International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 6, Issue 8, Aug 2015, pp. 29-42, Article ID: IJCIET_06_08_004

Available online at
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JTypeIJCIET&VType=6&IType=8
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316
IAEME Publication
___________________________________________________________________________

STUDY ON PROPERTIES OF CONCRETE

WITH MANUFACTURED SAND AS
REPLACEMENT TO NATURAL SAND
Yajurved Reddy M
Post-graduate Student, (BE+ME) Dept. of Civil Engineering,
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, INDIA
D.V. Swetha
Post-graduate Student, (BE+ME) Dept. of Civil Engineering,
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, INDIA
S. K. Dhani
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering,
Andhra University, Visakhapatnam, INDIA
ABSTRACT
In the present investigation workability, strength and durability of
concrete with manufactured sand as replacement to natural sand in
proportions of 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100% is studied. The experiments
were conducted on M20 and M30 concrete grade with 450 specimens. Slump
cone, compaction factor and vee-bee time tests were conducted to determine
workability. Results showed that as replacement of natural sand by
manufactured sand is increased, there is a decrease in the workability.
Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength tests were
conducted to determine strength of concrete. The 60% replacement showed an
increase in strength of about 20% and other replacements to an order of
minimum 0.93% in both the grades. The durability study is conducted by
treating specimens for 30 days with 5% concentrated Hydro Chloric Acid and
the concrete mix with 60% replacement has given good durable properties.
Key words: Manufactured Sand, Natural Sand, Durability.
Cite this Article: Yajurved Reddy M, D.V. Swetha and S. K. Dhani. Study on
Properties of Concrete with Manufactured Sand as Replacement to Natural
Sand. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 6(8), 2015,
pp 29-42.
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Yajurved Reddy M, D.V. Swetha and S. K. Dhani

1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is made with natural sand as fine aggregate. Scarcity of natural sand due to
depletion of natural resources and restrictions due to environmental considerations
made concrete manufacturers to look for suitable alternative fine aggregate. One such
alternative is Manufactured Sand. Manufactured sand is the quarry dust or the
crushed granite stone that is sieved and made to suite particle size of natural sand so
as to be used as fine aggregate. It is also called as M-sand.
There is an increase in the use of manufactured sand in the field of concrete
construction due to the lack and scarcity of natural sand. So there is a need to
determine the workability, strength and durability properties of concrete using
manufactured sand as fine aggregate. The study on the strength characteristics of
concrete made with high fine material a comparison between natural and crushed
sands is studied by B.P Hudson. Ilangovanaet al studied the feasibility of the usage of
Manufactured sand as hundred percent substitute for natural sand in concrete.
Nagabhushana and Sharadabai studied the properties of mortar and concrete in which
crushed rock powder (CRP) is used as a partial and full replacement for natural sand.
Rajendra Prasad D.S. et al his research was conducted to study the effect of crushed
rock powder (CRP) as fine aggregate and partial replacement of cement with
admixtures subjected to different water, carbon dioxide and air curing periods. Raman
et al in his paper reports the experimental study undertaken to investigate the
influence of partial replacement of sand with quarry dust, and cement with fly ash on
the concrete compressive strength development. Saeed Ahmad investigated the effects
of crushed and natural sand on the properties of fresh and hardened concrete. The
hardened and durable properties of concrete using quarry dust were investigated by
SivaKumar and prakash. Veerareddy has made an attempt to assess the suitability of
stone dust and ceramic scrap in concrete making. Venumalagavelli has investigated
the effect of partial replacement of cement with Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag
and sand with Robos and (crusher dust).
Durability of concrete is an important aspect when we are using a new material in
concrete production. When hydrochloric acid and hydrated cement phases react, the
chemicals formed are some soluble and insoluble salts. Soluble salts, mostly with
calcium, are subsequently leached out, whereas insoluble salts along with amorphous
hydrogels, remain in the corroded layer of concrete. Besides dissolution, the
interaction between hydrogels may also result in the formation of compounds like
silicates of iron, aluminum and calcium (Fe-Si, Al-Si, Ca-Al-Si) complexes which
appear to be stable in pH range above 3.5.
Ca(OH)2 + 2HCl CaCl2 + 2H2O
The reaction essentially causes leaching of Ca (OH)2 from the set cement. After
leaching out of Ca (OH)2, C-S-H and ettringite start to decompose, with release of
Ca2+ to counteract the loss in Ca(OH)2 and the set cement starts to disintegrate
accelerating the dissolution.
Ca6Al2(SO4)3(OH)12.26H2O 3Ca2+ +2[Al(OH)4]- +4OH- +26H2O
3Ca2+ +2[Al(OH)4]- +4OH- +12HCL 3CaCl2 + 2ALCL3 + 12H2O
There are few indications through experiments about the formation of Friedels
salt, C3A.CaCl2.10H2O, by the action of CaCl2, formed due to reaction of HCL with
CH and C3A. Hydrochloric acid attack is a typical acidic corrosion which can be
characterized by the formation of layer structure.

