ME111

Instructor: Peter Pinsky

Class #21
November 13, 2000
Todays Topics

Failure of ductile materials under static loading.

The von Mises yield criterion.

2. Consider two designs of a lug wrench for an automobile: (a)

single
ended, (b) double ended. The distance between points A and B
is
12 in. and the handle diameter is 0.625 in. What is the maximum
force possible before yielding the handle if Sy = 45 kpsi?

3. A storage rack is to be designed to hold a roll of industrial paper. The

weight of the roll is 53.9 kN, and the length of the mandrel is 1.615 m.
Determine suitable dimensions for a and b to provide a factor of
safety of 1.5 if:
(a) The beam is a ductile material with S y = 300 Mpa
(b) The beam is a brittle material with Sut = 150 Mpa, S uc = 570 Mpa.

The maximum shear stress criterion.

Reading Assignment
Juvinall, 6.5 6.8

Problem Set #7. Due Wednesday, November 22.

1. The stress (in kpsi) at a point is given bys 1 = 10, s 2 = 0, s 3 = 20
Calculate the factor of safety against failure if the material is:
(a) Brittle with Sut = 50, S uc = 90 and using modified-Mohr
theory.
(b) Ductile with S y = 40 using (i) the max. shear stress criterion,
and (ii) von Mises criterion.

4. For the problem in Example 19.1 (torsion-bar spring), what diameter

d will provide a factor of safety of N = 3 against yielding based on
von Mises with S y = 150 MPa.

5. Repeat Example 21.2 (a) and (b) using the maximum shear stress
criterion.

6. For the beam shown, determine the factor of safety

for:
(a) Ductile material with S y = 300 Mpa
(b) Brittle material with S ut = 150 Mpa, S uc = 570 Mpa.

21.1 Failure of Ductile Materials Under Static Loading

Static Loads:
Brittle materials fail by cracking or crushing and are typically
limited by their tensile strengths
Ductile materials fail by yielding and are typically limited by their
shear strengths
Recall Uniaxial Tension Test:

Problem 2

Fb

Fd 2

Fd 1

Fd 1

Problem 3

s 2, s 3

Fb
s1

Problem 6

Fd 2

21.2 Three-Dimensional Stress States

Its useful to think about 3-d stress states using principal stresses:

Recall Torsion Test:

z
3
sz

tt zy

tt zx

tt yz

tt xz
sx

s3
s

tt yx

tt xy

Fd
t

ss

Principal stresses

Fb

s1

I1ss 2 + I 2ss I 3 = 0

I1 = s x + s y + s z
Fd

I2 = s xs y + s ys z + s zs x t 2xy t

2
yz

t zx

I3 = s xs ys z + 2t xyt yzt zx s xt 2yz s yt 2zx s zt xy2

Fb
s

s3

Maximum shear stresses

t 13 =
t 21 =
t 32 =

s1 s 3

2
s 2 s1

tmax = max( t13 , t21 , t32 )

s3 s2

21.3 Split of Stress into Mean and Distortional Components

21.4 Yielding of Ductile Materials

A ductile material yields when a yield criterion is exceeded.

s3

Two yield criteria are important:

Given principal stress
state
s2

The von Mises Yield Theory

s1

The strain energy per unit volume of an elastic body has the form:
1

sm
sm =
sm

sm

1
(s + s 2 + s 3 )
3 1

Mean stress produces

volumetric strain

U = Um + Ud
1 2n 2
Um =
[s + s 22 + s 32 + 2(s 1s 2 + s 2s 3 + s 3s 1 )]
6E 1
1+ n 2
Ud =
[s + s 22 + s 32 s 1s 2 s 2s 3 s 3s 1 ]
3E 1
where U h is the strain energy per unit volume associated with pure
volume change (dilation) due to the mean (hydrostatic) stress:

1
sm =

s3 s

1
(s + s 2 + s 3 )
3 1

and where U d is the strain energy per unit volume associated with
pure distortion
m

Note that in a tensile test at yield :

s

s1sm
1

sm

Produces distortional
strain responsible for
plastic yielding

s1 =

Sy , s 2 = s 3 = 0

and, in this special case,

Ud =

1+ n 2
S
3E y

 The von Mises yield criterion predicts failure in a general 3-d stress
state when the distortion energy per unit volumeU d is equal to the
distortion energy per unit volume in the tensile test specimen at
failure, i.e.

