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Problem Specification
1. Pre-Analysis & Start-Up
2. Geometry
3. Mesh
4. Setup (Physics)
5. Solution
6. Results
7. Verification & Validation
8. Exercises
A uniform supersonic stream encounters a wedge with a half-angle of 15 degrees as shown in the figure below.
Using FLUENT, calculate the Mach Number, static and total pressure behind the oblique shock that will be formed. Also, calculate the
shock angle, pressure coefficient along the wedge and drag coefficient. Compare the FLUENT results with the corresponding
analytical results.
Go to Step 1 - Pre-Analysis & Start-Up
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Screen Management
This tutorial is designed such that the user can have both ANSYS Workbench and the tutorial open. As shown below, this online
tutorial should fill approximately 1/3 of the screen, while ANSYS Workbench fills the remaining 2/3 of the screen.
Setup Project
To begin, we need to tell ANSYS what kind of simulation we are doing. If you look to the left of the start up window, you will see the
Toolbox Window. Take a look through the different selections. We will be using FLUENT to complete the simulation. Load the F l u i d
F l o w
( F box
L Uby dragging
E N T and
) dropping it into the Project Schematic.
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2. Geometry
3. Mesh
4. Setup (Physics)
5. Solution
6. Results
7. Verification & Validation
8. Exercises
Geometry
Care to skip the geometry and meshing steps? README
If you would prefer to skip the geometry and mesh steps, then you can download the necessary files here. Download
the "zip" file, then extract the files to your working directory. In order to load the necessary files, go to the
W o r k b e n c h ,Pthen
r (o Cj le i c ct k )P aF g i el e
>
O p e n
>
" S u .pLastly,
e r s o n i c
click here to skip ahead to Step 4 of the tutorial.
Set Up
First, we need to specify that the geometry is 2-dimensional. Right click the Geometry box
and select P r o p e. r t i e
This will open the P r o p e r t i e s
o f S c hWindow.
e m aUnder
t i Ac d Av a2 n: c Ge e oG m
e oe change
m
t r ey tA r ny a O
l yp st ii so
T y pfrom
e 3 Dto 2 D.
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After the analysis type has been set, we are ready to launch Design Modeler, the geometry engine in ANSYS. Open Design Modeler
by double clicking the geometry box
. After launching Design Modeler, you will be prompted to choose standard units.
Select M e tasether standard unit, and click O K.
Sketching
We want to sketch on the XY plane. To look at the XY plane, click the positive Z-Axis on the compass in the G r a p window.
h i c s
Now, we need to draw the wedge outline in the geometry. We will use the line tool to create the wedge. Select the line tool in the
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S k e t c h i n g window.
T o o l b Click
o x on
e the
s points shown in the below figure. Make sure the "C" is showing.
Now, we need to remove the extraneous lines that we created. In the S k e t c h i n g window,
T o click
o l the
b M
o xo ed tab,
si f and
y
select
Dimensions
Next, we need to add the dimensions for the geometry. In the S k e t c h i n g window,
T o select
o l btheoD x i em s e n tab.
s i Next,
o n s
select the general dimensioning tool
. To create a dimension, you first select a line. This will create a dimension for that line.
Next, you will need to place the dimension next to the line. See the image below for guidance.
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When the dimensions have been correctly applied, the geometry should look like this:
Create Surface
Next, we need to create a surface from the sketch. In the menu tool bar, select Concept > Surface from Sketches. In the graphics
window, select any line of the geometry.
Next, in the details window, select B a s e
below.
O b j e . Finally,
c t s press
>
A p p . The
l y geometry should now look like the figure
Create a projection
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Now, we want to project the center vertical line onto the surface body we just created. This will help us with our mesh. In the menu bar,
select N e w
S icon
k eto tcreate
c h a new sketch
The line will turn dark blue if you have done this correctly (meaning the line is fully constrained) Now, we need to create a line body
from this sketch. In the menu bar, go to L i n e s
f r o .mIn theSgraphics
k e twindow,
c h eselect
s the line you just drew. In the O u t l i n e
window, select B a s e
O b j e . Finally,
c t s press
>
A p p.l y
Finally, we are ready to project the line on the surface. In the menu bar, go to Tools > Projection. First, you will need to select an
edge. Select the middle vertical line we just created. In the d e t window,
a i l sselect E d g e s > A p p l y
Next, we need to select the surface body for the projection. In the D e t window,
a i l sselect T a r , gthen
e select
t
any point on the
surface body.
In D e t window,
a i l sselect T a r g e t . Finally,
> Apress
p p l y
. The line should now be projected on the surface. Now that we
have the surface and the projection, we no longer need the line body we first created. In the O u t lwindow,
i n eExpand 2 P a r t s ,
B o d . Right
i e sclick L i n e and
B select
o d yS u p p r e s s
B o d y
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Now that we have completed the geometry. Save the project, and close the Design Modeler.
Go to Step 3 - Mesh
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3. Mesh
4. Setup (Physics)
5. Solution
6. Results
7. Verification & Validation
8. Exercises
Mesh
Launch the Mesher
Now that we have completed creating the geometry of the domain, we are ready to mesh it. Return to the P r o j e c t
Window. In the P r o j e c t
S
window,
c h double
e m click
a t the
i cMesh box
to launch the mesher.
