Professional Documents
Culture Documents
I. Just as life chances are unequally distributed within society, so are there inequalities of life chances on an
international/global order.
A. These inequalities are conventionally known in terms of a ranking of worlds. A
First, Second and Third Worlds with Africa now considered a Fourth World.
B. And as with social inequality within nations, i.e. social class, these are not simply
positions in a hierarchy, these are relationships.
II. The group of countries collectively called the Third World (TW) were shaped by
- the impact of Western colonization, by countries called First World and
- the trading links that these Western states forged with the now TW
countries.
A. The relative position of TW countries in the world's development hierarchy is normally assessed
by comparing such things as
- international rates of manufacturing and agricultural output
- proportion of the labor force employed in each sector
- level of technology
- development of education
- ratio of imports to exports
- availability and distribution of consumer goods
B. The TW is TW because it is way behind the First World in these broad criteria of economic
"development.” In other words, there is a wide gap between rich and poor countries. But what
these criteria do not capture is the development of human welfare or well-being.
C. Some will argue, however, that since the 1980s particularly, the remarkable growth rate of the
newly industrializing countries or NICs (tigers, dragons) is a new phase of rapid industrialization
in the TW. But there is good reason to be cautious about the prospects of TW development. We
are currently experiencing the fragility of economic growth/ and even economic crisis. Why?
D. First, Economic growth has been achieved and continues to be achieved at considerable internal
cost and without necessarily establishing infrastructures conducive to sustained development.
EG, there is inordinate emphasis on exports. Why? Foreign investment ( i.e., First World capital)
was attracted to low-cost labor in the TW so that low paid workers in the TW have benefited
little from their employment. In short there is little "trickling down" of incomes to the rest of the
population. How so? '
- Most of the profits go back to FW or foreign corporations (the TNCs).
There is little reinvestment in local economies
- There is increasing ownership of land by foreign corporations and this has
displaced many farmers who can find little or no alternative work. Also it has displaced low-
income families as squatter families or low-income housing have to give way to
infrastructure of elite-serving ventures (e.g., golf courses, hotels, industrial zones).
E. Second a vast majority of TW experienced little or no growth at all which means that only a
limited number of TW states have been able to attract the level of foreign investment. EG, poor
countries of Africa are left out.
F. So, criteria of economic growth does not tell us much about the character of economic growth.
The kind of industrialization in the TW is very different from that which occurred in the
industrialization process of First World. Why?
1. The simple presence of economic resources such as capital, technology and labor in the TW
country is a necessary but not sufficient condition for its development
2. The country needs to be able to control all these through its state or social classes. In the TW
however, usually sufficient control is lacking (EG, because of the capital investment of
TNCs) a factor which is one of the most important political aspects reproducing the
subordination and stagnation of TW countries.
(In Philippines, e.g., the collusion of the economic and political power can be seen in earlier
times in the sugar barons and landlord-tenant practices; today they have been replaced by
rent seekers.)
Rent Seeking: expenditure of resources in order to bring about an uncompensated transfer of
goods or services from another person or persons to one’s self as the result of a “favorable”
decision on some public policy. There are various ways by which individuals or groups
lobby government for taxing, spending, and regulatory policies that confer financial benefits
or other special advantages upon them at the expense of taxpayers or of consumers or of
other groups or individuals with which the beneficiaries may be in economic competition.
E.g., crony capitalism, or CODE-NGO who are liable to plunder.
3. These practices are in part an expression of the weakness of both the dominant and
subordinate groups (the capitalist class and the working class) and of the state in the TW
country.
G. Thus the condition of TW countries is not a matter of a defect in the attitude of TW peoples
(e.g., TW people are inferior, do no have a work ethic, they are lazy) or a lack in knowledge.
Nor is it a matter of timing. or of catching up. It is a matter of historical consequence. We shall
take the Phil as example of the historical circumstances. And we shall focus on a class analysis.
A. The TW peoples, at the beginning of the imperialist expansion as they do today, valued their
land. They not only lived on it, it was the raw material of their culture. (EG, people's relationship to
the trees, the forest, the waters). Thus when land was transformed for capitalist use, it meant not only
a loss of livelihood, it meant the destruction of culture.
B. Indeed, many of the changes that conquering peoples wrought were in the name of a "civilizing
mission", a "manifest destiny" to bring "heathen" people, the "barbarians" into the fold of Christianity
or civilization.
VII. The reaction of TW peoples to colonialism
A. There was resistance, often violently expressed, when they were turned into
"natives"
B. But resistance was not the only form of reaction to conquest. There were those who
reacted in despair, resignation, fatalism and defeatism
C. There were also those who adapted, of course.
D. And those emerging elites or highly ranked groups who collaborated would later
become the "comprador" bourgeoisie.
E. So reactions varied by social class and by ethnicity; and on the individual level,
certainly also by gender.