Ud =

Von Mises ellipse (plane stress)

s
s3

No yielding

Yield surface

1 + nn 2
S
3E y

Pure tension
ss 1

1 + nn 2
[ss + ss 22 + ss 32 ss 1ss 2 ss 2ss 3 ss 3ss 1 ] = 1 + nn S 2y
3E 1
3E

Pure shear (torsion)

or,
tt

S y = s 12 + s 22 + s 32 s 1s 2 s 2 s 3 s 3s 1
In terms of

Special cases:

x, y and z stresses

Pure tension
2

Sy =

(ss x ss y ) + ( ss y ss z ) + ( ss z ss x ) + 6 (tt

2
xy

+ tt

2
yz

+ tt

2
zx

For plane stress,ss 2 = 0

Sy =

Note, this is rather arbitrary but well work

with this as the plane stress state.
2

ss 1 ss 1ss 3 + ss 3

s
s2 =s
s3 =

S y = ss 1
tt

Pure shear (torsion)

s
s 1 = s
s 3 = tt max ,

In terms of x, y and z stresses

s
s2 =

S y = 3 ss 1 = 3tt max

0
s

S y = ss x2 + ss y2 ss xss y + 3tt 2xy

Von Mises Effective Stress

Convenient to introduce the von mises effective stressss
ss =

Example 21.1
For the bracket shown, determine the von Mises stress and factor
of safety against yielding at points (a) and (b) if S y =10,000.

ss 1 + ss 2 + ss 3 ss 1ss 2 ss 2ss 3 ss 3ss 1

30

20
C

(The von Mises effective stress ss is defined as the uniaxial tensile

stress that would create the same distortion energyU d as is created
by the the actual combination of applied stress)

Rz , M z

Ry , M y
y

von Mises (distortion energy) Yield Criterion

The von Mises yield criterion predicts failure when:

Rx , M x

40

(a)

Sy = s

(b)

From previous analysis we found:

A
At (a):

s
s1 =
s
s=

Factor of Safety Against Yielding

N=
Sy
N

271, ss 3 = 7590

=s

At (b):

s
s 12 s
s 1s
s3+s
s 32 =

Sy

s
s1 =
ss =

N=

10,000
= 1.3
7,729

s
s

7,729

5096, ss 3 = 343
2

ss 1 ss 1ss 3 + ss 3 =

Sy
s
s

5,274

10,000
= 1.9
5,274

21.5 Maximum Shear Stress Criterion (Tresca Condition)

Example 21.2
A thin -walled cylindrical pressure vessel is subject to an axial force
and torque loads as shown:

Another important criteria is based on the theory that shear stress

controls yielding (in contrast to von Mises theory based on distortion
energy).
This theory was developed before the von Mises criterion and in
practice is slightly more conservative.

r
t

The theory is easy to use in an analytical setting but is not well

suited to use in finite element codes because of the corners in
the yield surface (see below).
The maximum shear stress theory states that yielding will occur
when the maximum shear stress reaches the shear stress in a
uniaxial test specimen at yield, i.e.

(a) Given:

max(

p = 15 MPa , r = 35 mm, t = 3 mm,

T = 450 kN mm, S y = 290 MPa
Determine the range of values of the axial load P which will provide a
factor of safety against yielding of at least 1.4 based on the von Mises
criterion.

or

s1s2

s 2 s3

s 3 s 1

)=

Sy
2

max( s 1 s 2 , s 2 s 3 , s 3 s 1 ) = S y

For plane stress with s

max( s 1 , s 3 , s 3 s 1 ) = S y

(b) Given:

p = 20 MPa, t = 5 mm,
T = 800 kN mm, P = 100 kN , S y = 290 MPa
Determine the range of values of the radius r which will provide a
factor of safety against yielding of at least 1.4 based on the von Mises
criterion.

Factor of Safety Against Yielding

Sy
= max( s 1 , s 3 , s 3 s 1 )
N

Remark: von Mises is the preferred theory

Example 21.3

Von Mises and Tresca for Plane Stress

s3=
Stress states inside the yield
surface have not yielded

For the bracket shown, determine the factor of safety against yielding
using the maximum shear stress theory at points (a) and (b) if S y =10,000.

von Mises:

s1 =

Sy

Tresca:

s1 =

Sy

30

20
C

Rz , M z

s
s3

Ry , M y
y

Von Mises yield surface

Pure tension

ss 1

Rx , M x

40

(a)

Pure shear (torsion)

(b)

From previous analysis we found:

Tresca yield surface

At (a):
s 1 = s 3
von Mises: s 1 =
Tresca:

s1 =

s
s1 =

N=
1
S
3 y

1
S
2 y

271, ss 3 = 7590

Sy
10,000
=
= 1.27
max( s 1 , s 3 , s 3 s 1 ) 7,861
s
s1 =

At (b):

N =

5096, ss 3 = 343
Sy

max( s 1 , s 3 , s 3 s 1 )

10 ,000
= 1 .84
5,439