2016

WORKBOOK
Detailed Explanations of

Try Yourself Questions

Electrical Engineering
Signals and Systems

Introduction

T1 : Solution
(a)
As we know even part of any signal is

x(t ) + x(t )
2

So if we use the above formulae we can determine that even part of x(t ) is represented as signal given in
option (a).
T2 : Solution
(b)
The signal x(t ) = u (t + 5) u (t 4)
x(t )
1

+5

Now we need to find y (t ) = x(2t + 2)

To find y (t ) first of all we will find x(t + 2) i.e. left shift signal x(t ) by 2, then we will find x(2t + 2) i.e. scaling
the signal x(t + 2) by factor of 2 and then we will find x(2t + 2) i.e. time reversal of signal x(2t + 2)
x(t + 2)

x(2t + 2)

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y (t ) = x(2t + 2)

1.5

1.5

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T3 : Solution
(a)
The expression of x(t ) is x(t ) =

(t 4k ) (t 4k 1).

k =

So x(t ) is a subtraction of two signals each periodic with period 4. So x(t ) is periodic with period 4.
T6 : Solution
x(t ) = 3e t u (t )

The signal is,

Now, energy of signal will be

Ex =

[3e

t 2

] dt = 4.5

T7 : Solution
The signal x(t ) is (t 1)2

We need to find

x(t ) (t 1)dt = x(1)

So,
So answer is 0.

x(1) = (1 1)2 = 0

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Fourier Series

T1 : Solution
(a)
Given that Fourier series coefficient of x(t ) is ak
F.S.

ak
x(t )

So,
Now, real part of x(t ) is

x(t ) + x (t )

F.S.

ak
x(t )

and if

F.S.

ak
x (t )

then
So real part of x(t ),

x(t ) + x (t )

F.S.

ak + ak
2

T2 : Solution
(c)
We know that Fourier series cannot be defined if the signal is non periodic. From the given options, signal
given in option (c) is non periodic. So answer is (c).
T3 : Solution
(d)

For real periodic signal the Fourier series coefficients (ck ) are conjugate symmetric (ck = c k ) which means

even magnitude and odd phase. So option (c).

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T4 : Solution
(d)
t + To
The signal x(t ) is such that x(t ) = x
, so the signal has half wave symmetry. So the signal will have
2

only odd harmonics, and since signal is even it will have only cosine terms.
T5 : Solution

Power of signals is

Cn

Cn

Cn

So power is

= (2)2 + (8)2 + (8)2 + (2)2 = 136

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Fourier Transform

T1 : Solution
(b)
The Fourier transform is X () = u () u ( 2), we know that
If signal is real then X () is conjugate symmetric.
If signal is imaginary then X () is conjugate anti-symmetric
The given X () is neither conjugate symmetric nor conjugate anti-symmetric.
So x(t ) is complex signal.
T2 : Solution
(d)
Given that x(t ) is real
x(t ) = 0 for t 0
and

1
2

Re [ X ()] e

d = t e t

F.T.

X()
x(t )

We know that if

x(t ) + x(t )
X () + X ( )
F.T.

2
2
So Fourier transform of even part of x(t ) is real part of X (). So inverse Fourier transform of Re[X ()] will be
even part of x(t ).

then Even [x(t )],

So even part of x(t ) is t e t

So,
and
So,
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x(t ) + x(t )
= t e t
2

x(t ) = 0 for t < 0

x(t ) = 2te t u (t )
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T3 : Solution
(a)

1
j + 2

F.T.

e 2t u (t )

We know that if

F.T.

e 2t u (t )

and

2 j

T4 : Solution
(a)
Signal g (t ) = x(t ) cos2 t

sint
t

Let Fourier transform of x(t ) is X ().

X () X ( 2) X ( + 2)
So Fourier transform of x(t ) cos2t will be
+
+

2
2
2

Fourier transform of

sint
is rect(/2).
t

X () X ( 2) X ( + 2)
+
+
So G () will be
rect ( / 2)
2
2
2

Since

X() = 0 for > 1

So

G() =

X ()
2

So,

H() =

1
2

so, h(t ) =

1
(t ).
2

T5 : Solution
(c)
Given Fourier transform of e t u (t ) is

Now Fourier transform of

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1
.
1 + j 2 f

1
will be e f u (f ) using the duality theorem.
1 + j 2 t

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Electrical Engineering Signals and Systems

T6 : Solution
(a)
Fourier transform is G () =

2 + 21
2 + 9

G() =

So,

As we know that Fourier transform of e

12
2
21
= 1+ 2
+ 2
+9
+9 +9
2

a t

is

2a
a 2 + 2

g (t ) = (t ) + 2 exp ( 3 t

So

T7 : Solution
(d)
Given that the signal is conjugate symmetric, that is x(t ) = x (t )
F.T.

Let

X()
x(t )

then

X ()
x (t )

F.T.

x(t ) = x (t ) X () = X ()

Since
So X () is real.

T8 : Solution
(a)
x(t ) =

Given that

Since

then (using duality)

2a
a + t2
2

2a

F.T.
2
e a t
a + 2

2a
a
F.T.

