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PROJECT REPORT

ON
FRACTAL ANTENNA DESIGN FOR WIMAX BAND AND ITS 4G
APPLICATION
This project report is submitted to JUET in partial fulfilment of
the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Communication Engineering

Jaypee University Of Engineering And Technology


Guna 473226
2013-2014

Under the guidance of

Submitted by

Dr. Ravi Kumar

[Group 10]

(Assistant Professor) (SG)

Ayush Khandelwal

[101033]

Department of Electronics and Communication

Dhruv Goel

[101038]

Engineering

Rajeev Lochan Gupta [101083]

Jaypee University of Engineering and Technology,


A.B. Road,Raghogarh, Distt.-Guna (M.P.)
Phone: 07544-267310-314,267051
Fax: 07544-267011
Website: www.jiet.ac.in

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled, Fractal Antenna Design for WIMAX Band and its 4G
Applicationsubmitted by Ayush Khandelwal (101033), Dhruv Goel (101038), Rajeev Lochan Gupta
(101083) in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology Degree in
Electronics And Communication Engineering at the Jaypee University Of Engineering And
Technology, GUNA is an authentic work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. To the
best of our knowledge, the matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted to any other University/
Institute for the award of any degree or diploma.

Date:

Dr. Ravi kumar


(Assistant Professor) (SG)
Dep. Of Electronics and
Communication Engg.
JUET,Guna

DECLARATION BY CANDIDATE

We, the undersigned, solemnly declare that the report of the project work entitled Fractal Antenna
Design for WIMAX Band and its 4G Application is based on our own work carried out during
the course of our study under the supervision of Dr. Ravi Kumar, Assistant Professor (SG)
Department of ECE, JUET, Guna.
We assert that the statements made and conclusions drawn are an outcome of the project work. We
further declare to the best of our knowledge and belief that the project report does not contain
any

part

of

any

work

which

has

been

submitted

for

the

award

of

any

other

degree/diploma/certificate in this University or any other University.

Signature

Name of the Students:

Date

.
Ayush Khandelwal [101033]

.
Dhruv Goel [101038]

...

.
Rajeev Lochan Gupta [101083]

..

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This report is completes with prayers of many and love of our family and friends. However, there are a
few people that we would like to specially acknowledge and extend our heartfelt gratitude who have
made the completion of this report possible. With the biggest contribution to this report I would like to
thank our guide Dr. Ravi Kumar had given us her full support in guiding us with stimulating suggestions
and encouragement to go ahead in all the time of thesis work.

Signature

Name of the Students:

Date

.
Ayush Khandelwal [101033]

.
Dhruv Goel [101038]

...

.
Rajeev Lochan Gupta [101083]

..

ABSTRACT

Wireless technology is one of the main areas of research in world of communication. Multimode,
multiband operation presents a formidable challenge to mobile phone designers, particularly for the RF
parts. Of these antennas occupy the largest volume and, hence, have the biggest impact on the styling of
the device. It is well-known that antenna bandwidth is proportional to volume. However, the space
allocated to the antenna(s) has not increased: on the contrary, it is tending to decrease due to the demand
for thinner, more highly stylized devices.
The multiband antenna must be capable of providing a good gain and bandwidth compatible with future
and current system. A natural way for these antennas has been the application of the fractal theory, which
allows the project of multiband antennas with reduced sizes.
In this report we have proposed and designed a new fractal antenna for WiMAX band with frequency
range of 2 GHz 6 GHz. And test the antenna for all the frequencies within the band.
The entire project has been simulated in IE3D software which is based on Method of Moment (MOM).
The proposed antenna can be used in modern mobile handsets.It analyzes 3D and multilayer structures of
general shapes. It has been widely used in the design of MICs, RFICs, patch antennas, wire antennas, and
other RF/wireless antennas. It can be used to calculate and plot the S parameters, VSWR, current
distributions as well as the radiation pattern

CONTENTS

Certificate

Declaration

ii

Acknowledgement

iii

Abstract

iv

Table of Contents

List of Figures

viii

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Introduction

1.1

Introduction...........................................................................................................................6

1.2

Historical Background..........................................................................................................7

1.3 Antenna Parameters..............................................................................................................9


1.4

Modern Trend In Antenna Design......................................................................................13

1.5

Fractals................................................................................................................................14

1.6 Advantages..........................................................................................................................16

1.7 Application.........................................................................................................................17

1.8

Chapter 2

Frequency Bands...............................................................................................................18

