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Contents
Basics
Strain
Stress
ConstitutiveRelations
Energyrelations
FailureTheories
NonLinearity
LinearityandNonlinearity
Examples
Abaqus Model
Basics
Overviewofstress,strainandothertopics
Typesofstraindeformation
Largestraindeformation
Finitestrain
Obtainedbyexactmeasuresof
changesindimensionsorangles
Smallstraindeformation
Linearizedorinfinitesimalstrain
Obtainedbylinearizingafinitestrain
measurew.r.todisplacement
gradients
Typesofstrain
1Dimensionalstrain
Lagrangianstrain
Eulerianstrain
;
;
Lagrangianstrainsarepreferredinsolidandstructuralmechanics
Eulerianstrainsarepreferredinfluidmechanics
Forlargestrainsdifferencebetweenthemishuge
Forstrains 1%,differencebetweenthemisinsignificant
Strain
3DStrainDisplacementequations
;
;
StrainTransformationfromanaxis
;
to
Compatibilityconditions
Needstobesatisfiedbystrainfieldinordertoensuresinglevalued
continuousdisplacements
;
Principalstrainsandaxes
Strainatpointdependsonthepointandtheorientationofcoordinate
system
Thereexiststhreeorthogonaldirectionsalongwhich isextreme
Extremevaluesofnormalstrainareprincipalstrainsandareassociated
withprincipalaxes
;
Principalstrainsandaxes
, , areknownasstraininvariants
Twoidenticalstrainstatesmusthavesamesetofstrainvariants
1 isused
Todetermine uniquely
Definitions
Referenceconfiguration
Conditionofthebodyin3D
spacebeforeloadshavebeen
applied
Deformedconfiguration
Locationandshapeofthebody
afterloadshavebeenapplied
Deformationgradient
Derivativeofeachcomponentofthedeformed vectorwithrespectto
eachcomponentofthereferencevector
Lagrangianstrain
Eulerianstrain
1
1
Stress
InfinitesimalStressidealizationatapoint
Stressonanarbitraryplane
x
T ( x i xy j xz k ) T ( yx i x j yz k )
n
T ( zx i zy j z k ) T Tx i Ty j Tz k
n
n T .n
n 2
n T n
ImageSource:
"Stressinacontinuum"bySanpaz Ownwork.LicensedunderCCBYSA3.0viaWikimediaCommons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stress_in_a_continuum.svg#/media/File
Stress_in_a_continuum.svg"Cauchy tetrahedron"bySanpaz Ownwork.LicensedunderCCBYSA3.0viaWikimediaCommons http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cauchy_tetrahedron.svg#/media/File:Cauchy_tetrahedron.svg
StressTransformation
ImageSourceStresstransformation3D"bySanpaz Ownwork.LicensedunderCCBYSA3.0viaWikimediaCommons
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Stress_transformation_3D.svg #/media/File:Stress_transformation_3D.svg
Principalstressesandplanes
Extremevaluesofnormalstressareprincipalstressesandareassociatedwith
principalplanes
;
;I
Todetermine uniquely
;
1 isused
Typesofstress
Cauchysstress
Kirchhoffstress
FirstPiolaKirchhoffstress(PK1)
SecondPiolaKirchhoffstress(PK2)
Planestress
CauchysStress
Usedforstressanalysisofbodiesexperiencingsmalldeformations
Measureofforceactingonanelementareaindeformedconfiguration
Secondordertensor,Ninestresscomponents,Symmetrictensor
Thetensorrelatesaunitlengthdirectionvectorntostressvector
acrossanimaginarysurfaceperpendicularton
.
ImageSource:"Componentsstresstensorcartesian"bySanpaz Ownwork.LicensedunderCCBYSA3.0viaWikimediaCommons
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Components_stress_tensor_cartesian.svg#/media/File:Components_stress_tensor_cartesian.svg
Kirchhoffstress
Widelyusedinnumericalalgorithmsinmetalplasticity
(Wherethereisnochangeinvolumeduringplasticdeformation)
Forlarge(finite)deformations,Kirchhoffstresstensorisrequired
Definedastheproductof and
Where
;alsoknownasjacobian
1st PKstress
Usedtomeasurelargedeformations
Relatestheforceinthedeformedconfigurationtoanorientedarea
vectorinthereferenceconfiguration
Stressinunsymmetricalandisatwopointtensor(?)
