You are on page 1of 2

v,.

ii
Aaron Ettinger (died
Solomon
Brody(died L869), A. M. Taubes (at the
end of bis life rabbi of Jassy), and Joseph Saul
Nathansohn, rabbi of Lembi g died
mrsc was pursued !>y Birsch
A more

1803

Isaac

Eluegei

ol

Bagis, rabbi of Zolkiev (died 1855), who contrib


uted to scientific periodicals and wrote on historical
By the end of the eighteenth
and dogmatic topics.
century the Mendelssohnian movement had also
taken root in Galicia.
[ts pi. 'inn- was Nachman
Krochmal (1785 ^ to who gathered about bimseli
a circle of sympathizers, among whom s L. Rapoport(1790 1867 JosephPerl (1777-1889), Isaac Er
it. and Isaac Mieses were prominent.
The younger
Babkalajb had also quite a number of prominent rep
ig whom may be mentioned Osias
ntatives, ai
II.
Schorr (died 1895), Billel Kalian.-. Alexander
l

Langbank.Naphtali Seller, Bayyim Nathan DembitJoseph Cohen Zedek, Solomon Rubin, and tintwo assiduous workers in the field of the history
of literature, Solomon 11. Balberstamm and Solomon

The ghetto novel

Buber.

lias

drew

tin-

inspiration for his

1"

autiful idyls

Numerous
of Jewish life from scenes in Galicia.
also are those \\ ho have made a name in general lit
among whom maj be menerature and in
tioned David Beinrich Mtlller, the Orientalist, and
Marcus Landau, the essayist.
Attempts made to introduce modern ideas into the
life of the Jews by means of modern schools and a reservice have been successful in
formed syi

The greatest merit in this di


on belongs to Joseph Perl, who established the
first German school in Tarnopol, Galicia (1815),and
introduced into it a modern synagogue service.
In the same year a Jewish high school was
lished in Brody.
Very slight reforms were intro-

onlj a small measure.

duced

Lemberg, where Abraham

in

rabbi in 1848.
Be
poisoned him Sept.

who

fell

6,

Kou\

was

ictim to fanatics,

Reforms

1848.

a certain decorum in ritual practises, were


Thej are still a ran phe
introduced in Cracon
tenon, lor the Hasidim have gained a strong
Btricted to

f..othoid in Galicia, especially since the


Israel

of Raisin,

who

fled

immigration
ia

in

1842

himself in Sadagora, when bis


grandson continues to gather a large number of deBillel Lichtenstein,
voted followers around him.
a native of Bungary, fostered l.la-idi-m through
hi- numerous works in llelirew and Yiddish, H bill
Moses Teitelbaum, a native ol Galicia, introduced
Basidism into northern Bungary.

ami established

Bibliography
Nuremberg,

Von Kortum,

1793

r Go
stoeger, Qenetzllchc Vei
Bi rnfeld, Tht
eml
haft.
id the Jewlali
I

GALICIA, Spain: An ancient province in the


northwestern pari ol Spain ; a barren, mountainous
on where Jews settled Bparsely in the eleventh
.

ntui

via.

1 bi n

h ere

Ji

imunities

at

Al

Cornha. ir. nsc, Monfot te, Pontevedra, Rivada


and Rivadeo besides individual Jews scatl

lari/.

Parliament.

in the

BrBLlOGRAPHT
Bios

Hist.

BoUtin Acad. Hist

It.

330, 111.82,

/..xxii.171;

198

K.

M.

GALILEE.

Galicia,

Christian,

I'
Meuendez Gonzalez, a rich and
powerful nobleman, received Jewish merchants.
probably from Allariz, in his domain, not far from
Orense, and when they wire attached by Alias
Oduariz in lull, be led an armed foro against the
latter, and recovered the silks and other goods that
had been taken from the Jews.
When John of
Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, invaded Spain (1385)
and Rivadavia was taken by Sir Thomas Percy, the
English soldiers attacked the. lew-, w ho were supposed to in- rich, and plundered them, killing sevThe ghetto, however, was not destroyed
eral.
Eighteen years before the expulsion, the .lews of
Corufia, Betanzos, and Rivadeo paid an annual tax
of 1,80
aravedis, and those of Orense, Monforte,
and Rivadavia one ol 2,000 maraved is. A rich .lew
of Rompusa, a tawer, was baptized in 111 I. taking
Bis son- obtained seats
the name "Juan Esteban "

here and there.

two representatives

Leo Berzberg-Prilnkel and Karl Emil


In connection with this ought to be menFranzos.
tioned the fact that Leopold von Sacher-Masoch. a

from

ol

Galicia
Galilee

THE JEWISH ENCYt LOPEDIA

553

Data:

and

Post-Biblical
the Greek period the customary name

in

Biblical

northern division of western Pale-tine.


rhe name is formed from "haGalil." in the Old

for

the

Testament (Josh. XX, 7. x\i. il'.. LXX. 1 Kin-six.


