Bushings Testing

Introduction to
Doble Bushings Testing

Doble Engineering Diagnostics
Toolbox
Capacitor/Condenser Type:
Oil-Impregnated Paper Insulation
Resin Bounded Paper Insulation
Non-Condenser Type:
Solid
Alternate Layers of Solid and Liquid Insulation
Gas-filled
89 Years of Diagnostic Instrumentation and Services for the Electric Power Industry
Main Insulation C1
Center
Conductor
CA = CB = CC = CD = CE = CF= CG = CH = CI = CJ
V1 = V2 = V3 = V4 = V5 = V6 = V7 = V8 = V9= V10
CK
Grounded
Layer/Flange
Tap
Electrode
Line-to-Ground System Voltage
The Condenser type bushing allows an energized

conductor to penetrate a ground plane
Voltage is stressed equally across each layer of the
Condenser type bushing
CA
CENTER CONDUCTOR
CB
CC
Core Wind
CD
CE
CF
CG
CH
CI
CJ
CK
Tap Electrode
Grounded
Layer/Flange
Foil
C2 Plate
Grounded Layer/
Flange
CA
Herringbone Pattern
CENTER CONDUCTOR
CB
CC
Core Wind
CD
CE
CF
CG
CH
CI
CJ
CK
Tap Electrode
Grounded
Layer/Flange
C2 Plate
Grounded
Layer/Flange
Semi-Conducting Paper
Center Conductor
Sight-Glass
Liquid or Compound Filler
Insulating Weather Shed
Main Insulating Core

Tap Insulation
Tap Electrode
Mounting Flange
Ground Sleeve
Tapped Capacitance-Graded Layer
Lower Insulator
Center Conductor
Tapped Capacitance-Graded Core Layer
Liquid/Compound Filler
Insulating Weathershed
Capacitance Graded
Core Layers
Tap Cover
Filler Plug
Connection to Tapped Core Layer
Tap Electrode
Tap Insulation
Mounting Flange
Permanently Grounded Core Layer
Ground Sleeve
Center Conductor
Tapped Capacitance-Graded Core Layer
Liquid/Compound Filler
Insulating Weather shed
Capacitance Graded
Core Layers
Tap-Cover
Tap Insulation
Tap Electrode
Connection to Tapped
Core Layer
Mounting Flange
Ground Sleeve
10
C1 Main Core Insulation (UST)

Center Conductor to Tap
C2 Tap Insulation Test (GST-guard)

Tap to Flange
Hot Collar Test

Externally Applied Collar to Center Conductor
Overall (typically for Spare Bushings)

Center Conductor to Flange
11
12
Take advantage of the

Short Circuit in place
for the Overall test
(HV windings, LV
windings, and
Neutral Bushing
disconnected from
ground) to complete
Bushings tests.
High
Voltage
Windings
CHL
CH
CL
Low
Voltage
Windings
13
14
15
High-Voltage Cable
Test Includes
Main C1 Core Insulation
Test Mode: UST

Guard
Low Voltage Lead

Ground Lead
Bushing and
Apparatus Ground
16
Test Tap
Low-Voltage Lead
C1
C2
Test Mode: UST
Center Conductor
High Voltage Lead
Ground Lead
IC1
Guard
I & W Meter
Test Ground
17
Power Factor
Modern Condenser Type Bushings in Acceptable condition
Will depend on the manufacturer and type
Generally the order of 0.5%
Temperature correction to 20C
Deteriorated Bushings
Generally Between 0.5% to 1.0%
Investigate Bushings
Above 1.0%
Current/Capacitance
Recommended Limits
+ 5% - Investigate
+ 10% - Investigate/Remove From Service
18
Description
Current (mA)
Watts
%PF
Typical Good
Bushing
1.08
0.03
.28
Same Bushing
Contaminated
1.09
0.06
.55
Same Bushing
Shorted
Condenser
layers
1.19
0.04
.34
19
Low Voltage Lead

Test Includes
Tap Insulator
Core Insulation between tapped layer and
Bushing ground sleeve
Portion of liquid or compound filler
Portion of Weather shed near flange
High Voltage Lead
Test Mode: GST-Guard

IC2
Guard
I & W Meter
20
Low Voltage Lead
C1
C2
Center Conductor
High Voltage Lead

