A bar examination is a test intended to determine whether a candidate is qualified to practice law in

a given jurisdiction.
The Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (Order of Lawyers of Brazil), the Brazilian Bar association,
administers a bar examination nationwide two to three times a year (usually in January, March and
September). The exam is divided in two stages the first consists of 80 multiple choice questions
covering all disciplines. The candidate must score at least 40 questions correctly to proceed to the
second part of the exam, four essay questions and a drafting project (motion, opinion or claim
document) in Civil Law, Labour Law,Criminal Law, Administrative Law, Constitutional Law or Tax
Law, and their respective procedures.[1] The Bar examination can be taken on the graduation year.
Success in the examination allows one to practice in any court or jurisdiction of the country.
Since the UK has a separated legal profession, Law graduates in England and Wales can take
examinations to qualify as a Barrister or a Solicitor by either undertaking the BPTCor
the LPC respectively. These courses are the vocational part of the training required under the Bar
Association and The Law Society rules and are undertaken on a full-time basis for one year. After
successfully completing these courses, which generally include various examinations and practical
ability tests, graduates must secure either a Training Contract (for those who have completed the
LPC) or a Pupillage (for those who have completed the BPTC). These are akin to Articling positions
in other jurisdictions and are the final Practical stage before being granted full admission to practice.
The general timescale therefore to become fully qualified after entering Law School can range
between 67 years (assuming no repeats are required).
However some controversy remains about the lack of Training Contracts and Pupillages available to
graduates even after having completed the LPC/BPTC. These courses can vary in cost anywhere
from 9,000 to 17,000 and are generally undertaken by students on a private basis making them
incur additional costs. The final debt in student fees alone after having completed the academic and
vocational training can range between 20,000-25,000. This is set to increase to 40,000-50,000
for students entering law school in the years 2012 due to the increased tuition fees for Law School
itself.

In France, Law graduates must obtain a vocational degree called certificat d'aptitude la profession
d'avocat (or CAPA in everyday talk) in order to practice independently. The most common way to
achieve the CAPA is by training in an cole d'avocats (Lawyer's School). This training includes
academical and vocational courses and mandatory internships in law firms. Entrance to Lawyer's
School is obtained by competitive examination.
To become a lawyer in Germany, you have to study law at university for four or five years. Then you
have to pass the First State Examination (Erstes Staatsexamen) in Law, which is administered by
the ministry of justice of the respective state; the university administers only a little part of the
examination. This examination already qualifies for some careers in the legal field. After that

candidates regularly participate in a two-year practical training period (Referendariat) including

practical work as judge, prosecutor, and attorney. At the end of this training, candidates sit the
Second State Examination. This examination, if passed, allows successful participants to enter the
bar as attorney, to become judges and to become state attorneys. All careers have the same legal
training (Einheitsjurist).
The Bar Exam in Iran is administered by two different and completely separate bodies, one of which
is the Bar Association of every province all of which are under the auspices of the country's
syndicate of the bars of the country, and the other one is administered by Judiciary System subject
to article 187 of the country's economic, social and cultural development plan. The following is the
process of obtaining the license through the Bar Association's procedures.
To receive the license to practice as a First Degree Attorney in Iran, an applicant should complete a
bachelor of law program. The official career path starts after passing the Bar Exam and receiving the
title of Trainee at Law. The exam is highly competitive and only a certain number of top applicants
are admitted annually.
After admission to the bar, an eighteen-months apprenticeship program begins which is highly
regulated under the auspices of Bar Syndicate Rules and supervision of an assigned First Degree
Attorney. Trainees or apprentices must attend designated courts for designated weeks to hear cases
and write case summaries. A logbook signed by the judge on the bench has to certify their weekly
attendance. By the end of the eighteenth month, they are eligible to apply to take the Final Bar Exam
by submitting their case summaries, the logbook and a research work pre-approved by the Bar. It is
noteworthy, however, that during these eighteen months, Trainees are eligible to have a limited
practice of law under the supervision of their supervising. This practice does not include Supreme
Court eligible cases and certain criminal and civil cases. Candidates will be tested on Civil law, Civil
Procedure, Criminal law, Criminal Procedure, Commercial Law, Notary (including rules pertaining
Official Documents, Land & Real Estate registrations and regulations etc.). Each exam takes two
days, a day on oral examination in front of a judge or an attorney, and a day of essay examination, in
which they will be tested on hypothetical cases submitted to them. Successful applicants will be
honoured with the title of First Degree Attorney, after they take the oath and can practice in all
courts of the country including the Supreme Court. Those who fail must redo the apprenticeship
program in full or in part before taking the Final Bar Exam again.