The expansion joint may have any material capable of taking compression like

rubber or any other material. The bridge girders (for example) are built in sections
and joined with these joints in between. So if due to high temperature the reinforced
concrete tends to expand, the expansion is allowed and the forces due to these
expansion and contraction is made less. once the temperature comes back to the
normal the material comes back to the original position as it was earlier.

construction joint is a separation of either vertical or concrete pours designed to

offer movement in case of wind loading or other loads so as not to compromise the
integrity of the concrete structure itself. The construction joint is usually joined
together by non-metallic strap to hold the two slabs in place; at the same time
giving flex when there is movement

Ch-1. Introduction to Foundation

Engineering
1.1. Nomenclature of different types of soil

Soil is the oldest material by which or upon which engineers

build their structures. Soil is made by nature, unlike other
construction material such as steel or concrete the
composition of soil is highly variable and in the nature of soil
can very within a distance of some couple of centimeter. The
variable nature become even more complex when it gets
subjected to action of external load, water, ice and
temperature
Soil Mechanics:
It is a discipline in which physical properties of soils, the
behavior of soil on static and dynamic loads, the effect of
water and temperature on soils are studied.
Soil consists of a multiphase aggregation of solid particles,
water, and air. This fundamental composition gives rise to
unique engineering properties, and the description of its
mechanical behavior. Engineers are concerned with soil's
mechanical properties: permeability, stiffness, and
strength. These depend primarily on the nature of the soil
grains, the current stress, the water content and unit weight.

Formation of soils
Soils are formed from materials that have resulted from the
disintegration of rocks by various processes of physical and
chemical weathering. The nature and structure of a given soil
depends on the processes and conditions that formed it:
Breakdown of parent rock: weathering, decomposition, erosion.
Transportation to site of final deposition: gravity, flowing water, ice,
wind.
Environment of final deposition: flood plain, river terrace, glacial
moraine,
Lacustrine or marine.
Subsequent conditions of loading and drainage: little or
no surcharge, heavy surcharge due to ice or overlying
deposits, change from saline to freshwater, leaching,
contamination.
All soils originate, directly or indirectly, from different rock
types.

Commons rocks are:

Igneous rocks: formed from crystalline bodies of
cooled magma.
Sedimentary rocks: formed from layers of cemented
sediments.
Metamorphic rocks: formed by the alteration of
existing rocks due to heat from igneous intrusions or
pressure due to crustal movement.