and Physiology = the study
of the form and function of the human
body
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Levels of Organization
(on handout)

The pattern of organization at the lower levels

determines both the characteristics and
functions at the higher levels

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Homeostasis = unchanging sameness, the

maintenance of a relatively constant
internal environment, essential to life
Homeostatic Regulation
(keeping within set limits)
1. Autoregulation (Intrinsic Regulation)
activities of a cell/tissue/organ/system
adjust automatically in response to
environmental change.
2. Extrinsic Regulation results from
activities of nervous or endocrine systems
-Nervous system: directs rapid, short term,
specific responses
-Endocrine system: works through
hormones, slow to act but long lasting
effects

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Homeostatic Regulation Mechanism:

1. Receptor - sensor that detects
stimulus (change)
2. Control/Integration Center - receives
and processes info from receptor
3. Effector - cell/organ that responds to
direction from control center to
oppose or enhance the stimulus

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Negative Feedback
-oscillations around a set point
-effector activated by control center
opposes stimulus
-most common homeostatic
regulation
too much X = X
too little X = X
e.g. body temperature:
too hot, sweat to cool
too cold, shiver to heat

Normal runs a range, no absolute

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Positive Feedback
-effectors respond by exaggerating or
enhancing the stimulus
-typically used to deal with threat or stress
e.g.
blood clotting: clotting causes more
clotting until wound is plugged
birth: contractions promote more
contractions until delivery

Homeostasis use requires coordinated efforts

of multiple organ systems: human body
integrated to support life

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Anatomical Terms
Anatomical position
supine = face up
prone = face down
Body Regions:
(on handout)
-Cephalic region = head
-Cervical region = neck
-Thoracic region = chest
-Brachial region = arm
-Antebrachial region = forearm
-Carpal region = wrist
-Manual region = hand
-Abdominal region = belly
-Lumbar region = lower back
-Gluteal region = butt
-Pelvic region = hips
-Pubic region = anterior pelvis
-Inguinal region = groin
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

-Femoral region= thigh

-Crural region= front of leg
-Sural region=calf
-Tarsal region= ankle
-Pedal region= top of foot
-Plantar region= sole of foot

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

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SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Abdominopelvic region = trunk of body,

contains most of the organs
Clinicians divide it into 4 regions:

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

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SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Anatomist recognize 9 abdominopelvic regions:

Right
hypochondriac
region

Epigastric

Right lumbar
region

Umbilical

Right inguinal
region

Hypogastric

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

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SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Directional Terms:
(handout)
-Anterior = front
-Posterior = back (behind)
-Ventral = belly
-Dorsal = back (spine)
-Cranial/Cephalic = head
-Caudal = tail
-Superior = above (hyper)
-Inferior = below (hypo)
-Medial = toward the center
-Lateral = away from center,
peripheral
-Proximal = near the point
of attachment
-Distal = away from the
point of attachment
-Superficial = at the surface
-Deep = farther from the
surface
Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

13

SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Planes of Section
(handout)
1. Transverse plane =
-cross section
-right angle to long axis
-superior and
inferior sections
Transverse
result
2. Frontal/Coronal plane
-parallel to long axis
-anterior and posterior
sections result
3. Sagittal plane
-parallel to long axis
-right and left sections
result

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

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SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Body Cavities
Vital organs suspended in chambers called
body cavities
Functions:
1. Protect organs
2. Permit changes in size & shape of organs
Two Major cavities:
(handout)
1. Dorsal body cavity
2.Ventral body cavity
Dorsal body cavity
divided into:
1. Cranial cavity--brain
2. Spinal cavity--spinal cord

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

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SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Ventral Body Cavity:

divided by diaphragm into:
1. Thoracic cavity-heart and lungs
2. Abdominopelvic cavity-guts (viscera)

-Organs in ventral cavity are called viscera

-Surrounded by serous membrane called
serosa:
-Visceral serosa surrounds organ
-Parietal serosa lines cavity

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

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SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Thoracic cavity
1. Right and
Left Pleural cavities
-contain lungs
-serosa = pleura:
visceral pleura covers lung
parietal pleura lines cavity
2. Pericardial cavity
-contains heart
-serosa = pericardium:
visceral pericardium covers heart
parietal pericardium lines cavity
3. Mediastinum
-division between pleural cavities
-contains:
pericardial cavity (heart)
esophagus,
trachea, thymus

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

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SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

Abdominopelvic cavity
most also peritoneal cavity =
anything contained in peritoneum
(serosa of peritoneal cavity)
if outside peritoneum = retroperitoneal
1. Abdominal cavity
Peritoneal:
-liver,
-stomach,
-spleen,
-small intestine,
-most of large
intestine
Retroperitoneal:
-kidneys
-pancreas

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

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SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides

2. Pelvic cavity
Retroperitoneal:
-inferior large
intestine,
-inferior urinary
bladder,
-some reproductive
organs
Peritoneal:
-superior urinary
bladder,
-ovaries,
-uterus

Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D.

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SCCC BIO130 Chapter 1 Lecture Slides