S c h e m
Body Sizing
Next, we will create a body sizing for the elements that will make up the domain. In the Mesh Menu, select Mesh Control > Sizing.
Next, select the body selection filter in the menu bar
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Named Selections
Now, we need to create named selections to use when we set boundary conditions. To create a named selection, first ensure that the
edge selection filter
is selected. Next, left click on the desired edge you wish to name (multiple edges can be selected while
holding down CTRL), then right click on the edge and select C r e a t e
N a m .e d
S e l e c t i o n
There are 4 edges that make up the farfield, and they can all be named at once by holding down CTRL, left clicking all
of the edges while holding down CTRL, then right clicking and selecting "Create Named Selection"
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Once the selections are all named and the mesh is created, you may save the project and close the mesher.
Go to Step 4 - Setup (Physics)
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4. Setup (Physics)
5. Solution
6. Results
7. Verification & Validation
8. Exercises
Setup (Physics)
Update the Project and Open FLUENT
Before we open FLUENT, we need to update the project the import the mesh into FLUENT. To do this, click Update Project
. When the project updates, double click Setup
to open FLUENT.
Initial Settings
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Models
In the outline window, click M o d . We
e l will
s need to utilize the energy equation in order to solve this simulation. Under M o d e l s
highlight E n e r g and
y click
- EO df if. Now,
t . .the. E n e window
r g y will launch. Check the box next to E n e r g y Eandqhitu a t i o
OK. We also need to change the type of viscosity model. Select V i s c o u s and
- click
L aE md ii. Choose
nt .a . r . the I n v i s c i d
option and press O K.
Materials
In the O u t lwindow,
i n ehighlight M a t e . rIn the
i aMl as t e window,
r i a lhighlight
s
F l u, and
i dclick C r e a t e. this
/ Ewilldlaunch
i t .the. .
C r e a t e / E d window;
i t Mhere
a we
t ecanr specify
i a l the
s properties of the fluid. Set the D e n sto Ii d
t ye a ,l the S
G pa es c i f i c
H e to
a 1006.43,
t
the M o l e c u l ato r28.966.
W eWhen
i g you
h thave updated these fields, press C h a n g e ./ C r e a t e
Boundary Conditions
In the O u t lwindow,
i n eselect B o u n d a r y
.C
Weowillnnow
d specify
i t i oeach
n boundary
s
condition for the simulation.
Farfield
In the B o u n d a r y window,
C o nselect
d i f t ai ro f.nUse
i se the
l drop-down
d
menu to change the T y pto pe r e s s u r e. You
- f a r will be asked to confirm the change, and do so by pressing O K. Next, a dialogue box will open with some parameters we need to
specify. Change the G a u g e
P r e s sto u1 r0 e1 ,3and
( 2PM5a as cc ha l N) tou3 .m b e r
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Wedge
In the B o u n d a r y
window,
C o nselect
d i wt ie od. nUse
g sethe drop-down menu to change the T y pto w
e a. l l
Symmetry
In the B o u n d a r y
window,
C o nselect
d i st yi om nms. Use
e t the
r drop-down
y
menu to change the T y pto se y m m . e t r y
Operating Conditions
In the B o u n d a r y
press O K
window,
C o nselect
d i the
t iO o pn e s r a t i n g button.
C o Change
n d i the
t G
i oa nu sg e
Reference Values
In the O u t lwindow,
i n eselect R e f e r e n c. Change
e
V the
a Cl uo em sp u t parameter
e
F r too f ma r f. Check
i e l that
d the values
are accurate. The reference values are used when calculating the non-dimensional results such as the drag coefficient.
Go to Step 5 - Solution
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5. Solution
6. Results
7. Verification & Validation
8. Exercises
Solution
Solution Methods
In the O u t lwindow,
i n eselect S o l u t i o n to open
M ethet Sh oo l d u s t i o n window.
M eUnder
t h So pd as t i a l
ensure that the option under F l oS we c o n d
O r is
d selected.
e r
U p w i n d
D ,i s c r e t
Solution Controls
In the O u t lwindow,
i n eselect S o l u t i o n to open
C othen St or ol ul ts i o n window.
C oEnsure
n t rthat
o the
l sC o u r a n t
is set to 5 . . 0
N u m
Monitors
In the O u t lwindow,
i n eclick M o n i tot open
o r the
s M o n i window.
t o r Ins the M o n i window,
t o r select
s
R e s i d u a l s
P r
and press E d i. This
t . will
. . open the R e s i d u a l window.
M oWe
n want
i t to
o change
r s the convergence criteria for our solution.
Under E q u a and
t itoothenright of C o n t i, change
n u i the
t A
y b s o l u t eto 1e-6.
C r Repeat
i t e for
r xi -a v e l, yo - c v i et ly, o c i t
and e n e , rthen
g press
y
O K.
