CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

TRANSPORT

PART A: Activities Section

Learning Outcomes:
- Describe problems that could be faced by humans and animals in support and
locomotion
- Explains how problems in support and locomotion are overcome in humans and
animals

1. What is the difference between locomotion and movement?

Locomotion: ______________________________________________________
Movement: _______________________________________________________
2. Three types of skeletons in animals are _______________, ______________and
________________ _________________.
3. Fill in the blanks using appropriate answers.
2.1 Support &
Locomotion in
Humans and animals

Overcomed by

Needs for
support

Problems of

Animals

Humans
Skeletal
system

Muscular
system

Joints

Consists of

Position & nature of

4
Axial

eg.

5
Appendicular

Earthworm
Grasshopper
Fish

Muscles

6
Tendon

Muscles
action
Bring about
Movement

Ligament

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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Learning Outcomes:
- Name the bones that make up the axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton of
the human body
- Label the bones, the skeletal muscles and tendons in diagram of the arm
- Explain how movement is brought about in a limb

The Vertebral Column

4. Fill in the name of general vertebral structure parts:
1_________________
__________________
2_______________
_________________

5__________________

3_________________
6________________

4___________________

Vertebral General Structure

Name and describe special characteristic for each vertebrae
Special Characteristics:
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
1. Name: ______________________
Special Characteristics:
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
2. Name: ______________________

___________________________________

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Special Characteristics:
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
3. Name: ______________________

___________________________________
Special Characteristics:
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________
___________________________________

coccyx

___________________________________
___________________________________

4. Name: ______________________

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5. Label all the structures:

5
9

6
10
11
12

17

13

14

18
19

15
20

21
16

22
23

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Appendicular Skeleton
6. Name all of the appendicular parts.

10

2
11

3
4
13

12

5
6

14
7

15

16

9
The Lower Limb

The Upper Limb

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The action of antagonistic muscles

7. Fill in the blanks with correct answers.
B) Biceps muscle, B _____________
while
A) ____________

Triceps muscle, C - _____________

C) _________

D)____________

C
E)____________
__

____________

G)Biceps muscle, B _____________

while
Triceps muscle, C - _____________

F) _______________

C
H)_______________

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Muscles Involved in Walking

8. Please arrange back all the process according to the right sequence:

a) The whole sequence is repeated with the left leg

b) Next, the quadriceps muscle contracts, pulls the femur forward and extends the
leg
c) The hamstring muscle contracts to pull the femur back and bends the knee. The
leg is raised
d) When the extension of the leg is completed, the foot then regains contact with the
ground with the heel touching the ground first. The weight of the body is now
supported on the right leg
e) The calf muscle contracts and raises the heel
f) In doing so, it exerts a forward thrust by pushing the ball of the foot against the
ground
g) As the right foot loses contact with the ground, the weight of the body is now
supported by the left leg which is still in contact with the ground
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

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Appreciating A Healthy Muscoskeletal System
9. Tick for the right statement and X for the wrong one.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Clothing should not inhibit the movement of the

body
Keep the body adequately dehydrated during
vigorous activities
Exercising with objects tied around the waist, or
with ill-fitting footwear can distort the posture
Do not warm up before involve in sport activities
because it will make you cramp
Drink a fruit juice or a sports beverage if you are
working out in hot weather
Physical activities strengthen joint structures,
increase muscular perfomance and delay the
progress of arthritis
Stilettoes should not be used for walking because
the weight of the body is on the front part of the feet
Taking adequate amounts of calcium and
phosporus will help us maintain our
musculoskeletal system

Supports in Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants

10. Fill in the blanks:

5
1

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11.

Complete
A.

The

all

articles

mechanism

downwards
strong
low
pressure

using

of

the

locomotion

aerofoil
upper
coracoid
bottom

words

in

an

given:
earthworm

sternum
force
lifts
gliding

The locomotion of bird flight occurs through two ways, namely flapping the wings and
__________. When flapping the wings _________ , the ________ and large
pectoral muscles contract. Air resistance towards the movement of the wings
downwards produces a force that acts upwards against the wings.
This force is sent from the wings to the ________ until the _________ and ______ the
whole
body
of
the
bird
upwards.
When gliding, the wing acts as an ___________. Air moves faster on the _________
surface of the aerofoil. An area of ______ pressure exists on the upper surface and area
of
high
pressure
on
the
________
surface.
A lifting _______ is produced at the bottom of the wings and lifts the bird.
B.

