Design - Overview

introduction

design wave height

wave runup & overtopping

wave forces
- piles
- caisson; non-breaking waves
- caisson; breaking waves
- revetments

Design Wave Height

H1/3 (Hs)

= average of highest 1/3 of all waves

H10 = 1.27Hs = average of highest 10% of all waves

H5 = 1.37Hs = average of highest 5% of all waves

H1 = 1.67Hs = average of highest 1% of all waves

Design Wave Height

Rigid structure: H1

Semi-rigid structure: H10 H1

Flexible structure: Hs H5

Factors Determining Selection of Design

Wave Height (flexible structure)

permissible damage and associated repair costs

access to construction material
quality and extent of input wave data

Breaking or Non-Breaking Waves

Non-breaking

Breaking

Breaker travel distance:

Non-breaking

Fig 7-1

x p (4.0 9.25m) H b

Breaker Height and Depth Index

Fig 7-3 (2-72)

Fig 7-2 (~2-73)

Most Dangerous Breaking Wave at Structure

ds

d s ( db ) min x p m H b mH b p H b m p

Hb

ds
ds

x
db
m p
m p
Hb
Hb

Implicit expression

(7-5)

Iteration (Fig. 7-4)

Determining Most Dangerous Breaking

Wave at Structure

Fig 7-4 Largest possible Hb

against the structure

Fig 7-5
Ho

Most Dangerous Incident Wave Angle

Table 7-1

L6-12

Wave Forces on Structures

Wave Forces
Classification of wave force problems:

Fig 7-66

Wave Forces Against Piles

H
gT 2

wave steepness

d
gT 2

dimensionless
water depth

D
L

pile diameter to
wavelength

relative pile
roughness

HD
T

pile Reynolds
number

Important Parameters
for Piles

Vertical Cylindrical Pile and Non-Breaking Waves

f f i f D CM
D
0.05
LA

1
D 2 du
CD Du u
4 dt
2

(7-20)

(7-21)

Fig 7-67

Calculation of Forces and Moments

f f i f D CM

1
D 2 du
CD Du u
4 dt
2

Water surface profile:

H
2t
cos

2
T

(7-22)

Water particle velocity:

H gT cosh 2( z d ) / L
2t
cos

2 L
cosh(2d / L)
T

(7-23)

Water particle acceleration:

du
g H cosh 2( z d ) / L 2t
sin

dt
L
cosh(2d / L)
T

f f i f D CM

(7-24)

1
D 2 du
CD Du u
4 dt
2

Combining these expressions

Inertia force:

f i C M g

D 2 cosh 2( z d ) / L 2t
H
sin

4
L cosh(2d / L)
T

(7-25)

Drag force:

gT 2 cosh 2( z d ) / L
1
2t
2t
f D CD gDH 2 2
cos
cos

2
4 L cosh(2d / L)
T
T
2

(7-26)

Relative Wavelength and Pressure Factor

L
L0

1
cosh(2d / L )

K
K and

L
L0

K2

Fig 7-68

f i CM g

fi ( z d )
f i ( z 0)
f D ( z d )
f D ( z 0)

d
gT 2

D 2 cosh 2( z d ) / L 2t
H
sin

4
L cosh(2d / L)
T

1
gT 2 cosh 2( z d ) / L
2t
2t
gDH 2 2
cos
cos

2
4 L cosh(2d / L)
T
T
2

f D CD

Ratio of Crest Elevation to Wave Height

Fig 7-69

Wavelength Correction Factor

Fig 7-70

D 2 cosh 2( z d ) / L 2t
sin
H

4
L cosh(2d / L)
T

f i CM g

1
gT 2 cosh 2( z d ) / L
2t
2t
gDH 2 2
cos
cos

2
4 L cosh(2d / L)
T
T
2

f D CD
6-08

Total Force and Moment on a Pile

Force:

f i dz

f D dz Fi FD

(7-27)

Moment (around the bottom of the pile):

( z d ) f dz ( z d ) f
i

dz M i M D

(7-28)

f i CM g

D 2 cosh 2( z d ) / L 2t
sin
H

4
L cosh(2d / L)
T

gT 2 cosh 2( z d ) / L
1
2t
2t
gDH 2 2
cos
cos

2
4 L cosh(2d / L)
T
T
2

f D CD

Maximum Values of the Components

(assuming uniform pile & Integration from d SWL)

D 2
HK im
4

Inertia force

Fim CM g

Drag force

1
FDm CD gDH 2 K Dm
2

(7-38)

Moment due to inertia force

M im Fim d Sim

(7-39)

Moment due to drag force

M Dm FDm d S Dm

(7-40)

(7-37)

Note! Maximum values are not attained simultaneously.

Force and Moment Coefficients

Kim, KDm, Sim, and SDm

(Figs. 7-71, 7-72, 7-73, 7-74)

Hb= ?

