Chemistry Experiment Report

Identification of Functional Groups

1. Celine Kurniawan
2. Fransisca Xaveria
3. Matthew Arnan
4. Reynaldo Harry
5. Shuka
XIA-1

St. Laurensia Senior High School

Jalan Sutera Utama, Alam Sutera Kota Tangerang Selatan Provinsi Banten
Tlp. (021) 5398888
2014

I. Objectives

To classify substances into functional groups based on the laboratory tests

To identify the chemical formula of substances through laboratory tests

II. Basic Theory

II. 1 Sample Descriptions:
A: Yellowish color with thick feeling, insoluble in water.
B: Transparent liquid with strong acidic smell.
C: Transparent liquid with no apparent smell
D: Transparent liquid with very strong alcoholic smell and cool feel
E: Dark liquid with betadine like smell.

II. 2 Indicators
II.2.1 Na Metal:
Na metal is a highly volatile solid with a silver color and is very malleable. It can react very
easily with water or any OH bond. When reacted with any of those, it will react quickly and
form bubbles at the liquid. After it is done, a colorless liquid is then made. In the case of
sodium and ethanol reaction, sodium ethoxide is made.
2CH3 CH2 OH + 2Na 2 CH3CH2ONa +H2
The type of reaction mentioned above will form alkoxide.
Reaction of Na with water = 2Na(s) + H2O 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)
Reaction of Na with halogens (F2, Cl2, I2, etc) = 2Na(s) + F2 NaF(s)
II.2.2 NaOH:
This compound exists in form of a white solid and is highly soluble in in water. NaOH when
reacted with Esters (fat or oil) will react in a saponification reaction or also known as basic
hydrolysis reaction of fat and oil. This is where the triglycerides of the esters are hydrolyzed
into soap and a salt of carboxylic acid is formed. At the end of the reaction some liquid will
settle at the bottom.

Hydrolisis Reaction:
Fat + NaOH glycerol + sodium salt of fatty acid

II.2.3 Benedicts reagent:

Benedicts reagent (copper sulphate) is a very common solution used to detect the presence of
reducing sugars (glucose). It will react to monosaccharaides and disaccharides. Glucose or
reducing sugars is an aldehyde. It has the carbonyl group of CHO with the double bond of O.

When reacted with those compounds, its clear blue color will change to reddish brown. Its
color ranges from green (low sugar amount) to reddish brown (high sugar amount). The
reaction is = 2 CuSO4.5H2O + C6H12O6 C6H12O6 + Cu2O + 2H2SO4 + 8H2O. The reddish
color is caused by the copper(I)oxide formed.

II.2.4 Bromine Water Test (Br2):

Bromine water is a dark yellowish liquid that contains diatomic bromine and can dissolve in
water. When it meets alkene, there will be a decolorization to the solution. It happens because
the double bond in the alkene breaks so that the alkene can accept a bromine atom to form a
di-bromo alkane. Once the bromine bonds with alkene, the compound formed is colorless and
so the water is decolorized.
When it meets phenol and forming a 2,4,6-tribromophenol, there will be a precipitation.
Precipitation is a white solid sedimentation in the solution.
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II.2.5 Acid Base Indicators:

Methyl Red
Methyl red is one of strong acid indicators. It is useful for pH from 4,4-6,2. When the pH of
the solution is below 4,4 methyl red will turn into red and when the pH of the solution is
above 6,2 methyl red will turn into yellow.
PP (phenolphthalein)
PP is one of the weak acid indicators. It is useful for pH from 8-10. When the pH of the
solution is below 8,methyl red will turn colorless and when the pH of the solution is above 10,
methyl red will turn into pink.
Blue litmus paper
It is also one of simple acid base indicators but not in specific (just dip the paper in the
solution). It can only tell you if a solution's pH is greater than, less than, or equal to 7, which
is a neutral solution. Blue Litmus will turn into Red when it meets acid solution (pH < 7)
Red litmus paper
It is also one of simple acid base indicators but not in specific (just dip the paper in the
solution). It can only tell you if a solution's pH is greater than, less than, or equal to 7, which
is a neutral solution. Red Litmus will turn into Blue when it meets base solution (pH more than
7)

