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3
BIOLOGY MODULE
CHAPTER 3
CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN THE CELL
WATER
CHAPTER
3
..- polar
molecules attract
one another as
well as ions
.
- blood,
- lymphatic
- excretory
- digestive systems
- vascular tissues
Moisture
The importance of
WATER
Lubrication
..
-
NUCLEIC ACID
Store genetic information the form of a code
basic units nucleotides
(1) P : .
(2) Q : .
Q
(3) R : .
State P, Q and R :
(5) . .
LIPIDS
CHAPTER
3
(26)
3 H2O
(27)
Glycerol
(25)
Triglyceride (28)
Water
sebum- excreted from oil glands contains wax that soften the skin
Steroids- cholesterol
Fats and oils- consists of one molecule (33) .and three molecules of (34)
.
fatty acids- consists of long (35) . chain with a different number carbon
atoms different fatty acids
Saturated fats
Fats
Differences
Unsaturated fats
CHAPTER
3
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
Examples
CARBOHYDRATES
Source of (44) .
Monosaccharides
Types of carbohydrates
Disaccharides
Polysaccharides
Glucose
G
Glucose
Examples:
(49) . ..
-in plants and fruits
. . (52)
- reducing sugar
- malt sugar
-combination of hundreds of
(50)
-in sweet fruits and honey
(51) ...
- in milk
- reducing sugar
Glucose
(53)
monosaccharides
- formed by the condensation of
(59)
(54)
- (55) .
- cane sugar
Examples :
Glucose
(61) ....
CHAPTER
3
56
(57) ..
- (58)
..
- milk sugar
(62) .....
-
in plants
(63) ..
-
(64)
PROTEINS
Primary structures
(79)
(80)
Protein Structures
Secondary structures
-polypeptide coiled to form
an (81)
Tertiary structures
-the overall three-dimensional
shape of a polypeptide chain
(85)
-helix(82)
-folded into (83)
CHAPTER
3
. sheets
.. (84)
.
.
.
.
ENZYMES
Fill in the blanks by using the words given.
biological
-
speed up
catalyst
General Characteristics of
Enzymes
CHAPTER
3
(96)
(94)
(97)
(95)
(98)
(99)
(100)
Extracellular enzymes
Definition (105)
Definition (107)
Examples :(106)
Examples :(108)
CHAPTER
3
(112)(a)
L:
(109)
O:
oolgy apparatus
(112)(b)
L: ...
(110)
N: ..................................
endoplasmic
reticulum
(113)
K: .
(111)
M: ...................
(114)
J: ...
N : . ..(116)
proteins wrapped in . (117) that bud
off from the sides of the
N: .(118)
L : . (119)
fuse with the membrane of the
O : . .(120).
Secretory vesicles
bud off from the . (121) membrane and
travel to the . (122) membrane
CHAPTER
3
Choose the suitable substrate for the enzyme and complete the schematic diagram
below to show the mechanism of enzyme action on a suitable substrate
Enzyme
Substrate
(125)
(126)
Substrate
Enzyme + Substrate
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
(127)
Product
Enzyme + Product
CHAPTER
3
Lock and Key Hypothesis
Conclusion :
128
129
130
Explanations
Temperature
(133) temperature
(37oC-40oC)
(132) temperature
(134) temperature
temperature (oC)
(above 40oC)
- enzymes are denatured
- denaturation is irreversible
(139)
optimum pH
reaction is at the maximum
pH
- example :
Pepsin (136) .
Trypsin (137).
Amylase (138)..
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
pH
- reversible
10
Substrate
concentration
(143)
CHAPTER
3
Substrate concentration
- an increase in enzyme
concentration will
(144) .. the rate of
reaction until the reaction reaches
(146)
the rate of
enzyme activity
Enzyme
concentration
a maximum rate
- limiting factor(145) .
Enzyme concentration
11
CHAPTER
3
The uses of enzymes
Uses
-
In detergents
(147)
Lipase
tenderise meat
skinning of fish
used to remove hair from
hides
to convert starch to sugar
in the making of syrup
(148)
Amylase
(149)
Proteases
(150)
-
Cellulases
(151)
Function
Consequence of defiency
(152)
(157)
(153)
(158)
(154)
(159)
(155)
(160)
(156)
(161)
Water
Lipids
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Enzymes
12
CHAPTER
3
13
STRUCTURAL QUESTIONS:
1
(a)
Q:
S:
P:
Figure 1(a)
(a)
(i)
(ii)
CHAPTER
3
(b)
(i)
14
(ii)
What can you deduce about the enzyme lipase based on Figure
1(a)?
...
...
[1 mark]
(c)
(d)
(e)
Figure 1(b)
A housewife uses cold water to wash her clothes with brand X washing
powder. The cleaning is less effective.
Using the above information, explain why.
....
....
....
[2 marks]
CHAPTER
3
(a)
15
Diagram 2.1
(b)
Diagram 2.2
Explain why the housewife carries out Step 1 and Step 2.
...
...
...
...
...
...
[4 marks]
CHAPTER
3
16
ESSAY QUESTIONS
4. Diagram shows the effect of a rise in temperature on the reaction rate of an enzyme.
(b) Enzymes are widely use in our homes and industries. Discuss how the enzymes are
used in industries.
[10 marks ]
CHAPTER
3
17