Doublevector Capitalindicesareoftenusedtoindicatereference
coordinatesandlowercaseforpresentcoordinates
=
2ndPKstress
Usedasameasureforfinitedeformations
Definedinthereferenceconfiguration
Planestress
Amaterialissaidtobeunderplanestressif ,
,
perpendicularto planeareassumedtobezero
Oftenstressanalysisofthinplatesisconsidered
asplanestresscase
Stressandstrainatsomepointinmaterialaregivenby
0
0
0
0 ;
0
0
0
0 0
ImageSource:"Planestress"bySanpaz Ownwork.LicensedunderCCBYSA3.0viaWikimediaCommons
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plane_stress.svg#/media/File:Plane_stress.svg
Planestrain
Amaterialissaidtobeunderplanestrainif
, ,
perpendicularto planeareassumedtobezero
Oneofthedimensionsismuchlargerthantheother
twosuchasthickplate,dam
Stressandstrainofthematerialaregivenby
0
0 ;
0
ImageSource:"Planestrain"bySanpaz Ownwork.LicensedunderCCBYSA3.0viaWikimediaCommons
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Plane_strain.svg#/media/File:Plane_strain.svg
0
0
0
Materials
Metals
Alloys
Polymers Madefromlongchainmolecules
Metal
Composites
Polymer
Ceramics
Thermoplastics MaybereformedwithheatEg:PVC
Thermosettingplastics Onceformed,cannotbedeformedbyheat Eg:
Epoxy
Elastomers LongchainelasticmoleculesEg:NaturalRubber
Ceramics Madebyheatingtogethermaterialssuchassilica,chalk
andclays
Composites Mixturesofmaterialswhichgiveimprovedproperties
Typesofmaterials
Linearlyelastic:MaterialsatisfiesHookeslaw
Viscoelasticity:Timedependentresistivecontributionsarelargeand
certainlydonotsatisfyHookeslawEg:Rubbersandplastics
Plasticity:Appliedforceinducesnonlineardisplacementsinthe
material
Hyperelastic:Appliedforcesinducesdisplacementsinthematerial
whichfollowsastrainenergydensityfunction
ConstitutiveRelations
In3Dthereare15variables
Sixstresses
Sixstrains
Threedisplacements
In3Dnumberofavailableequations(6+3)
Sixgeometricrelations
Threeequilibriumequations
Sixmaterialconstraints(Constitutiverelations)
ConstitutiveRelations:LinearlyelasticMaterial
Generalstressstrainrelationship 81 materialconstants
; ,
1 3
Stressandstraintensoraresymmetric 36 materialconstants
Introductionofpotentialfunction 21 materialconstants
1
2
1
2
1
2
ConstitutiveRelations:LinearlyelasticMaterial
isknownasconstitutivematrix,inverseof
isknownas
compliancematrix
Foranorthotropicmaterial(threeplanesofelasticsymmetry) 9
materialconstants
1
x C11
y C12
z C13
xy 0
yz 0
zx 0
C12
C22
C13
C23
0
0
0
0
C23
0
C33
0
0
C44
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
C55
0
x
y
0 z
0 xy
0 yz
C66 zx
0
0
ConstitutiveRelations:Linearlyelastic
Material
Forhomogenousisotropiclinearlyelasticcontinuum 2 material
constants
x
1
y
z 1
xy E 0
0
yz
zx
0
1
0
0
0
0
2(1 )
0
0
0
0
0
0
x
y
z
xy
2(1 )
0 yz
0
2(1 ) zx
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Energyrelations
Workdonebysurfaceandbodyforcesonanelasticsolidarestoredinside
thebodyintheformofstrainenergy
Strainenergydensityisgivenby
1
2
Strainenergycanbeexpressedintermsofstressorstrain
e
;
Strainenergycanbedecomposedintotwoparts
Volumetricchange
Distortionalenergychangeinshape
FailureTheories
Usedtodeterminethesafedimensionofacomponentsubjectedto
combinedstressesduetovariousloads
Varioustheories
Maximumprincipalstraintheory(St.Venants theory)
Maximumprincipalstresstheory(Rankines theory)
Maximumstrainenergytheory(Haightheory)
Maximumdistortionenergytheory(Vonmises theory)
Maximumshearstresstheory(Treskas theory)
FailureTheories
Asareaboundedbycurveincreases
Failurestressincreases
Dimensionsofpartdecreases
Safetyandcostdecreases
Imagesource:http://www.slideshare.net/MANMEET2591/theoriesoffailure
Linearity
Idealization
MaterialinthemodelshouldcomplywithHookeslaw
Induceddisplacementsduringloadingdonotcause
Geometricproperties
Materialproperties
Stiffness Extenttowhichitresistsdeformation
inresponsetoanappliedforce
Boundaryconditionsdonotchangeduringloading
Subsetofnonlinearanalysis
Obtainbendingmoment
Obtainstresstensor
Constitutiverelations
Applyfailuretheories
Comparematerials
Thank you
Nonlinearity
Examplesandmathematicalmodel
Nonlinearity
Geometricnonlinearities Effectoflargedisplacementonoverall
geometricconfigurationofthestructure
Materialnonlinearities Materialbehaviorisnonlinear
Nonlinearelastic Strainproducedisnotproportionalstress
Elastoplastic Hasbothelasticandplasticproperties
Viscoelastic Hasviscous(resistancetogradualsheardeformation)and
elasticproperties
Viscoplastic Deformationofthematerialdependsontherateatwhich
loadsareapplied
Boundarynonlinearities Displacementdependentboundary
conditions
Nonlinearity
Materialnonlinearity
Geometricnonlinearity
ImageSource:Typesofanalysis:Linearstatic,lineardynamicandnonlinearstatic PauloB.Loureno
Boundarynonlinearity
Consequencesofnonlinearity
Principleofsuperpositioncannotbeapplied
Onlyoneloadcasecanbehandledatatime
Sequenceofapplicationofloadsisimportant(Eg:Plasticdeformations)
Structuralbehaviorcanbemarkedlynonproportionaltoappliedload
Initialstateofstressmaybeimportant
Examples???
Fishingrodexhibitsgeometricnonlinearity
Abaqus Model