The

mechanism

shorter
hydrostatic
longitudinal

of

locomotion

cavity
coelom
circular

in

an

earthworm

muscles
chaetae
peristaltic

Earthworm have a _________ skeleton. The force is applied to a fluid-filled ________

called the __________. The ___________ is surrounded by two antagonistic layers of
__________: the ___________muscles and the ___________ muscles. When the
circular muscles contract, the longitudinal muscles relax. The earthworm becomes
thinner and longer. When the longitudinal muscles contract, the circular muscles relax.
The earthworm becomes _________ and thicker. An earthworm has _________ which
anchor parts of the body to the ground so that the other parts can be pulled towards the
anchored parts. During locomotion, the contraction and relaxation of both muscles
produce a ____________ wave which begins at the front and moves towards the end of
the
body.
C.

The

antagonistic
jumping
pulled

mechanism

of
extensor
flexor
propelling

locomotion

in

contracts
upwards
extensor

grasshopper

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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10

A grasshopper has ___________ muscles called the flexor and ________ muscles
which are attached to the interior of the exoskeleton. The rear legs of a grasshopper are
adapted for ___________. When the _____________ muscle in the upper part of a
grasshoppers leg ___________, the lower leg is __________ towards the body. When
the ___________ muscle contracts, the leg jerks backwards, ____________ the
grasshopper forward and __________ into the air.
C.

The

reduce
myotomes
sweep

mechanism

of

Streamlined
contract
pushing

locomotion

in

fish

resistance
waves
backwards

A fish has a ____________ and slimy body to ________ water _____________ while
swimming. Each side of the fishs body has __________ which are W-shaped muscle
segments. Myotomes are antagonistic muscles. When the muscles on one side
___________, those on the other side relax. This produces alternating ________ of
contraction and relaxation which pass down the myotomes on either side of the body to
the tail. As a result, the different parts of the body __________ from side to side,
____________
the
water
____________
and
the
fish
forwards.

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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PART B: Structured Item Section
1. Figure 1 shows the arrangement of feathers and flight muscles of a bird

11

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12

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13

(a) (i) Name two other groups of animal that can fly.

________________________________________________________________
_
(2 m)
(ii) State two differences between the musculoskeletal system of one group
named
in (a) (i) and the musculoskeletal system of birds.

________________________________________________________________
_

________________________________________________________________
_

________________________________________________________________
_
(2 m)
(b)

State three body characteristics that enable a bird to fly in air.

________________________________________________________________
_

________________________________________________________________
_

________________________________________________________________
_
(3 m)
(c)

How does the arrangement of feathers on a bird help it fly in the air?

________________________________________________________________
_

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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14

________________________________________________________________
_

________________________________________________________________
_
(2 m)
(d)
Describe the characteristics of birds bones that allow the bird to gain
elevation in
the air.

________________________________________________________________
_

________________________________________________________________
_

________________________________________________________________
_
(3 m)
(e)

State one more feature of the bird that helps it to fly in the air.

________________________________________________________________
_

________________________________________________________________
_
(1 m)

2.

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16

(a) Name the type of joint shown in the figure.

________________________________________________________________
___
(1 m)
(b) What is the function of the structure labelled V?

________________________________________________________________
___

________________________________________________________________
___

________________________________________________________________
___
(2 m)

(c) The ends of the two bones are covered by X. What is the main function of X?

________________________________________________________________
___

________________________________________________________________
___

________________________________________________________________
___
(2 m)
(d) What is W?

________________________________________________________________
___

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17

________________________________________________________________
___
(1 mark)
(e) What is the importance of W?

________________________________________________________________
__

________________________________________________________________
__
(1 mark)
(f) (i) Give one example of a pair of bones that has this type of joint.

________________________________________________________________
__

________________________________________________________________
__
(1 mark)
(ii) Name a different type of joint from the one in the figure.

________________________________________________________________
__

________________________________________________________________
__
(1 mark)

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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19

3. Figure 3 shows Ramu (A) and Johari (B) adopting two different postures. Examine
Figure 3 carefully and then answer the following questions

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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21

(a) Define the term posture.