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Solution Initialization
In the O u t lwindow,
i n eselect S o l u t i o n
I. We
n ineed
t i toamake
l i an
z "Initial
a t i Guess"
o n to the solution so FLUENT can iterate
to find the final solution. In the S o l u t i o n
Iwindow,
n i t under
i a C
l i oz ma p
t i u o t, nselect
e
ff ra or m
f from
i ethel drop
d down box.
Check to see that the values that generate match our inputted values, then press I n i t i a l i z e
Run Calculation
In the O u t lwindow,
i n eselect R u n
C a l . Change
c u l the
a tN i uo m
n b e r
o f to 100.
I t Double
e r a click
t i Co an l sc uto run
l athet e
calculation. It should only take about a minute to solve. After the calculation is complete, save the project.
Go to Step 6 - Results
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6. Results
7. Verification & Validation
8. Exercises
Results
Velocity Vectors
First, let's take a look at the velocity vectors. In the O u t lwindow,
i n eunder R e s uselect
l t Cs o l o r s
C o l o r s a n d window,
A n under
i m Ga rt ai po , select
hn is cV se c t. Then
o r press
s S e t .U p . . .
a n d . In the
A n i m a t i
In the V e c twindow
o r sthat opens, change the S c aoflthee arrows to 0 . ,2and
5 change the C o l o parameter
r
b y to V e l o c i t y .
M a c h
N u m b e r
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Once you have plotted the velocity vectors, you may close the V e c tmenu.
o r s
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P r eands press
s u Dr ie s pC
. lo a e y f f i c i e n t
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To measure the shock angle, we first need to create a line that we can plot the coefficient of pressure over. In the S o l u t i o n
X Y
window, click N e w
S u r f a c e. We >will arbitrarily
L i n use
e / the
R line,
a ky =e0.35. Set the start point of the line as ( 0 , 0, and
. 3 5 )
the end point of the line as ( 1 . 5 ,. Name
0 . 3the5line
) y
=
.0Now
. press
3 5 C r e a t e
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Now, the new surface will appear in the list of surfaces. We want to plot the pressure coefficient across the wedge and the new line
we created in order to determine the shock angle. In the list of surfaces, select w e d g e ,
s and
y m
y m= e . Press
t0 r. y3P, 5l . o t
We can then use the information from the plot to solve for the shock angle.
The shock angle from the analytical solution was 32.221 degrees. Because we took the value from a graph, a bit more error is to be
expected.
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This will compute the maximum and minimum gradients of static pressure. Next, we need to pick a threshold. In order to do this, click
on C o n t o. This
u r will
s open
. . the
. familiar C o n t window.
o u r Ins the C o n t window,
o u r select
s
Contours of A d a p t i o n . . .
E x i s t i n, then
g press
V a Cl ou m
e p. This
u twille populate the C o n t menu
o u with
r sthe values were were viewing for adaption, in
this case, gradient of the static pressure. Also, make sure to uncheck N o d e
V. a l u e s
Our goal is to discover the areas of high gradient, and mark those areas for adaption. Using the contour graph we can then find the
areas of high pressure gradient that we want to refine. In the C o n t window,
o u r uncheck
s
A u t o
.RThis
a will
n allow
g e us to specify
the range of gradients we can see in the graph. Change the M i value
n to 1 0 0 . Then
0 0 press D i s p. You
l awillysee that the
pressure gradients above 10000 generally mark the area of high pressure gradient quite well. We will use 10000 as our threshold for
refinement.
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Notice that the area surrounding the shock was refined. Now, re-initialize the solution, (Solution Initialization > Compute From Farfield
> Initialize), and rerun the solution (you will also need to increase the number of iterations I recommend 150).
Now, once again, plot the contours of the mach number. Below is a comparison of the mach number results from the original mesh
and the refined mesh.
Original Mesh
Refined Mesh
The most striking difference between the two results is the thickness of the shock. Notice that for the refined mesh, the shock is less
thick that for the original mesh. This shows that the refined mesh is converging towards the real case.
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In order to verify our simulation, we need to compare our results to either an analytical solution or an experiment. Below is a table
comparing the values from the simulation with the calculations from the pre-analysis.
Mach Number Static Pressure (atm) Shock Angle (degrees)
Theory Value
2.254
2.824
32.22
FLUENT Solution
2.243
2.803
34.99
0.7%
8.2%
As we can see from the table, we are getting fairly good matching between the computation and analytical approaches. From this we
can build our trust in our simulation.
Continue to Exercises
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8. Exercises
Separated Shock
Next, we will alter the geometry to achieve a separated shock. Close FLUENT and open the Design Modeler. We want to increase
the angle of the wedge above its critical angle. We will increase the angle to 35 degrees. Change the geometry's dimensions to
match that of the diagram below.
Once the geometry has changed, close the design modeler. We will have to re-calculate the solution, but we will want to change some
factors affecting the solution. Usually, when you make an upstream change in ANSYS, the program will update all of the downstream
data. We want to break this connection, so right click
and select
R e s. We
e will
t have to input the boundary conditions again, but that shouldn't take long and will end up saving us time when we
calculate the solution inside of the FLUENT environment.
Next, open up the mesher by double clicking
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Plot the contour plot of the mach number to see how the shock has changed.
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