III. Data and Analysis

Sampl

Na

NaOH

Benedic

Air

Methy

Phenolp

Blue

Red

Bromin

Tape

Tape

red

Thalein

Yellow

Yellow

e
A

decolorize

pink

decolorize

decolorize

Brown

Yellow

red

precipitate

= change/reacts
= No change
Analysis

Na Test

Based on the data substances that react with sodium are all substance except sample A.
Reaction with sodium usually occurs with water, halogens, acids, and bases. Functional
groups that reacted with sodium are the one with OH because liquid they can be reacted with
sodium metal. This proves that all the sample expect sample A have functional group of OH.

NaOH Test

Substance reacted with NaOH will produce a sediment that proves the substance have a
carbonyl functional group. This reaction is called saponification, the base of making soap and
is usually reacted with esters. So the carbonyl group reacted with NaOH will create a
sedimentation that actually is the soap produced. From the data only sample A produce a
sedimentation when reacted with NaOH so we know sample A have carbonyl function group.

Benedict Test

Sample that is mixed and heated with benedict and produces a brown to red brick color,
proves that the sample have CHO functional group or reducing sugar (glucose) is present.
Only sample C produces an orange brown color after heated. While the rest result in the color
of blue or dark blue that proves that the sample doesnt have CHO functional group.

Bromine Water Test

The samples that react with bromine water are all samples except sample D. Sample A, B, and
C reacts with bromine by signs of decolorizing the color of the bromine. The breaking of
carbon-carbon double bonds causes the discoloration of bromine, thus, these three samples
have carbon-carbon double bonds. The mechanism that occurs here is electrophilic addition.
For example: CH2 = CH2 + Br2 Br-CH2 CH2 - Br
Sample E reacts with bromine water seen by the white precipitation formed. When
precipitations are formed, it shows that the substance is very reactive by doing electrophilic
substitution and it has a OH group. The most common of this kind of reaction is with phenol
and the precipitate is called 2,4,6-tribromophenol.

Acid-Base Indicators

One of the acid base indicators is litmus paper. From the data, we could see that the samples
that made the paper to change color to red (acid) is sample B. Whereas the rest of the samples
are considered as base as they have effected the paper to go blue (base).
On the use of methyl red drops on these samples, the samples that changed colors are only
sample B (pink) and E (red). This shows that both of these samples are in the pH range of 4.46.3.
When tested with phenolphthalein, all of the samples showed no change which indicated that
their pH range are not in the range of 8.2-10.
From the discussion above, we could see that sample B is acidic so it can be a carboxylic acid.
However, sample E has shown inconstant results in litmus paper (base) and methyl red
indicator (acid). We can analyze it as a weak acid substance that sometimes the acidity can be
ignored. Sample A, C, and D are base substances (oil, grease, organic compounds).

IV. Conclusion
Sample A= Esther R-C(=O)OR; most likely oil
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Process of saponification occurred when reacted with NaOH

Yellow color and insoluble in water

Contain double bonds of carbon (react with bromine)

Base substance

Sample B= Carboxylic acid R-C(=O)OH; most likely acetic acid

Contains OH

Contain double bonds of carbon (react with bromine)

Litmus papers showed that the substance is acid

Looks like vinegar

Sample C= Aldehyde R-C(=O)H, most likely glucose

Contains bonds of OH

Result of benedict test proved that it contains glucose

Contain double bonds of carbon (react with bromine)

Base substance; in this case it is seen as a neutral substance

Sample D= Alcohol R-OH; most likely ethanol

Contains OH

Base substance

Sample E= Phenol C6H5OH

Contains OH

Contain double bonds of carbon (react with bromine)

Precipitated when reacted with bromine water, proving that it contains phenol

Weak acid

References:
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http://www.chemguide.co.uk/
http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/
http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/554soap.html
http://www.mhhe.com/physsci/chemistry/carey/student/olc/ch20reactionsesters.html#hydrolys
is
http://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/standard/chemistry/plasticsandothermaterials/carbohydrates/rev
ision/3/
http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/2organic/aldehyde.html