________________________________________________________________
___

________________________________________________________________
___
(1m)
(b) What is meant by a correct posture?

________________________________________________________________
____

________________________________________________________________
____
(2m)
(c) Which student is adopting the correct posture, student A or B?
__________________
(1m)
(d) How can you adopt the correct posture while standing?

________________________________________________________________
____

________________________________________________________________
____
(2m)

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23

(e) What is the effect of a bad posture on the human body? Answer this question in
terms of:
(i) Energy

________________________________________________________________
_

________________________________________________________________
_
(2m)
(ii) Breathing mechanism

________________________________________________________________
_

________________________________________________________________
_
(2m)
(f) How can physical exercise help you to adopt the correct posture?

________________________________________________________________
____

________________________________________________________________
____

________________________________________________________________
____
(2m)
4. Figure 4(a) shows a series of movement of a worm on a surface. Figure 4(b)
hows
the muscle, bone and joint that are involved in the movement of the arm.

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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24

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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4(A)

4(B)

25

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26

(a) Name the muscle involved in the movement in the

(i) Worm:
____________________________________________________________
(ii) Arm:
_____________________________________________________________
(2m)
(b) Describe the muscle actions that allow movement in the
(i) Worm

________________________________________________________________
__

________________________________________________________________
__
(2m)
(ii) Arm

________________________________________________________________
__

________________________________________________________________
__
(2m)
(c) Explain the function of the liquid found in the worms body that allow it to
move
forward

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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27

___________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
___
(2m)
(d) (i) Compare the skeletal strength of the worm and the vertebrate animal

________________________________________________________________
_
(1m)
(ii) Give reasons to your answers in (d)(i)

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
(1m)
(e) If bone X of a person breaks,
(i) State two nutrients that the person should take

________________________________________________________________
(2m)
(ii) Explain why these nutrients are needed

________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________
(2m)

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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28

5. Figure 5 shows three types of plants P, Q and R. Each type of plants have special
adaptations to gain more support.

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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30

(a) Classify all this plants to two categories according to its habitat

________________________________________________________________
__

________________________________________________________________
__
(2m)
(b) (i) Explain how plant P gains support which enable it to survive in its habitat.

________________________________________________________________
__

________________________________________________________________
__

________________________________________________________________
__
(1m)
(ii) Draw the special tissue involve in support in (b)(i) above

(2m)

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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31

(c) Terrestrial plants need support for one main purpose. State the main
purpose.

________________________________________________________________
_

________________________________________________________________
_
(1m)
(d) (i) Explain the differences between P and Q and R referring to the stem
condition.

________________________________________________________________
_

________________________________________________________________
_
(1m)
(ii) How plant Q obtain support?

________________________________________________________________
_

________________________________________________________________
_
(2m)

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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32

(e) Draw the cross section of area XY and label all parts that give support to Qs
stem.

(3m)

PART C: Essay Item Section

2.1

Understanding Support And Locomotion In Humans And Animals

2.2

Appreciating A Healthy Musculoskeletal System

1
Appendicular skeleton consists of limbs of the body

(a)

Draw a diagram to show the arrangement of bones in the forelimb. In your

diagram draw

the position of ligament, muscle and tendon.

[ 6 marks]

Good posture is one way of maintaining a healthy musculoskeletal system .

(a)

State the characteristic of a good posture when standing and lifting heavy object
from the floor.

[4 marks]

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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33

A bird can fly with its wings.

(b)

Describe the mechanism of locomotion of a bird flying.

2.3

Understanding Support In Plants

[10 marks]

2.
(a)

Plants do not have skeletons but some plants can grow to more than 10 metres
in height .Explain how support is achieved in woody plants.

(b)

Aquatic plants such as water hyacinths are able to float in water. Explain the
adaptation found in aquatic plants.

(c)

[4 marks]

[10 marks]

Creepers cannot support their own weight. Explain briefly, with examples, how
creepers obtain support .

