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[Revision] Agriculture Chemistry: Mineral Nutrition, Plant Growth

Regulators, Ethylene, Hydroponics, Photoperiodism, Vernalisation

Science (http://mrunal.org/category/science) / 1 day Ago /

10 Comments (http://mrunal.org/2015/08/revision-upsc-agriculture-chemistry-mineral-nutrition.h
1.

Prologue

2.

Plant growth regulators (PGRs)

3.

4.

5.

1.

Auxins

2.

Gibberellins (GA)

3.

Cytokinins

4.

Ethylene

5.

Ethephon

6.

Abscisic acid (ABA)

7.

Essential elements

Macronutrients vs Micronutrients
1.

Chlorosis vs Necrosis

2.

Nitrogen

Misc. Terms
1.

PHOTOPERIODISM

2.

VERNALISATION

3.

Biennial Plants

4.

Plasticity

5.

Hydroponics

Possible MCQs

Prologue
To provide level playing field to Only-IFoS aspirants, UPSC had asked tough technical
questions from environment and agriculture last time. For an ordinary only-CSE
aspirant, the cost:Benefit not that good in pursuing those things.
However, some of the content provided in class 11-12 biology textbooks in connection
with Botany and agriculture, could prove to be useful.
So, this article contains revision note out of Biology Class11: Chapter 12 (essential
nutrients) and 15 (growth regulators).

Plant growth regulators (PGRs)

Growth means an irreversible permanent increase in size of an organ /cell.

water, oxygen and nutrients=> Metabolism (Anabolic/catabolic)=>Growth.
Plant growth regulators are indole compounds and have two subtypes:
1. growth promoters (auxins, gibberellins and cytokinins)
2. growth inhibitor (e.g. Absicis acid)
Ethylene fits in either group, but largely growth inhibitor.
Auxins
Auxins (Greek word to grow). Chemically theyre indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
first isolated from human urine
Auxins used for Parthenocarpy in tomatoes i.e. the development of a fruit without
fertilization or seeds.
Assertion: Auxins used as herbicides. Correct Reason: They can kill dicotyledonous
weeds without harming mature monocotyledonous plants.
Auxins help to initiate rooting in stem cuttings- hence used for plant propagation.
Auxins prevent fruit and leaf from dropping at early stages but promote the abscission of
older mature leaves and fruits.
Auxins promote flowering in pineapples.
Gibberellins (GA)
Gibberellins (1) increase length of grapes stalks (2) They elongate and improve shape of
Apples.
They delay senescence, so fruits can be left on the tree longer so as to extend the market
period.
In brewing industry, GA 3 is used to fasten the malting process
Sugarcane stores carbohydrate as sugar in their stems. GA spray will increase stems
length & thereby yield to 20 tonnes per acre.
GA spray will hasten maturity of juvenile conifers and lead to early seed production.
In beet, cabbages GA promotes bolting (internode elongation just prior to flowering).
All GAs are acidic in Nature.
Cytokinins
Theyre produced in in regions where rapid cell division occurs- e.g. root apices,
developing shoot buds, young fruits etc.
They produce new leaves, chloroplasts in leaves and growth of shoot.

They promote nutrient mobilisation to delay leaf senescence

Cytokinins help overcome the apical dominance.
Apical dominance: In most higher plants, the growing apical bud inhibits the growth of
the lateral (axillary) buds. Therefore, in plantations, hedge-making- shoot tips are remoted
(decapitation) to make lateral buds grow.
Ethylene
Ethylene is a simple gaseous Plant growth regulators (PGRs)
It is synthesized in tissues undergoing senescence and ripening fruits
In leaves and flowers, Ethylene promotes following
Senescence: process of growing older and showing the effects of increasing age
Abscission: Shedding of flowers, leaves and fruit.
respiratory climactic: Ethylene enhances the respiration rate during ripening of the
fruits. Thus helps in fruit ripening.
Ethylene breaks seed and bud dormancy, peanut seeds germination, potato tubers
sprouting,
Ethylene promotes elongation in deep water rice plants so leaves can remain above
water.
Ethylene also promotes root hair growth to increase absorption surface
Ethylene is used to synchronise fruit-set in pineapples and flowering in mango
Since ethylene regulates so many physiological processes, it is one of the most widely
used PGR in agriculture
Ethephon
Ethephon is most widely used source of Ethylene. It is an aqueous solution is readily
absorbed and transported within the plant and releases ethylene slowly.
Ethephon hastens fruit ripening in tomatoes and apples and accelerates abscission in
flowers and fruits (thinning of cotton, cherry, walnut). It promotes female flowers in
cucumbers thereby increasing the yield.
Abscisic acid (ABA)
It acts as a general plant growth inhibitor, metabolism inhibitor, seed germination
inhibitor.
ABA induces dormancy, helps seeds to withstand desiccation.

