Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Ayush Jain
Roll No.: 43
Class:
Div:
FY.BMS.
A
Subject: environmental
management
Year:
2013-14
1.GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is the talk of the town in this century, with its
detrimental effects already being brought to limelight by the recurring
events of massive floods, annihilating droughts and ravaging cyclones
throughout the globe. The average global temperatures are higher than they
have ever been during the past millennium, and the levels of CO2 in the
atmosphere have crossed all previous records. A scrutiny of the past records
of 100 years indicates that India figures in the first 10 in the world in terms
of fatalities and economic losses in a variety of climatic disasters.
CLIMATE
The climate is defined as the general or average weather conditions of a
certain region, including temperature, rainfall, and wind. The earths
climate is most affected by latitude, the tilt of the Earth's axis, the
movements of the Earth's wind belts, and the difference in temperatures of
land and sea, and topography. Human activity, especially relating to actions
relating to the depletion of the ozone layer, is also an important factor.
GREEN HOUSE EFFECT
Green House effect is the phenomenon whereby the earth's atmosphere
traps solar radiation, and is mediated by the presence in the atmosphere of
gases such as carbon dioxide, water vapour, and methane that allow
incoming sunlight to pass through, but absorb the heat radiated back from
the earth's surface.
GLOBAL WARMING
Global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature of the
Earth's atmosphere, especially a sustained increase great enough to cause
changes in the global climate.
The term global warming is synonymous with Enhanced green house effect,
implying an increase in the amount of green house gases in the earths
3.Environmental Resource
Management
It is the management of the interaction and impact of human societies on
the environment. It is not, as the phrase might suggest, the management of
the environment itself. It aims to ensure that ecosystem services are
protected and maintained for future human generations, and also maintain
ecosystem integrity through considering ethical, economic, and scientific
(ecological) variables. Environmental resource management tries to identify
factors affected by conflicts that rise between meeting needs and protecting
resources. It is thus linked to environmental protection and sustainability.
Significance
Environmental resource management is an issue of increasing concern, as
reflected in its prevalence in seminal texts influencing global socio-political
frameworks such as the Brundtland Commission's Our Common Future,
which highlighted the integrated nature of environment and international
development and the World watch Institute's annual State of the World
(book series) reports.
Scope
5.Carbon Trading
Carbon emissions trading is a form of emissions trading that specifically
targets carbon dioxide (calculated in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent or
tCO2e) and it currently constitutes the bulk of emissions trading.
This form of permit trading is a common method countries utilize in order
to meet their obligations specified by the Kyoto Protocol; namely the
reduction of carbon emissions in an attempt to reduce (mitigate) future
climate change.
Economics
Emissions trading works by setting a quantitative limit on the emissions
produced by emitters. The economic basis for emissions trading is linked to
the concept of property rights.
Costs and valuation
The economic problem with climate change is that the emitters of
greenhouse gases (GHGs) do not face the full cost implications of their
actions. There are costs that emitters do face, e.g., the costs of the fuel
being used, but there are other costs that are not necessarily included in the
price of a good or service. These other costs are called external costs.
Ethics and fairness
The way of dealing with climate change has particular ethical issues and
other issues related to the fairness of the problem. To actually calculate
social costs requires value judgements about the value of future climate
impacts. There is no consensus among economists over how to value the
fairness (economists use the term equity to mean fairness) of a particular
climate policy. E.g. how to share the burden of costs for mitigating future
climate change. There are methods to infer prices for "non-market" goods
and services. However, these valuations can be controversial, e.g.,
valuations of human health impacts, or ecosystems.
Equity
One of the advantages of Coase's model is that it suggests that fairness
(equity) can be addressed in the distribution of property rights, and that
regardless of how these property rights are assigned, the market will
produce the most efficient outcome. In reality, according to the held view,
markets are not perfect, and it is therefore possible that a trade off will
occur between equity and efficiency.
Taxes versus caps
A large number of papers in the economics literature suggest that carbon
taxes should be preferred to carbon trading. Counter-arguments to this are
usually based on the possible preference that politicians may have for
emissions trading compared with taxes. One of these is that emission
permits can be freely distributed to polluting industries, rather than the
revenues going to the government. A pure carbon tax fixes the price of
carbon, but allows the amount of carbon emissions to vary; and a pure
carbon cap places a limit on carbon emissions, letting the market price of
tradable carbon allowances vary.
Trading
In an emissions trading system, permits may be traded by emitters who are
liable to hold a sufficient number of permits in system. Some analysts argue
that allowing others to participate in trading insider.
6.Non-Biodegradable Waste
It will NOT break down or at least NOT break down for many years.
Examples of Non-biodegradable are plastics, metal and glass. Dangerous
chemicals and toxins are also non-biodegradable, as are plastic grocery
bags, plastic water bottles and other similar materials.
Non-biodegradable products are the products that do not breakdown, decay,
or decompose into simpler forms of matter. Nature cannot reuse the
products when they are discarded. Material that is not organic is nonbiodegradable as opposed to biodegradable products that are made of
organic materials. Products made with non-organic materials are nonbiodegradable products or non-biodegradable material or waste. Some
examples of non-biodegradable products include plastics, foam drinking
cups, circuit boards, ceramics, metals, oil, aluminium cans, and glass
bottles.
Ways to deal with non-degradable waste
Used tube lights are also turning out to be a major headache as these
contain high levels of mercury and need to be disposed of safely.
Along with technologies to promote home-based biodegradable waste
management, every city needs sanitary landfills to dispose of nonbiodegradable waste, says Dr. Sreekumar.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Studynation.com
Google.com
Studygs.com