Fotogametri Dijital

Pertemuan ke - 2
Pokok Bahasan: Pengenalan konsep Akusisi Data Foto digital
Sub Pokok Bahasan:
1. Sistem Lensa kamera dijital
2. Prinsip kamera lubang jarum Teori perspektif
3. Finite Field of View, Depth of Field
4. Distorsi Lensa: Abrasi dan geometrik

Susunan Lensa
Fungsi Utama Mengumpulkan berkas sinar yang
dipantulkan obyek dan memfokuskan berkas sinar ke
bidang ke bidang sensor:
Menggunakn prinsip refraksi
f : focal length (panjang fokus)
F : focal point of lens (titik fokus lensa)

Optical axis (Sumbu Optik):

Garis penghubung antar titik fokus lensa

Susunan Lensa

Kamera Lubang Jarum (Pinhole camera)

"When images of illuminated objects ... penetrate through a small hole into a very dark room
... you will see [on the opposite wall] these objects in their proper form and color, reduced in
size ... in a reversed position, owing to the intersection of the rays". Da Vinci (Russell
Naughton , http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/CAMERA_OBSCURA.html )

Model Kamera Lubang Jarum (2D)

Model kamera lubang jarum menggambarkan proses geometrik pencitraan/
pemotretan suatu obyek pada bidang fokus/ sensor (image plane)
Gambar / foto yang terbentuk akan terbalik (atas ke bawah)

X = (f / Z) X

Gambar obyek akan terlihat terbalik pada bidang

sensor (image plane).

Karakteristik Geometrik Kamera Lubang Jarum

Dimensi obyek berbanding terbalik dengan jaraknya ke kamera
(Gambar kiri).
Obyek yang lebih jauh akan terlihat lebih kecil (Gambar kiri).
Garis akan diproyeksikan sebagai garis. Dua garis yang sejajar (paralel)
akan bertemu di titik vanishing point(VP) (Gambar kanan).
Setiap VP dari pasangan garis sejajar akan membentuk sebuah garis
lurus (Horizon H)
Sudut difoto dengan obyeknya berbeda.

Weak perspective (affine projection)

Assume object points are all at same depth -z0

Orthographic projection

Perspective models photos

(Strong Perspective)
Angles are not preserved
The projections of parallel lines intersect at one point

Perspective models photos

Perspective models photos

Pinhole Model: (Strong) Camera Projection

Geometric model of camera projection
Image plane I, which rays intersect
Camera center C, through which all rays pass
Focal length f, distance from I to C

Point (X,Y,Z) in space and image (x,y) in I Simplified case

C at origin in space
I perpendicular to Z axis
x=fX/Z (x/f=X/Z) y=fY/Z (y/f=Y/Z) Projective Geometry/transformation

Problems with Pinholes

Pinhole size (aperture) must
be very small to obtain a
clear image.
However, as pinhole size is
made smaller, less light is
received by image plane.
If pinhole is comparable to
wavelength of incoming
light, DIFFRACTION blurs
the image!
Sharpest image is obtained
when:
pinhole diameter d 2 f '.
Example: If f = 50mm,
= 600nm (red), d = 0.36mm

The reason for lenses

Thin lenses model (paraxial optics)

Pinhole model with a single lens

A lens follows the pinhole model for objects that are in

focus.

An out-of-focus lens

An image plane at the wrong distance means that rays from

different parts of the lens create a blurred region (the point
spread function).

Depth of field is smaller for small f-number

Finite Field of View

Finite Aperture

Depth of Field
Range of object distances
over which image is
sufficiently well focused.
Range for which blur
circle is less than the
resolution of the sensor
Without introducing
significant image
deterioration
Can be increased by
reducing aperture
Shorter focal length
greater depth of field

Resolution (resolving power):

Ability of lens to show detail

Line pairs or modulation transfer function
Good resolution important
Sharp & clear for precise measurements & accurate
interpretative work

Real Lenses Systems

The best modern lenses may contain

aspherical aberration

Spherical aberrations

Rays further from the optical axis are focused closer to the lens
Aberrations:
Degrades sharpness of image
Blurs image
Caused by faulty grinding of the lens

Geometric or Lens Distortions

One of many sources of geometric distortion is Aberrations
Lens distortion:
Degrades geometric quality (positional accuracy)
Symmetric radial distorts along radial lines from optical axis
Caused by faulty grinding of lens
Outward +, inward

Decentering tangential & asymmetric radial components

Causes off-center distortion pattern
Caused by faulty alignment of individual lens elements

Geometric or Lens distortions