Assertion: Abscisic acid is also known as stress hormone. Correct Reason: It increases

the tolerance of plants to various kinds of stresses.

Essential elements
weathering and breakdown of rocks=> essential minerals => root=> xylem tissue=> plant
Thus, Most of the essential minerals are derived from the rock minerals. Therefore, plant
nutrition is called mineral nutrition.
60+ elements found in different plants- including gold, selenium and even radioactive
strontium (if plant growing in nuke site)
So, the question is- how can we know if given element is essential for plant or not?
Well, Essential elements have 3 characteristics:
If theyre absent, plant will not complete its lifecycle.
Theyre not replaceable by other elements.
Theyre directly involved in plant-metabolism.
Total 17 Essential elements further divided into two groups:
Macronutrients vs Micronutrients

Macronutrients
Present in plant tissues in large amounts (>10 mmole Kg
1 of dry matter).
From soil: nitrogen, phosphorous (ATP), sulphur,
potassium (stomata opening-closing), calcium and
magnesium (Chlorophyll)
From air: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Micronutrients
Less amount / trace elements.

iron, manganese, copper,

molybdenum, zinc, boron,
chlorine and nickel

Among above, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen

are components of biomolecules hence called
structural elements
If nitrogen, potassium and magnesium deficiency, then
itll be first visible in the senescent leaves.
Chlorosis vs Necrosis

Chlorosis

Necrosis

Leaves turn yellow due to loss of Chlorophyll.

Death of leaf tissue

deficiency of elements N, K, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn and Mo

deficiency of Ca, Mg, Cu, K.

Nitrogen

Plants need this element in the greatest amount, because of

Its role in meristematic tissues and the metabolically active cells.
Nitrogen is one of the major constituents of proteins, nucleic acids, vitamins and
hormones.
Artificial: Industrial combustions, forest fires, automobile exhausts and powergenerating stations.
Natural: Decomposition of organic material => Ammonification => Nitrogen fixing
bacteria Nitrosomonas and/or Nitrococcus => Nitrite=>oxidation by Nitrobacter.
nitrogen-fixing microbes could be free-living or symbiotic.
Azotobacter is a free-living nitrogen-fixing aerobic microbes.
Assertion: nitrogen is a limiting nutrient for both natural and agricultural eco-systems.
Correct-Reason: Plants compete with microbes for the limited nitrogen in the soil.

Misc. Terms
PHOTOPERIODISM
Plant-flowering depends on combination of light exposure and its duration. This is known
as photoperiodism.
Day-neutral plants: They have no correlation between exposure to light duration and
flowering response.
VERNALISATION
Vernalisation: When flowering is dependent on exposure to low temperature. ExampleWheat, barley and rye- they have two varieties:

Winter
Planted in
autumn

Spring
normally planted in the spring and come to flower and produce grain before
the end of the growing season.
If winter variety of planted in spring, theyll fail to flower / theyll fail to
produce mature grain within flowering season.

Biennial Plants
Examples: Sugerbeet, cabbages, carrots.
They normally flower and die in the second season.
They are monocarpic plants i.e. Dying after bearing fruit only once.
Plasticity
It means Plants follow different pathways in response to environment to form different
kinds of structures. This ability is called e.g., heterophylly in cotton, coriander and
larkspur.
In such plants, juvenile plants leaves are different in shape than mature plants.
Hydroponics
German Botanist Julius von Sachs showed plants could be grown without soil, in a
nutrient solution. This technique is called hydroponics.
Hydroponics is used in commercial cultivation of tomato, seedless cucumber and lettuce.

Possible MCQs
1. Which of the following statements are correct about (1) plant growth regulators (2)
photoperiodism (3) vernalisation (4) Biennial plants (4) Hydropphonics (5) essential
elements characteristics (6) Nitrogen cycle
2. Which of the macronutrients are available from soil / air?
3. Which of the following are examples of micronutrients?
4. How does Gibberellins spray increases the yield in sugar cane?
5. Which of the following effects on flower/fruits are caused by ethylene?
6. Why is Abscisic acid called a stress hormone?
7. Which of the following are examples of biennial plants?
8. What is Parthenocarpy? Why is Auxin used in it?
9. Difference between Plasticity and apical dominance?
10. Match the following: plant growth regulator vs. impacts, essential element versus its
importance

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So far 10 Comments posted

REPLY (/2015/08/REVISION-UPSC-AGRICULTURE-CHEMISTRY-MINERAL-NUTRITION.HTML?