Mathematical Analysis

2.1 Microstrip Patch Antenna..................................................................................................17


2.2 Feed Techniques.................................................................................................................21
2.3 Iterated Function System: The Language of Fractals........................................................25
2.4 Sierpinski Gasket...............................................................................................................27
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2.5 Current Distribution...........................................................................................................28


2.6 Iterative Transmission Line Model.....................................................................................28
2.7 Sierpinski Carpet.................................................................................................................30

Chapter 3

Detail Study of Model

3.1 Software Used.......................................................................................................................26


3.2 Reasons for using the particular design.................................................................................27
3.3 Simulated structure................................................................................................................27
3.4 Approach to proposed design................................................................................................28
3.5 Circular Patch Analysis.........................................................................................................28
3.6 Return loss.............................................................................................................................30
3.7 VSWR....................................................................................................................................30
3.8 Antenna Properties....................................................................................................31
3.9 Proposed antenna...................................................................................................................31
3.10 Effect on subsequent iterations................................................................................32

Chapter 4

Simulations

4.1 Simulations 1......................................................................................................................41


4.2 Proposed Array Antenna.................................................................................................43

4.3 Reflection coefficient.......................................................................................................44


4.4 The Transmission coefficient..................................................................................46
4.5 The VSWR...............................................................................................................48
4.6 VSWR results for simple fractal antenna...................................................................49

4.7 Return loss results for simple fractal antenna ...........................................................50


4.8 VSWR results for array antenna................................................................................50
4.9 Reflection coefficient for array antenna.......................................................................51
4.10 Usefulness and Application.....................................................................................51
Chapter 5

Conclusion

5.1 Conclusion.............................................................................................................................52
5.2 Scope for Improvement..........................................................................................................53
REFERENCES

LIST OF FIGURES
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Figure 1.1 Optical Telegraph


Figure 1.2 Antenna as a transition device
Figure 1.3 Radiation pattern of an antenna
Figure 1.4 Examples of fractal geometry
Figure 1.5 Distribution of LTE network
Figure 2.1 Structure of a Patch Antenna
Figure 2.2 Common shapes of Microstrip patch elements
Figure 2.3 Microstrip Line Feed
Figure 2.4 Probe fed Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna
Figure 2.5 Aperture-Coupled Feed
Figure 2.6 Proximity-coupled Feed
Figure 2.7 Contraction
Figure 2.8 Current Distribution
Figure 2.9 The stages of iteration of Sierpinski carpet
Figure 3.1 Simulated Fractal Shapes
Figure 3.2 Basic Shape
Figure 3.3 Simulated Fractal Geometry
Figure 3.4 S11 of first iteration
Figure 3.5 S11 of second iteration
Figure 3.6 S11 of third iteration
Figure 3.7 S11 of fourth iteration
Figure 3.8 VSWR of first iteration
Figure 3.9 VSWR of second iteration
Figure 3.10 VSWR of third iteration
Figure 3.11 VSWR of fourth iteration
Figure 3.12 Gain of first iteration
Figure 3.13 Gain of second iteration
Figure 3.14 Gain of third iteration
Figure 3.15 Gain of fourth iteration
Figure 3.16 Radiation pattern of first iteration
Figure 3.17 Radiation pattern of second iteration
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Figure 3.18 Radiation pattern of third iteration


Figure 3.19 Radiation pattern of fourth iteration
Figure 4.1 Structure of the antenna
Figure 4.2 Array antenna on first iteration
Figure 4.3 Array antenna on second iteration
Figure 4.4 Array antenna on third iteration
Figure 4.5 Reflection coefficient on first iteration
Figure 4.6 Reflection coefficient on second iteration
Figure 4.7 Reflection coefficient on third iteration
Figure 4.8 Transmission coefficient on first iteration
Figure 4.9 Transmission coefficient on second iteration
Figure 4.10 Transmission coefficient on third iteration
Figure 4.11 VSWR on first iteration
Figure 4.12 VSWR on second iteration
Figure 4.13 VSWR on third iteration

LIST OF TABLES
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Table 1.1.........................................................Advantages and Benefits of Fractals


Table 2.1.........................................................Comparing the different feed technique
Table 3.1 Antenna Properties
Table 4.1.........................................................Return Loss at different frequencies
Table 4.2.........................................................VSWR at different frequencies
Table 4.3....VSWR and % error for simple fractal antenna
Table 4.4....Return loss and % error for simple fractal antenna
Table 4.5........................................................VSWR results for array antenna
Table 4.6 .......................................................Reflection coefficient for array antenna

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