[ 6 marks]

ANSWERS:
PART A: Activities Section
No
1

2
3

Suggested Answers
Locomotion refers to the ability of a whole organism to move from one place to
another
Movement refers to a change in the position of any part of an organisms body but
it does not necessarily involve locomotion
Exoskeleton, endoskeleton, hydrostatic skeleton
1: Skeletal system
2: Joints
3: Muscular system
4: Appendicular
5: Tendon
6: Ligament
1. Name: Cervical Vertebrae
Have transverse foramen through which blood vessels and nerves pass
2. Name: Thoracic Vertebrae
Have spinous processes that are long and serve as points of attachment for
muscles and ligaments
3. Name: Lumbar Vertebrae
Have large centrums which bear the weight of the lower back
4. Name: Sacrum
- Formed through fusion of 5 bones

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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5

8
9
10
11

34

- Coccyx triangular in shape and formed through the fusion of 4 bones

1
Sternum
11 Cranial bone
21 Metatarsals
2
Ribs
12 Facial bone
22 Tarsals
3
Illium
13 Synovial fluid
23 phalanges
4
Pubis
14 Humerus
5
Obturator foramen
15 Synovial membrane
6
Ischium
16 Tendon
7
Sacrum
17 Femur
8
Coccyx
18 Patela
9
Pubis symphisis
19 Tibia
10 suture
20 fibula
1
Pelvic girdle
9
Phalanges
2
Head of femur
10 Head of humerus
3
Femur
11 Humerus
4
Patella
12 Radius
5
Tibia
13 Ulna
6
Fibula
14 Carpals
7
Tarsals
15 Metacarpals
8
metatarsals
16 phalanges
A: radius
B: B- contracts, C- relaxes
C: ulna
D: scapula
E: Humerus
F: Ulna
G: B relaxes, C - contracts
H: radius
1: e , 2: f , 3: c , 4: g , 5:b , 6:d , 7:a .
1,3,5,6,7,8: []
;
2,4: [X]
1: aerenchyma , 2: air sacs , 3: woody tissues , 4: non woody tissues , 5:
collenchyme
The locomotion of bird
The locomotion of bird flight occurs through two ways, namely flapping the
wings and gliding. When flapping the wings downwards , the strong and
large pectoral muscles contract. Air resistance towards the movement of
the wings downwards produces a force that acts upwards against the
wings.
This force is sent from the wings to the coracoid until the sternum and lifts the
whole body of the bird upwards.
When gliding, the wing acts as an aerofoil. Air moves faster on the upper surface
of the aerofoil. An area of low pressure exists on the upper surface and area of
high pressure on the bottom surface.
A lifting force is produced at the bottom of the wings and lifts the bird.
The locomotion of earthworm
Earthworm have a hydrostatic skeleton. The force is applied to a fluid-filled
cavity called the coelom. The coelom is surrounded by two antagonistic layers
of muscles: the circular muscles and the longitudinal muscles. When the

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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35

circular muscles contract, the longitudinal muscles relax. The earthworm becomes
thinner and longer. When the longitudinal muscles contract, the circular muscles
relax. The earthworm becomes shorter and thicker. An earthworm has chaetae
which anchor parts of the body to the ground so that the other parts can be pulled
towards the anchored parts. During locomotion, the contracon and relaxation of
both muscles produce a peristaltic wave which begins at the front and moves
towards the end of the body.
The locomotion of earthworm
A grasshopper has antagonistic muscles called the flexor and extensor muscles
which are attached to the interior of the exoskeleton. The rear legs of a
grasshopper are adapted for jumping. When the flexor muscle in the upper part
of a grasshoppers leg contracts, the lower leg is pulled towards the body. When
the extensor muscle contracts, the leg jerks backwards, propelling the
grasshopper forward and upwards into the air.
The locomotion of fish
A fish has a streamlined and slimy body to reduce water resistance while
swimming. Each side of the fishs body has myotomes which are W-shaped
muscle segments. Myotomes are antagonistic muscles. When the muscles on one
side contract, those on the other side relax. This produces alternating waves of
contraction and relaxation which pass down the myotomes on either side of the
body to the tail. As a result, the different parts of the body sweep from side to
side, pushing the water backwards and the fish forwards.
PART B: Structured Item Section
1

a) (i) Bats, Insects

(ii)
- Insects have wings without bones while birds have wings with bones
- The muscles of insects are attached to the exoskeleton
- The muscle of birds are attached to the endoskeleton
b) The bones are hollow; the body is small; the body is shaped like an aerofoil
c) The feathers are parallel and overlap one another to reduce wind resistance
d) - Hollow
- strong
e) very light body
(a) Ball and socket joins
(b) To hold the two bones together and facilitate movements
(c) X is the cartilage which
- cushions the joints// absorbs shock// reduces the friction between the end of
the bones
(d) (i) synovial fluid
(ii) it acts as a lubricant which reduces the friction between the ends of the
bones
(e) (i) The hip joint between the femur and the pelvic girdle (or the shoulder joint
between the humerus and the pectoral girdle)
(ii) Hinge joint
(a) Posture is defined as a way a body is positioned