2 e
a + t2
2

T9 : Solution
Given that
x(t ) = 5 Sa (2t )
Using the definition of sampling function, we get
x(t ) =

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(where Sa is sampling functions)

5sin(2t )
2t

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The Fourier transform of x(t ) will be

5
rect ( / 4)
2

We need to find

X ()dt

x(t ) =

Since,

2 x(0) =

1
2

X ()e

+ j t

X ()d

So,

X ()d

= 2 x(0) = 31.4

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Laplace Transform

T1 : Solution
(c)
To determine the Laplace transform of e 3t cos 2t , we know that
L.T.

cos2t
L.T.

e 3t cos2t

s
s2 + 4
(s + 3)
(s + 3)2 + 4

T2 : Solution
(a)
We know that
L.T.

u (t )

L.T.

e t u (t )

1
s
1
s +1

L.T.

e (t + 1) u (t + 1)

es
(s + 1)

L.T.

e t u (t + 1)

es + 1
(s + 1)

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Re{s } > 1

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11

T3 : Solution
(a)

Given that Laplace transform of f (t ) is 2
then the signal is sinusoidal and we cannot find the value
s + 2

of signal at t = .
T4 : Solution
(b)
Given that

H (s ) =

1
2

s (s 2)

, then

h(t ) = (t e 2t ) u (t )
T5 : Solution
(d)
Given that signal is right sided and system is causal and stable then poles of the system should be in left
hand side of the imaginary axis, so option (d) is correct.

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Discrete Time System

T1 : Solution

To find the value of

e t (2t 1)dt

1
1
t
e t 2 dt
2

e 1/ 2
2

So, value of integral is 0.303.

T2 : Solution
(a)

Given that

y (n ) =

3k

x(n k ) and

K =0

We know that,

y (n ) =

h(k ) x(n k )

So comparing the above two relation, we get

h (n) = 3n u (n)

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13

T3 : Solution
(a)
Given that
System
x1(n )
y1(n )
System
(n ) + (n 1)
cos(n)
System
x2(n )
y2(n )

and

System
(n 1) + (n 2)
sin(n)

So impulse response can be found as follows:

Since
x 1(n ) x 2(n ) = (n)
So impulse response will be y1(n ) y2(n )
So,
h (n) = cos(n ) sin(n )

T4 : Solution
Given bandwidth (B) of the filter is 3 MHz, lower cut-off frequency is 2 MHz.
So upper cut-off frequency (fH ) will be 5 MHz.
The sampling frequency (fs ) is

So,

So,

2fH
(where fH : upper cut-off frequency; k = integer part of f H /B )
k
5
fH
= = 1.66,
3
B

fs =

So, k = 1.0

2fH
= 10 MHz
k

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Z-Transform

T1 : Solution
(b)
Let z -transform of x(n ) is X (z )
Z.T.
x(n )
X (z )

So,
n

1
Z.T.
X (2z )
x(n)
2

and

1

2

Thus,

n +1

Z.T.
x(n)

1
X (2z )
2

T2 : Solution
(d)
Given that x(n ) is non zero only for finite values of n, thus ROC of X (z ) will be entire z-plane.
T3 : Solution
(d)
Given that
So the ROC will be

x(n ) = 2n u (n ) 4n u (n 1)

z > 2) ( z < 4)

Thus, ROC is 2 < z < 4.

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T4 : Solution
(a)

X (z ) =

Given that

18
1 2

(1 2z ) (1 + z )

2
1

(1 + z )

4
1

(1 2z )

12
(1 2z 1)2

= 2(1)n u (n ) + u (2)n u (n ) + 12n (2)n u (n )

T5 : Solution
(a)
Given that the system has h(n ) = 0 for n < 0 and system is not necessarily stable then H(z ) should have
degree of numerator less than degree of denominators.
Only (I) and (III) satisfy the required condition.
T6 : Solution
(c)
Given that x(n ) is right sided and real, X (z ) has two poles, two zeros at origin and one pole at e j/2, X (1) = 1.
Since x(n ) is real so poles of X (z ) should be in conjugate pairs so other pole will be at e j /2.

k z2
k z2
=
(z e j / 2 ) (z e j / 2 ) z 2 + 1

So,

X (z ) =

Since,

X(1) = 1

So,

X (z ) =

so, k = 1

z2
and z > 1
z +1
2

T7 : Solution
(a)
Signal is a nT u (n ) then the z-transform will be
z
1
=
T 1
z aT
1 a z

T8 : Solution
(b)
n

1
x(n ) = u (n )
2

Given

and

So,

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y (n)

1
y (n 1) = x(n )
3

1
Y (z ) Y (z ) z 1 = X (z )
3

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Electrical Engineering Signals and Systems

16

X (z )
1
2
3
=
=
+
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

1 z 1 z 1 z
1 z 1 z

3
3
2
3
2

Y (z ) =

So,

n
1 n

1
y (n ) = 3 u (n) 2 u (n)

3
2

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Miscellaneous

T1 : Solution
(d)
Given,

H (s ) =

k (s 2 + 20 )

s 2 + 0 s + 20
Q

So value of H (s ) at s is k
and value of H (s ) at s 0 is k.
So the filter is a band stop filter or notch filter.
T2 : Solution
(a)
The signal x(t ) = (2 + e 3t ) u (t ) then final value i.e. x() will be 2.
T3 : Solution
(b)
Given x(n ) signal is real and 8-point DFT is {5, 1 3j, 0, 3 4j, 3 + 4j, , , }, we need to find ,
We know that when signal is real then DFT is conjugate symmetric X (k) = X (k ) and DFT will be periodic
with period 8, that is X (k) = X (8 k)
So
= X (2) = 0
= X (1) = 1 + 3j
T4 : Solution
(d)
Given
h (t ) = cost u (t )
Then system will be causal, unstable and dynamic.

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18

Electrical Engineering Signals and Systems

T5 : Solution
(d)
Differentiation H (s ) = s = j
So magnitude vary linearly w.r.t. frequency and has constant phase.
T6 : Solution
(c)
Properties of distortionless system are:
Magnitude should be constant w.r.t. frequency.
Phase should depend linearly on frequency.
Only function given in option (c) follow the given conditions.

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