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Study On Properties of Concrete with Manufactured Sand as Replacement To Natural Sand

2. RESEARCH SIGNIFICANCE
The objectives of the present investigation are to conduct feasibility study on
concrete made with manufactured sand as fine aggregate. To evaluate the work
ability characteristics in terms of slump, compaction factor and vee-bee time with
addition of manufactured sand as replacement to natural sand (0-100%). To
evaluate the percentage of admixture that should be added to get the required slump
of 40mm-80mm. To evaluate the compressive strength, split tensile strength, Flexural
strength at 3, 7 and28daysby replacing natural sand in proportions of 0%, 20%, 40%,
60% and 100%. To evaluate the compressive strength, split tensile strength, Flexural
strength of concrete when treated with hydrochloric acid.

3. MATERIALS
Ordinary portland cement of 43 gradeis used confirming to IS: 8112-1989. Crushed
granite metal (graded) with 20 mm to a proportion of 60% and 10 mm to a proportion
of 40% is used as coarse aggregate which is tested according to IS: 2386-1963 Part 1
to VIII. River sand according to IS: 383-1970confirming to zone II is used as fine
aggregate. Manufactured sand confirming to Zone II as per IS: 383-1970 is used.
Hydrochloric acid of 5% concentration and Ph-2 is used to treat concrete specimens.
Potable fresh water free from concentration of acid or organic substances is used.
Fosrocconplast SP 430 is used as admixture.
Table 1 Properties of Cement
S.No
1
2
3
4
5

Property

Value

Specific Gravity
Fineness of Cement by sieving
Normal Consistency
Initial Setting time
Final setting time
3 days compressive strength
7 days compressive strength
28 days compressive strength

3.12
4%
32%
95 minutes
234 minutes
25.3 N/mm2
36.6 N/mm2
52.6 N/mm2

Table-2 Properties of Coarse Aggregate

S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

Property

Values

Specific Gravity
Density
Water Absorption
Flakiness Index
Elongation Index
Crushing value
Impact Value
Fineness Modulus

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2.85
1691 kg/m3
0.90 %
14.13 %
21.29 %
21.33 %
15.40 %
6.65

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Yajurved Reddy M, D.V. Swetha and S. K. Dhani

Table 3 Properties of Fine aggregate (River sand)
S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6

Property

Value

Grading of Sand
Specific Gravity
Density
Water absorption
Fineness Modulus
Fines

Zone II as per IS 383

2.59
1671 kg/m3
1.51 %
2.44
1%

Table-4 Properties of Fine aggregate (Manufactured sand)

S.No
1
2
3
4
5
6

Property

Value

Grading of Sand
Specific Gravity
Density compacted
Water absorption
Fineness Modulus
Fines

Zone II as per IS 383

2.57
1791 Kg/m3
2.26%
2.75
6%

All the materials used were locally available in and around Visakhapatnam, India.
Manufactured sand is transported in wet condition to avoid grading. Table-1 shows
the properties of cement which are within the allowable limits. From Table-2, it can
be stated that the properties of coarse aggregate satisfy the standards. Table-3 and
Table-4 gives the properties of natural river sand and manufactured sand.From these
results we can infer that the natural sand and manufactured sand confirms to same
zone but having different fineness modulus, high for manufactured sand and may
yield more strength. The water absorption of manufactured sand is high due to more
fine particles and may lead to low workable mix. The manufactured sand is angular in
shape and natural sand is rounded.

4. MIX DESIGN
The mix design is done according to IS: 10262-2009. The proportions adopted for M20
grade is 1:1.85:4.02 with a w/c of 0.5 and cement content of 330kgs. The proportions
adopted for M30 grade is 1:1.51:3.06 with a w/c of 0.45 and cement content of 402kgs.
A total of five mixes for each grade is adopted i.e., M20 with 0% M-sand, M20 with
20% M-sand, M20 with 40% M-sand, M20 with 60% M-sand, M20 with 100% M-sand,
for M30 grade M30 with 0% M-sand, M30 with 20% M-sand, M30 with 40% M-sand,
M30 with 60% M-sand, M30 with 100% M-sand were used.

5. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
The workability of green concrete is determined by slump cone, compaction factor
and vee-bee time tests, as these tests are suitable for low workable mixes also. While
casting the specimens only the workability is measured, if any mix does not have
required slump of 40-80mm then the mix would be made again with plasticizer. The
tests were conducted on both M20 and M30 grade concrete. In accordance with
workability the percentage of admixture required for low workable mixes to make
their slump reach 40-80mm is also determined. Table 5 and 6 determines the
workability properties of different proportions of natural sand replaced by
manufactures sand.

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Study On Properties of Concrete with Manufactured Sand as Replacement To Natural Sand

Table 5 Workability Characteristics of M20 Grade Concrete
Slump Compaction Vee-Bee
(mm)
Factor
Time(Sec)

Mix
M20 with 0% M-Sand
M20 with 20% M-Sand
M20 with 40% M-Sand
M20 with 60% M-Sand
M20 with 100% M-Sand

50
37
20
8
0

0.91
0.89
0.87
0.84
0.81

Percentage of Admixture
Required For Slump (4080mm)
(By the weight of cement)

9.2
13.1
19.9
27.5
36.1

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5

Table-6 Workability Characteristics of M30 Grade Concrete

Slump Compaction Vee-Bee
Factor
(mm)
Time(Sec)

Mix
M30 with 0% M-Sand
M30 with 20% M-Sand
M30 with 40% M-Sand
M30 with 60% M-Sand
M30 with 100% M-Sand

46
27
19
7
0

0.89
0.86
0.85
0.83
0.8

Percentage of Admixture
Required For Slump (4080mm)
(By the weight of cement)

10.7
16.3
20.7
29.2
39

0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.5

Compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of M20 and M30
grade concrete is determined by conducting the tests on cubes of size 150X150X150
mm, cylinders of 100mm diameter and 300mm length, prisms of 100X100X500 mm.
The tests were conducted according to IS: 516- 1959 .The results were tabulated in
tables 7 and 8.
Table 7 Strength Characteristics of M20 Grade Concrete With different proportions of
manufactured sand
Test at
Day

M20 with
0% M-Sand

3
7
28

23.03
30.14
40

3
7
28

1.75
2.21
2.93

3
7
28

3.86
4.74
5.78

M20 with
M20 with
M20 with
20% M40% M60% MSand
Sand
Sand
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
23.74
24.78
25.77
31.67
34.51
35.4
42.92
44.07
48
2
Split Tensile Strength (N/mm )
1.91
2.05
2.16
2.33
2.41
2.73
3.11
3.14
3.67
2
Flexural Strength (N/mm )
3.97
4.16
4.73
4.87
4.91
5.52
5.95
6.14
6.82

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M20 with
100% MSand
25.17
34.51
45.77
2.07
2.66
3.48
4.49
5.04
6.41

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Yajurved Reddy M, D.V. Swetha and S. K. Dhani

Table 8 Strength Characteristics of M30 Grade Concrete With different proportions of
manufactured sand

M20 with
M20 with
M20 with
M20 with
20% M40% M60% M100% MSand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
3
26.81
27.11
28.29
32.77
31.85
7
35.51
37.62
39.62
45.55
42.07
28
48.88
49.21
49.21
53.99
50.88
Split Tensile Strength (N/mm2)
3
1.93
2.08
2.12
2.24
2.21
7
2.33
2.5
2.66
3.01
2.82
28
2.97
3.04
3.25
3.44
3.43
Flexural Strength (N/mm2)
3
3.84
3.91
4.17
4.73
4.68
7
5.07
5.12
5.61
6.02
5.85
28
6.39
6.45
7.01
7.4
7.18
For durability study the cubes, cylinders, prisms which are cured in water for 28
days are immersed in acid for 30 days and tested. The strength is compared with 28
days strength of water cured specimens.
Test at
Day

M20 with
0% M-Sand

Table 9 Strength characteristics of Acid Treated M20 Grade specimens

Testing

M20 with
0% MSand

28 days
Acid treated

40
37.01

28 days
Acid treated

2.93
2.65

28 days
Acid treated

5.78
5.06

M20 with
M20 with
M20 with
20% M40% M60% MSand
Sand
Sand
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
42.92
44.07
48
39.97
42.33
45.97
Split Tensile Strength (N/mm2)
3.11
3.14
3.67
2.88
2.97
3.52
Flexural Strength (N/mm2)
5.95
6.14
6.82
5.28
5.58
6.195