Chron. vi. 61), or from
11; II Kings xv. 29;
"Gelil ha-Goyiin" (circle of the heathens; Isa. viii.
23;comp. I Mace v. 15), and designates the moun
tainous country which rises east of the plain of
Jezreel, and extends as far as Lebanon and Anti:

Galilee was divided into two sections.


lebanon.
Lower or South Galilee, and Upper or North Galilee, which wen- separated by the plain of Raman

(comp. Josh. xix. 86).


Politicallj a Jewish country Galilee, according to
Josephus ("B. J."iii. 8, I), was bounded north and
west by the Tyrian territory, south by Samaria and
Scythopolis, and east by the trans-Jordanic country
and the Lake of Gennesaret. Josephus also divides
the Galilean mountain-range into two sections,
Upper and Lower Galilee, which division com
-ponds to the natural division of the country as just
staled.
According to tin- same author. Upper Galilee was hounded mi the south by Bersaba (perhaps
the ruined Abu Sheba south from the plain of
Raman; on the west by Meroth til" position of
which can not be positively determined); on the
north bj Baca (also unknown); and on the easl bj
Lower Galilee extended in
Theiia on the .Ionian.
the wesl to Chabulon near Ptolemais; in he south
i

to

Exaloth,

thai

is.

Chisloth (Josh.

xix.

12,

18)

Prom other passages


and in the east to Tiberias.
in Josephus it appeal's that the Jewish section ol
Galilee did notextend far north; for Kadesli was
and
already in Tyrian possession ("B.J " ii. s
On the other hand, in the specifioften elsewhere)
cation of the boundar) lines according to the Talmud (see Bildesheimer, "Beitrftge zur Geographic
Palttstinas," 1886), the northeastern boundary of
from
Galilee extends fartherwest andnortlt
Ptolemais through Ga'ton (now Ja'tun), Bel Zenita
I

(Zuwenita)
\ alii

Ya

Galilei

Castra de-Gelil (Gelil) Kur (Al Kura),


and Tafnit (Tihtiin) to Mat j A J mi.
and very fertile countrj is
bi autiful

til -i.

'

THE JEWISH ENCYCLOPEDIA'

Galilee
Gallico

Acjustly praised by Joseplius (" B. J." iii. 3, 2).


cording to his statement, it included a number of
cities and many villages, the smallest of which bad
This is doubtnot fewer than 15,000 inhabitants.
less ail exaggeration, though the density of the popAs early as Old Testaulation is beyond question.
ment times the population of this region was greatly
mixed and it became more so after the downfall of
;

the Ephraimitic

struggle the

number
1

Mace.

During the Maccabean


Galilee constituted such a small

kingdom.

Jews of

that they
could
"

all

be

brought to Jerusalem

v. 23).

not expressly stated when Galilee was taken


by the Maccabees, but Schilrer's suggestion ("Geschichte," 3ded., i. 2~i^et xcej.). that the section of the
It

is

Iturean territory which Aristobulus I. conquered


(Josephus, "Ant." xiii. 11, 3) was Galilee, is probUndoubtedly many Jews subseably correct.
quently emigrated to that blessed land, so that the
population became predominantly Jewish, as is described in the New Testament and by Josephus.
Upon the death of Herod the Great, Galilee was apportioned to Herod Antipas; and after liisdeposition
it was incorporated into the province of Syria, a part
of which it continued to form, except under the
short rule of Agrippa (40-44).
After the fall of the Jewish state a new period
of prosperity set in for Galilee; and it gradually became the center of Jewish life in Palestine.
F. Br.
b. G. h.
In Rabbinical Literature Galilee is enumerated mainly for religio-legal purposes in the Talmud
(B. B. iii. 2; Ket, .xiii. 9; Tosef., Ket., end; Sanh.
lib; etal.). It comprised the northern territory east
of the Jordan, which river constituted the frontier.
Kefar 'Awtanai (Git. vii. 8) was at its southern
boundary (see Josephus. " B. J. " iii. 8, 1). According to Sheb. ix. 2, Galilee was divided into three
parts: Upper Galilee (above Kefar llananyah, where
no sycamores are found). Lower Galilee (land of sycamores), and the plain (the Tehum, or territory of
"
Tiberias).
In the letter addressed to bis "brethren
of Galilee by R, Gamaliel (Tosef., 'Eduy. ii. Sanh.
Hi. ?7a) the plain is not specified.
ii.
This province is praised for the fertility of its
tields and vineyards (.Meg. 6a); its fruits are very
sweet (Ber. 44a). Olive oil was one of its chief prod"It is
ucts (Sifre, Deut. 33, in blessing of Asher).
easier to raise a legion of olive trees in Galilee than
one child in Palestine" (Ber. It. x.x.). Special Galilean jars were manufactured for the storing of oil
Wine, on the other hand, was scarce
(Kelim ii. 2).
Linen was abundant, and the Wl
II
(Nazir 31b).
were famous for the fineness of their homespun (B.
K. 119).
The inhabitants, partly pagan, partly Jewish, are
said to have been quarrelsome and of a disobliging disposition (Ned. 4sa Tosef., Git. vi.). Still one exception showing delicate appreciation of
Character- the true implications of charity is menlioi ied (Tosef., Peah, viii.); an impovistics of
Galileans. erished old man was served the delicacies he had indulged in in his prosperous days. The Galileans were more solicitous of
their honor than of their property (Yer. Ket. iv. 14).
Widows Were [rented with C( >nsic lel'at ion (Ket. iv.
:

554

Young married people were not permitted to


14).
be alone immediately after the nuptial ceremony
At funerals the preacher of the funeral
(Ket. 12a).
oration preceded the bier; in Judea he followed
(Shale 158a).
It is said in the Talmud that Jose b.
Joezer of Zeredah and Jose b. Johanan of Jerusalem
declared the country of the nations (" Ere? ha-'Animim") unclean (Sbab. 14b, 15a). Rashi understands
by "Ere? ha-'Ammim" the country of the Gentiles
that is, the country outside of Palestine; but
Kaminka concludes thai Galilee is meant, the name
being similar to the Biblical "Gelil ba-Goyim."
Thus there is an essential difference with regard to

ritual

observance of cleanliness between Judea and

Galilee.

On

the whole, the Galileans are said to have been


in their religious observances (M. K. 23a;
Pes. 50a; Yer. R. II. iv. 6; Yer. Sotah ix. 10).
Measures and weights were peculiar in Galilee: 1
Judean se'ah
5 Galilean se'ah 5 Judean sela
10 Galilean sela (B. B. 122b; Hul. 13Tb). The
Galilean Sicarii were dreaded (Tosef., Git. ii.).
Study of the traditions was not one of the Galilean virtues, neither was their dialectic method
very flexible ('Er. 53a). But it is for their faulty
pronunciation that the Galileans are especially remembered: 'ayin and alef, and the gutturals genstrict

were confounded, no distinction being made


between words like "'amar" (= "hamor," ass),
"hamar" (wine), '"amar" (a garment), "emar"(a
lamb: 'Er. 53b); therefore Galileans were not per-

erally,

mitted to act as readers of public prayers (Meg.


Still, according to Geiger (" Orient," iv. 432),
to the Galileans must be ascribed the origin of the
Haggadah. Galilee was very rich in towns and
hamlets (Yer. Meg. i. 1), among which were Sepphoris ( ,_I1SS or PVDX), Asha, Shephar'am, BetShc'arim, Tiberias, Magdala, Kefar llananyah,
'Akbara, Acco, Paueas, Caesarea. On Galil, a place
of the same name as the province, see Hildesheimer,
"Beitrage zur Geographic Palastinas," p. 80.
Bibliography Neubatier. La Geographic du Talmud, Paris,
1868; Dalnian, Grammatili desJUoisch-PoU&tinJdcJien Ara24b).

mdixch, Leipsic, 1899;

Hirsch Hiluesbeimer, Beittiige znr

Geographic Palttstinas, p. 80; Guerin, Galilee, 1880;


George
Merrill, Galilee in Die Time of Christ, London, 1885
Adam Smith. Tlie Historical Geography of tin Holy Land,
Lnmlon, 1894: A. Kaminka, Stuaien zur Geschichte Gatv:

Was, Berlin,
s.

1890.

E. G. H.

s.

GALINA, MOSES BEN ELIJAH:

Greek

scholar and translator; lived at Candia in the fifteenth century.


His best known work is "Toledol
Adam" (Constantinople, 1515), a treatise on chiro-

mancy and physiognomy, drawn

chiefly

from

'Ali

ibn 'Abbas' " Kamilal-Sina'ah "and the pseudo- Axis


Galina's work was abridged
totelian "Secrctum."

and published

later

with a JudffiO-German transla

The author's name is


erroneously given as Elijah ben Moses Galina. Still.
Joseph ibn Kaspi, in his "That Kesef," quotes a
work entitled "Dibre Hakamim," a treatise on the
properties of stones, as by "Elijah lien .Moses GaMoses Galina translated from Arabic into
lina."
Hebrew: (1) An astronomical treatise by Omar ibn
Mohammed Mesuman, "Sefer Mezukkak"; (2) an
tion as "

Hokmat ha-Yad."

astrological treatise,

"Mishpat ha Mabbatim

"
;

(3)

"Sefer ha-Goralot," a treatise on geomancy, bearing

You might also like