REPLYTOCOM=353293#RESPOND)

Ryan Singh
Great work Mrunal sir. Making lives easier even during these trying
times.

REPLY (/2015/08/REVISION-UPSC-AGRICULTURE-CHEMISTRY-MINERAL-NUTRITION.HTML?
REPLYTOCOM=353306#RESPOND)

Yogeshkumar Prajapati
Please provide tags, like your other article to search easily and please
add a option in your revision menu too

REPLY (/2015/08/REVISION-UPSC-AGRICULTURE-CHEMISTRY-MINERAL-NUTRITION.HTML?
REPLYTOCOM=353315#RESPOND)

Neha
Nicely summarized. Thanks for the effort Sir.

REPLY (/2015/08/REVISION-UPSC-AGRICULTURE-CHEMISTRY-MINERAL-NUTRITION.HTML?
REPLYTOCOM=353388#RESPOND)

Civil Service Aspirant

yesterday gave SSC CGL 2015 Tier 1
getting about 107 as per an answerkey
is there any chance for making to Tier 2

REPLY (/2015/08/REVISION-UPSC-AGRICULTURE-CHEMISTRY-MINERALNUTRITION.HTML?REPLYTOCOM=353425#RESPOND)

ankush
what was ur set no?
and did u hv visually handicapped question in ur paper

REPLY (/2015/08/REVISION-UPSC-AGRICULTURE-CHEMISTRY-MINERALNUTRITION.HTML?REPLYTOCOM=353429#RESPOND)

civil service aspirant

no there were no such question in my paper
and i am also unable to find my test booklet number on
the internet but it does not matter. i checked from a
random answerkey
whats ur score

REPLY (/2015/08/REVISION-UPSC-AGRICULTURE-CHEMISTRYMINERAL-NUTRITION.HTML?REPLYTOCOM=353473#RESPOND)

ankush
102 OBC category
where u live?

vivek yadav
plz share answerkey site.

REPLY (/2015/08/REVISION-UPSC-AGRICULTURE-CHEMISTRY-MINERAL-NUTRITION.HTML?
REPLYTOCOM=353413#RESPOND)

ankush
hello
i gave ssc cgl yesterday
but i am unable to find my test form no. on the internet
and also there were no visually handicapped question in my paper

is there any problem guys?

REPLY (/2015/08/REVISION-UPSC-AGRICULTURE-CHEMISTRY-MINERAL-NUTRITION.HTML?
REPLYTOCOM=353468#RESPOND)

sudhir
Very good content
Thanks a lot ..
Expecting some more imp compilation on the other topics
ThankThanks

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Uniform
06-Aug: Navy University Entry (http://nausena-bharti.nic.in/forthcomingOfficer.php)
04-Aug: Army SSC Officers (http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/)

 B.Com,CA,HR,MBA
22-Aug: Haryana Company secretary
(http://www.hpsc.gov.in/Advertisement/2015/Advt%201%20of%202015_Naib_CS.pdf)
12-Aug: NTPC Finance Executive (http://open.ntpccareers.net/fin20152/index.php)

Medics
23-Nov: Haryana SSC (http://www.onlinehssc.in/)
24-Aug: Rajasthan Medical (http://rpsconline.rajasthan.gov.in/)

ParaMedics
31-Jul: Haryana Paramedics
(http://www.hssc.gov.in/writereaddata/Advertisements/16_1_1_Health%20Advt.%202015.doc)

Legal
02-Sep: Army Law
(http://joinindianarmy.nic.in/alpha/writereaddata/Portal/NotificationPDF/Notfn_JAG_16.pdf)
31-Aug: Haryana Judicial (http://highcourtchd.gov.in/?trs=recr_judicial)
06-Aug: DelhiHC Judicial Assistant (http://delhihighcourt.nic.in/open_position.asp)
06-Aug: Uttarakhand PSC Law (http://ukpscappl.gov.in/)
06-Aug: Chandigad HC Clerks (http://highcourtchd.gov.in/?trs=recr_staff)

1. Online Form Part-I stops few days before deadline, so don't wait till last date. Dont
forget reg.id & roll no.Note'em in Google Drive (https://www.google.com/drive/)
2. I usually update vacancies every Monday.Purple link= newly added,Blue= existing.Last
updated Aug 03, at 11:00 PM

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