M20 with
100% MSand
45.77
43.09
3.48
3.32
6.41
5.9

Table 10 Strength characteristics of Acid Treated M30 Grade specimens

Testing

28 days
Acid treated
28 days
Acid treated
28 days
Acid treated

M20 with
M20 with
M20 with
M20 with
0% M20% M40% M60% MSand
Sand
Sand
Sand
Compressive Strength (N/mm2)
48.88
49.21
49.21
53.99
44.88
45.67
47.03
50.42
Split Tensile Strength (N/mm2)
2.97
3.04
3.25
3.44
2.14
2.27
2.46
2.97
2
Flexural Strength (N/mm )
6.39
6.45
7.01
7.4
5.02
5.08
5.44
6.32

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M20 with
100% MSand
50.88
47.97
3.43
2.92
7.18
6.08

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Study On Properties of Concrete with Manufactured Sand as Replacement To Natural Sand

Figure 1 compaction factor test

Figure 2 vee bee time apparatus

Figure 3 acid treatment of specimens

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Yajurved Reddy M, D.V. Swetha and S. K. Dhani

Figure 4 acid treated specimens

6. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The slump, compaction factor is decreasing and vee-bee time is increasing as the
percentage of replacement of natural sand by manufactured sandis increasing. The
percentage of admixture required for making the mixes to a slump of 40mm to 80mm
is also increasing as the percentage of replacement of natural sand by manufactured
sandis increasing.
The Compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strengths has showed
increase in strength when the natural sand is replaced by manufactured sand. The 28
day compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of M20 and
M30for all the mixes were shown in the graphs below.
60
50
40
30

M20
M30

20
10
0

M20 with 0% M20 with 20% M20 with 40% M20 with 60% M20 with
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand
100% M-Sand

Figure 5 compressive strength of M20 and M30 grade concrete with replacements

From figure-5 we can infer that the increase in compressive strength for M 20grade
concrete is 0%, 7.3%, 10.17%, 20%, 14.42% and M30 grade is 0%, 0.67%, 3.66%,
10.45%, 4.09% respectively for 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100% replacement of
natural sand with manufactured sand.

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Study On Properties of Concrete with Manufactured Sand as Replacement To Natural Sand

4
3.5
3
2.5
2

M20

1.5

M30

1
0.5
0
M20 with 0% M20 with 20% M20 with 40% M20 with 60% M20 with
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand
100% M-Sand

Figure 6 Split tensile strength of M20 and M30 grade concrete with replacements

From figure-6 we can infer that the increase in split tensile strength for M20grade
concrete is 0%, 6.14%, 7.16%, 25.04%, 18.56% and M30 grade is 0%, 2.35%, 9.42%,
15.82%, 15.48% respectively for 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100% replacement of
natural sand with manufactured sand.
8
7
6
5
4

M20

M30

2
1
0

M20 with 0% M20 with 20% M20 with 40% M20 with 60% M20 with
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand
100% M-Sand

Figure 7 Flexural strength of M20 and M30 grade concrete with replacements

From figure-7 we can infer that the increase in split tensile strength for M20grade
concrete is 0%, 2.94%, 6.22%, 18.11%, 10.89% and M30 grade is 0%, 0.93%, 6.39%,
15.80%, 12.36% respectively for 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 100% replacement of
natural sand with manufactured sand.
From the results it is clearly evident that 60% replacement of natural sand by
manufactured sand has given good strength compared to all other replacements. The
increase in strength is high in every M20grade mix because the mix is aggregate
dominant where as M30grade is mortar dominant.
The Compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strengths were
decreasing when the acid treated specimens were tested. The strength of acid treated
specimens is compared with 28 day strengths of M20 and M30grade mixes for all the
mixes were shown in the graphs below.

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Yajurved Reddy M, D.V. Swetha and S. K. Dhani

60
50

28 day strength
acid treated strength
40.0

40

42.9
37.0

40.0

48.0
44.1 42.3

46.0

45.8

43.1

30
20
10
0
M20 with 0% M20 with 20% M20 with 40% M20 with 60% M20 with 100%
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand

Figure 8 compressive strength of M20 concrete with replacements

From figure-8 we can infer that the decrease in compressive strength for M20grade
concrete is 8.07%, 7.38%, 3.94%, 4.44%, 6.21% respectively for 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%
and 100% replacement of natural sand with manufactured sand.
4
3.5
3

28 day strength
3.7

acid treated strength

3.1

3.1

2.9

2.9

3.5

3.5

3.3

3.0

2.7

2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
M20 with 0% M20 with 20% M20 with 40% M20 with 60% M20 with 100%
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand

Figure 9 split tensile strength of M20 grade concrete with replacements

From figure-9 we can infer that the decrease in split tensile strength for M20grade
concrete is 9.71%, 7.45%, 5.62%, 4.08%, 4.51% respectively for 0%, 20%, 40%, 60%
and 100% replacement of natural sand with manufactured sand.