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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36

(b) A correct posture means that the

body shape is in a correction position // the muscles are minimally strectched
(c) Student A
(d) When standing, the head must be aligned with the backbone and backside
//the shoulder should be arched slightly to the back of the head
//the body and the sole of the feet should form a straight line
(e) (i) causes a lot of energy to be wasted when the muscles are working
(ii) prevents proper movement of the chest area and makes breathing difficult
(f) Physical exercise helps to maintain muscle strength and produces good
movement and support
(a) (i) Longitudinal muscles, circular muscles on the body wall
(ii) Biceps muscle, triceps muscle
(b) (i) Longitudinal muscles and circular muscles act antagonistically to enable its
body to shorten and lenghten (alternately)
(ii) The biceps muscle and triceps muscle act antagonistically to pull the radius
bone or ulna bone, and enable the arm to be bent or straightened
(c) The fluid in the body acts as a hydrostatic skeleton to propel its body forward
(d) (i) The internal skeleton of vertebrates is stronger than the worms hydrostatic
skeleton
(ii) The skeleton of vertebrates consist of strong and hard bones, while the
hydrostatic skeleton in the worm consists of liquid that presses against the
body wall
(e) (i) Calcium, vitamin D
(ii) Calcium is required to repair and strengthen bones
Vitamin D is required to help in the absorption of calcium to build strong
bones
(a) P: aquatic plant
Q & R: Terrestrial plant
(b) (i) support in plant P is obtain from aerenchyme tissues and floating force
inside the root, leaves and petiols
(ii)

(c) To absorb maximum sun light energy for photosynthesis

(d) i. P stem is soft because it has no lignin but the stems of Q and R is hard
because both of them are woody
ii. Q: it obtains support from the xylem vessels and tracheid (lignin)
(e)

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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37

PART C: Essay Item Section

No
1a

Suggested Answers

scapula

tendon
triceps

biceps

humerus
ligament

radius
b

ulna

--When standing, the head, body and limbs should be in a vertical lines, with the vertebral
column nearly parallel to the vertical axis.
--When lifting heavy objects, squat with the arms extended out straight to the object but
with the head and body straight .

CHAPTER 10: LOCOMOTION AND

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c

38

--As the objects is being lifted up ,the thorax and abdomen should be straight and upright .
- Birds fly either by flapping their wings or gliding.
- When the bird is moving its wing downwards, the pectoralis major which is large and
strong contracts.
- The air resistance produce as a result of moving the wings down provide on upthrust on
the wings.
- The thrust is transmitted from the wings to the coracoid until the sternum.
- As a result the whole body is lifted up.
- When gliding the wings act as an aerofoil.
- The flow of air above the wings is faster compare with the flow of air below the wing.
- This results in a low pressure on the upper surface and a higher pressure on lower
surface,
- hence an upward thrust is produced below the wings to lift the bird up into the air.

2a

- Wood tissues are formed from the secondary xylem tissues.

- Xylem cells have thick cell walls and are hardened by lignin.
- Older xylem tissues are pushed inward to become wood tracheids have lignified walls to
give support.

- Schlerenchyma tissues has thick , lignified cellulose walls to give strength to the plant.
- Absence of wood tissues, so that aquatic plants are lighter.
- Lot of air sacs in leaves, stems and roots to keep plant afloat.
- Few vascular bundles concentrated in the middle of stem and root to prevent it from
breaking.
- It has aerenchyma tissue to keep the plant afloat.
- Leaves of submerged plants are fine and thin to enable the plant to bend and wave with
water currents.

- Xylem vessels are not lignified to enable the plant to bend.

-Tendrils on the stem to twine around support for example, cucumber plant
-Tendrils at the end of leaf as in Gloriosa sp.
- Modified root to twine around support as in pepper plant.
- Shoot to twine around support as in morning glory