IC2
Guard
Test Ground
I & W Meter
21
22
23
24
25
When to perform Bushings Hot-Collar Tests

Compound-Filled Bushings
Solid Porcelain Bushings
Gas-Filled Bushings
Oil Filled Bushings not equipped with taps and Overall Test cannot be
performed
Single Hot-Collar Test on small Bushings 15 KV and below
Several single Hot-Collar Tests for Bushings rated above 15 KV
To check Oil level on all liquid filled Bushings without liquid level
gauges or sight glass
To check Bushings with liquid level gauges whenever the gauge is
suspect
As supplementary tests when Overall, C1, C2 Tests indicate possible
problem
26
Low Voltage Lead

High Voltage Lead
Test Mode: GST-Ground

Ground Lead
Guard

Test Includes
Portion of insulating Weather shed
Sight-glass
Core insulation in upper area
Liquid or compound filler in the upper area
Surface leakage from Collar to LV lead and to
bushing flange
Bushing and
Apparatus Ground
27
Low Voltage Lead

High Voltage Lead
Test Mode: UST

Ground Lead
Guard
Test Includes
Core Insulation in Upper Area
Liquid or Compound Filler in the
Upper Area
Bushing and
Apparatus Ground
28
Low Voltage Lead

High Voltage Lead

Ground Lead
Guard
Test Includes
Portion of insulating Weather
shed sight-glass
Surface leakage from Collar to LV
lead and to Bushing flange
Bushing and
Apparatus Ground
29
Test Voltage 10 KV
Recommended Acceptable Limits:
Watts < = 0.1 Watts (100 mW)
Current: similar for same type Bushings
Hot Collar Test Results Analysis

Increased Watts
Contamination of the Insulation
Decreased Current (Amperes)

Low liquid or compound level
30
Description
Current (mA)
Watts
Typical Good Bushing
.090
0.02
Same Bushings,
Contaminated
.095
0.31
Same Bushing,
Low Liquid Level
.070
0.02

31
Dry Clean Cloth

Water & Soap
Colonite
Windex with Ammonia
Apply Heat to Fully Dry all Surfaces
32
Good Condition
General Contamination
Physical Changes (X2)
Defective Bushing (X3)
33
34
High-Voltage Cable
Test Includes
Main C1 Core Insulation
Insulating Weather shed
Sight-glass
Lower insulator
Portion of liquid or compound filler
Guard
Ground Lead
Test Mode: GST-Ground

Bushing and
Apparatus Ground
35
DO NOT test Bushings in wooden crate or stand

Support Bushing on a metal stand if possible
Slings may be used for tests, observe the
following:
Cleanliness of sling may affect test results
Sling should be kept clear of energized points
Connect ground lead directly to Bushing flange

Ground both test set and specimen to substation
ground
Clean upper and lower surfaces before testing
36
Re-Check All Connections, Including Ground Lead

and Bushing Flange Ground
Check Test Circuit Used
Check Test Set and Test Set Leads
Visually Inspect Bushing Sheds and Oil
Clean and Dry All Surfaces
37
Check all connections including ground lead and

Bushing flange ground
Check test circuit used
Check test set and test set leads
Visually inspect Bushing and Oil (sight glass)
Clean and dry all surfaces
38
Compare and analyze results of identical Bushings

Research Bushing history of flashovers or line Surges
Verify temperature correction factor was used for C1
and Overall Tests *
Verify the necessary fields in the nameplate were used
in order for DTA to identify the correct limit file
* Note: C2 Power factors are not temperature corrected
39
40
41
IEEE Std 62 - 1995

Guide for Diagnostic Field Testing of Electric Power
Apparatus Part 1: Oil Filled Power Transformers,
Regulators, and Reactors
Section 3 Definitions
3.2 Bushing - power and distribution transformer
3.6 Power Factor - Dielectric
Section 6 Tests and test techniques

6.2 Bushings
6.2.2 Visual Inspection
6.2.3 Oil Level
6.2.4 Capacitance, Power Factor, and Dissipation Factor
Annex B (informative): Bushings Power Factor

measurements
42
DTA Bushings Tests Procedures

(Useful tips for DTA users)
43
DTAF fields required To Activate temperature

Correction Factor
Manufacturer
Type
Ambient Temperature (Probe)
Apparatus Temperature
Transformer - Oil Temperature
Oil Circuit Breaker - Ambient Temperature
DTA - Fields Required To Identify Correct Limit File