Kim

Fig. 7-71

Force and Moment Coefficients

Kim, KDm, Sim, and SDm

Hb

Fig 7-75

Figs. 7-71, 7-72, 7-73, 7-74

fi dz

f D dz Fi FD

Ex: F = Fi + FD = 1683 sin + 1260 cos |cos|

Fm

2000

Fim
FDm

Fm ==
l Fim + FDm

Force (N)

1000

-1000

F
Fi
FD

-2000
0

90

180

270

360

Phase Angle (deg)

D 2 cosh 2( z d ) / L 2t
sin
f i CM g
H

4
L cosh(2d / L)
T
1
gT 2 cosh 2( z d ) / L
2t
2t
gDH 2 2
cos
cos

2
4 L cosh(2d / L)
T
T
2

f D CD

Maximum Value for Inertia and Drag Combined

Maximum force:

Fm _m g CD H 2 D

(7-42)

Maximum moment:
2
Mm
_m g C D H D d

(7-43)

(In your book g w)

Isolines of m and m versus H and d (different W

values)
gT2
gT2
m

Fm
wCD H 2D

W 0.05

H
gT 2

d
gT 2

CM D
CD H

(7-41)

Fm
wCD H 2 D
W 0.1

H
gT 2

Figs. 7-76 7-83

d
gT 2

Force Coefficients CD
CD

Fig 7-85

u D
Re max

umax

H Lo
T LA

(7-47)

CD

Fig 7-85

u D
Re max

umax

H Lo
T LA

(7-47)

Fig 7-68

Force Coefficients CM
CM=2.0

when Re < 2.5 105

CM=2.5 - Re 5 10-5 when 2.5 105 < Re < 5 105

CM=1.5

when 5 105 < Re

(7-53)

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Transversal Forces
FL FLm cos 2 CL

1
g D H 2 K Dm cos 2
2

FL

(7-44)

H/gT2 < 0.0075

CL
CD

H/gT2 > 0.0075

FL

Fig. 7-84

Horizontal pipe
Changed!

fzi
fzD

fxi
fxD

f x f xi f xD C M

f z f zi f zD C M

D2
4

D2
4

dz

ax CD

az CL

1
Du |u |
2

1
Du2
2

k N /m (7-20)

k N /m

ax = f(sin), u = f(cos), az = f(cos) => fxi & fxD not simultaneous max, fzi & fzD have simultaneous max
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Wave Forces on Breakwaters

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Non-breaking waves against a wall (caisson)

A
A

A=A

Fig 7-88

Pressure Distribution for Non-Breaking Waves

p1

1
gH i
2 cosh(2d / L)

(7-75)

Fig 7-89

Clapotis Orbit Center

Fig. 7-90

12

Total Force
1
Ftotal Fs Fwave g d 2 Fwave
2

(7-76)

Fwave
gd 2

Fwav
e

Fs

Fig. 7-91

Total Moment

M total M s M wave Fs

A:

d
1
M wave gd 3 M wave
3
6

M wave
gd 3

Fwav
e

Fs

Fig. 7-92

Caisson Failure Modes

SWL

SWL

Sliding

Overturning

13

Forces and Moments on a Caisson

Non-Breaking Waves

Houtside
ho

Hin/2
B

Fwave

yc

ds

di
Fsi

Fso

B/3

p1
po

RH

U1

pi

U2
R

RV

Stability of a Caisson, Non-Breaking Waves

Overturning A:

Mo MI G

B
B
B
2B
U1 U 2 RV
2
2
3
3

Sliding:
z

Houtside
ho

RH
eff
RV

Hin/2

eff 0.75

Fwave

yc

ds

di
Fsi

Fso

Rock foundation, non-breaking waves

B/3

A
p1

RH

po

pi

U1
U2

RV

RH Fwave Fso Fsi , RV G U1 U 2

Caisson on Rubble Foundation

F '' 1 rf F
M '' 1 rm M
M B'' 1 rm M b 1 rf F
M B'' M A'' bF ''

(7-82)
(7-83)

(7-84)

Fig. 7-98

14

Fig. 7-97

Breaking Waves on Caisson Minikin Method

Rm

ds

Rs

Fig. 7-99

Breaking Waves on Caisson: Theory

pm 101g

Hb ds
D ds
LD D

D d s Ld m
Rm

pm H b
3

M m Rm d s

Rm

(7-88)
(7-86)

pm H b d s
3

Rs

(7-85)

(7-87)

1
2
Rt Rm Rs Rm g d s H b / 2
2
1
3
M t M m M s M m g d s H b / 2
6

Ld

Fig. 7-99

LD

(7-89)

(7-90)

15

Dimensionless Minikin Wave Pressure and Force

Fig. 7-100

Stability of a Caisson, Breaking Waves

Hb/2
Rm

Hin/2
B
G

ds

di

Rso
Rsi
B/6
po

RH
pI

U2

U1

RV

Stability of a Caisson, Breaking Waves

Overturning A:

Mo MI G

B
B
B
5B
U1 U 2 RV
2
2
3
6
z

Hb/2
Rm

Hin/2

Sliding:

RH
eff
RV

B
G
ds

eff 0.9

Rock foundation, breaking waves

di

Rso
Rsi

B/6

RH
pI

po
U2

U1

RV

16

Caisson on Rubble Foundation

Rm
Rs

Fig. 7-101

Influence of a Low Wall

Force and moment

reduction

Rm' rm Rm

(7-91)

Fig. 7-102

Parameter in Moment Reduction, Low Wall

Fig. 7-103

M m' d s Rm (d s a )(1 rm ) Rm

(7-92)

M m' Rm rm (d s a ) a

(7-93)

17

Broken Waves, Caisson in the Water

Rm
Rs

1
1
pm C 2 gdb
2
2
hc 0.78 H b

db g

Fig. 7-104

(7-94)
(7-95)

1
Rm pm hc gdb hc
2
M m Rm d s hc / 2

(7-96)

(7-97)

Total Force and Moment on Caisson in Water

ps g (d s hc )

(7-98)

1
Rs g (d s hc ) 2
(7-99)
2
1
1
M s Rs ( d s hc ) g (d s hc )3
3
6
Rt Rm Rs
(7-101)
Mt Mm Ms

(7-100)

(7-102)
Rm
Rs

Broken Waves, Caisson on Land

x
x
v ' C 1 1 gdb 1 1
x2
x2

x
h ' hc 1 1
x2

(7-103)

(7-104)

18

Total Force and Moment on Caisson on Land

pm g

x
v '2 1
gdb 1 1
2g 2
x2

1
x
Rm pm h ' gdb hc 1 1
2
x2
M m Rm

h' 1
x
gdb hc2 1 1
2 4
x
2

1
1
x
Rs gh '2 ghc2 1 1
2
2
x2
M s Rs

Rm
Rs

h' 1
x
ghc3 1 1
3 6
x2

Rt Rm Rs

Mt Mm Ms
Eqs. (7-105) (7-111)

Effect of Angle of Wave Approach

Rn R sin '
R ' Rn / W R sin 2
R = Dyn force per unit length of wall

Fig. 7-106

The reduction is not applicable to rubble structures!

MODES OF WAVE FORCES AGAINST A WALL

Rm
Rs

Fwave
Fs

Broken

Non-Breaking

Rm

Rs

Breaking

19

Rubble Mound Breakwaters

Rubble Mound Breakwaters

Cover Layer/Armour Layer

Under Layers

wr H 3
K D ( sr 1)3 cot

Hudsons formula

W = weight of individual armour unit (kg)

wr = unit weight of armour unit (kg/m3)
Sr = wr/ww
KD = stability coefficient

Suggested KD-Values for Determining Armor Unit Weight

20

Selection of KD-Value
Value includes:
shape of the blocks
number of layers
placement of the blocks
roughness
type of wave (breaking/non-breaking)
incident wave angle
breakwater shape (height above water level, width etc)
scale effects

Breakwater Armor Units

A-Jacks

Xbloc

Dolos

Tetrapod

21

Quarrystone

Accropode

Submar
Core Loc

Concrete cubes
?? concrete blocks

Tri Bar

Antifer concrete blocks

Nikken stone blocks

Nikken Grasp

Nikken Sanren

Nikken Rakuna IV

22

Typical Breakwater Designs

Recommended Three-Layer Section

Fig. 7-116. Non-breaking waves and one exposed side.

Typical Breakwater Designs

Fig. 7-117. Breaking waves or two exposed sides.

Breakwater Design Elements

* Still water level(s)

(depending on co-variation with waves)

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Breakwater Design Elements

* Design wave height Hs

Breakwater Design Elements

* Run-up level Ru2%

crest elevation

Ru2%

Breakwater Design Elements

* crest width
1/ 3

W
B nk
wr
( n 3)

Table 7-13
=B
Ru2%

24

Breakwater Design Elements

* side slopes (~ 1:1.5 1:3)

=B
Ru2%

in

out

Breakwater Design Elements

0.3 m
1/3

- Layer thickness (W)

W
r (W / 10) max 2.0 50
wr

1/ 3

W
r nk
wr

W
1.25 max
wr

n 2 thickness = 2r(W)

- Rock units (W/10)

r (W / 10) max

0.3m
1/3

W
2.0 50
wr

(7-123)

=B
Ru2%

W50 W / 10

Breakwater Design Elements

- bottom elevation of cover layer

2 H

for d s 2 H

=B
Ru2%

to bottom for d s 2 H

- toe berm W/10

- under layers

for d s 1.5H

to bottom for d s 1.5 H

D15,cover D85,under
- filter layer or geotextile

D15,filter D85,underground

25

Breaking waves or two exposed sides.

> 1.5 m

Non-breaking waves and one exposed side.

2r

2r

2r

>3m

1/3

W
3r 3k 50
wr

where W50 W / 10
1/3

W
2r 2k 50
wr

STABILITY OF RUBBLE FOUNDATION AND TOE PROTECTION

Fig 7-120

MAIN ITEMS

- Understand most dangerous (biggest) breaking wave

- Calculate run-up & overtopping
- Understand & calculate wave forces

L9 -11

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