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Study On Properties of Concrete with Manufactured Sand as Replacement To Natural Sand

8
7
6

28 day strength
acid treated strength
6.0

5.8

6.8

6.4

5.6

5.3

5.1

6.2

6.1

5.9

5
4
3
2
1
0
M20 with 0%
M-Sand

M20 with 20% M20 with 40% M20 with 60% M20 with 100%
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand

Figure 10 Flexural strength of M20 grade concrete with replacements

From figure-10 we can infer that the decrease in compressive strength for
M20grade concrete is 12.45%, 11.26%, 9.12%, 9.15%, 7.95% respectively for 0%,
20%, 40%, 60% and 100% replacement of natural sand with manufactured sand.
From the results it is evident that60% replacement of manufactured sand with
natural sand has given good resistance to acid treatment for all the mixes of M20
grade.
28 day strength
60
50

acid treated strength

49.2

48.9
44.9

54.0
49.2

45.7

47.0

50.4

50.9

48.0

40
30
20
10
0
M20 with 0%
M-Sand

M20 with 20% M20 with 40% M20 with 60% M20 with 100%
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand

Figure 11 compressive strength of M30 grade concrete with replacements

From figure-11 we can infer that the decrease in compressive strength for
M30grade concrete is 8.18%, 7.19%, 7.18%, 6.66%, 5.71% respectively for 0%, 20%,
40%, 60% and 100% replacement of natural sand with manufactured sand.

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Yajurved Reddy M, D.V. Swetha and S. K. Dhani

4
3.5
3
2.5

28 day strength
acid treated strength
3.0
3.0

3.4
3.0

2.9

2.5

2.3

2.1

3.4

3.3

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
M20 with 0% M20 with 20% M20 with 40% M20 with 60% M20 with 100%
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand

Figure 12 split tensile strength of M30 grade concrete with replacements

From figure-12 we can infer that the decrease in split tensile strength for M30grade
concrete is 27.94%, 25.32%, 24.3%, 13.66%, 14.88% respectively for 0%, 20%, 40%,
60% and 100% replacement of natural sand with manufactured sand.
28 day strength
8
7
6

acid treated strength

6.5
6.4
5.0

7.4

7.0

7.2
6.3

5.1

6.1

5.4

5
4
3
2
1
0
M20 with 0%
M-Sand

M20 with 20% M20 with 40% M20 with 60% M20 with 100%
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand
M-Sand

Figure 13 Flexural strength of M30 grade concrete with replacements

From figure-13 we can infer that the decrease in compressive strength for
M20grade concrete is 21.4%, 21.2%, 22.39%, 14.59%, 15.32% respectively for 0%,
20%, 40%, 60% and 100% replacement of natural sand with manufactured sand.
From the results it is evident that60% replacement of manufactured sand with
natural sand has given good resistance to acid treatment for all the mixes of M30
grade.

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Study On Properties of Concrete with Manufactured Sand as Replacement To Natural Sand

7. CONCLUSIONS
Results were analyzed to derive useful conclusions regarding the workability,
strength, durability, characteristics of concrete with replacement of natural sand with
manufactured sand in different proportions for M20 and M30 grades. The following
conclusions may be drawn from the study

The manufactured sand is a best alternative for natural sand in terms of strength and
durability.
Manufactured sand yields mixes with low work ability as the particle shape is angular
and it can be compensated by adding admixtures to the mix.
The 60% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand yielded good
compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength for M20 and M30 grade
concrete compared to other proportions of mixes.
The 60% replacement of natural sand by manufactured sand has shown good
resistance to acid treatment in compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural
strength for M20 and M30 grade concrete compared to other proportions of mixes.

8. NOTATIONS
Fe iron
Ca calcium
Al aluminum
Si silicon
HCL hydrochloric acid
CaCl2 Calcium chloride
Ca (OH) 2 calcium hydroxide
C-S-H Calcium Silicate Hydrates
[Al (OH)4]-- Tetrahydroxyaluminate ion

REFERENCES
[1]
[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

Hudson, B. P., Manufactured Sand for concrete, The Indian concrete Journal,
May 1997, pp. 237-240
Ilangovana R., MahendranaN. and Nagamanib. K strength and durability
properties of concrete containing quarry rock dust as fine aggregate ARPN
Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 3(5), OCTOBER 2008 ISSN 18196608
Mahzuz. H. M. A., Ahmed. A. A. M and Yusuf. M. A Use of stone powder in
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