Manufacturer
Type
KV rating
44
45
The following pages provide information about

different Bushing Manufacturers and different
types of Bushings
Use as Guidelines for test results analysis
Please send your tests results to Doble for
further compilation and enhancement of
Bushings Database
46
Type
A*
A**
B*
D
F
L
LC
OF
S*
Description
Through Porcelain
High Current
Flexible Cable, Compound Filled
Oil Filled Upper Portion, Sealed
Oil Filled, Sealed
Oil Filled Expansion Chamber
Force C & CG, Rigid Core,
Compound Filled
Typical PF
3.0%
1.0%
5.0%
1.0%
0.7%
1.5%
0.8%
0.8%
1.5%
Questionable PF
5.0%
2.0%
12.0%
2.0%
1.5%
3.0%
2.0%
2.0%
6.0%
* Type S, Form F, DF & EF (flexible cable) redesigned as Types B, BD, and BE,
respectively. Type S, no Form letter (through porcelain) redesigned as Type A
Typical
C1
PF
Type ERC (Epoxy-Resin-Core, Plastic or Oil Filled)
Type PRC and PRC-A (Paper-Resin-Condenser Core)
0.8%
0.8%
47
Questionable
C1
PF
1.5%
1.5%
Typical C2 power factors for older PRC design range from 4-15% due to injected
compound used
during manufacturing.
48
Types
Typical %PF
Class LK-Type A, 23 to 69 kV
ODOF, Class G, and Class L Oil-Filled:
Prior to 1926 and
after 1938
Between 1926 and
1938
0.4
1.0
1.0-5.0
Change of 22%
from initial
Change of 16%
from initial
2.0-4.0
Type S, OS, and FS

On OCB and Inst. Trans. 69 kV and below
(except Types S, OS, and FS)
Questionable %PF
0.8
1.5
2.0
3.0
Typical %PF
Questionable %PF
On OCB and Inst. Trans. 92 kV to 139 kV

(except Types O, O-A1, OC and O Plus)
1.5
3.0
On Power and Dist Trans of all rating,

and OCB & Inst. Trans. 161 kV to 288 kV
(except Types O, O-A1, OC, and O Plus)
1.0
2.0
All Type D Transformer Bushings

( Semi-Condenser)
1.5
3.0
1.0
2.0
Type RJ
(Solid Porcelain)
49
50

Bushings Testing

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Bushings Testing

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Introduction to

Doble Bushings Testing

Line-to-Ground System Voltage

The Condenser type bushing allows an energized

Main Insulating Core

C1 Main Core Insulation (UST)

C2 Tap Insulation Test (GST-guard)

Hot Collar Test

Overall (typically for Spare Bushings)

Take advantage of the

Test Mode: UST

Low Voltage Lead

Test Mode: UST

High Voltage Lead

Low Voltage Lead

Test Mode: GST-Guard

Low Voltage Lead

High Voltage Lead

Test Mode: GST-Guard

When to perform Bushings Hot-Collar Tests

Low Voltage Lead

Test Mode: GST-Ground

Low Voltage Lead

Test Mode: UST

Low Voltage Lead

Test Mode: GST-Guard

Hot Collar Test Results Analysis

Decreased Current (Amperes)

Typical Good Bushing

Dry Clean Cloth

Physical Changes (X2)

Defective Bushing (X3)

Test Mode: GST-Ground

DO NOT test Bushings in wooden crate or stand

Connect ground lead directly to Bushing flange

Re-Check All Connections, Including Ground Lead

Check all connections including ground lead and

Compare and analyze results of identical Bushings

IEEE Std 62 - 1995

Section 6 Tests and test techniques

Annex B (informative): Bushings Power Factor

DTA Bushings Tests Procedures

DTAF fields required To Activate temperature

DTA - Fields Required To Identify Correct Limit File

The following pages provide information about

Type S, OS, and FS

On OCB and Inst. Trans. 92 kV to 139 kV

On Power and Dist Trans of all rating,

All Type D Transformer Bushings

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